History of Cambridge University
/kloc-in the 0/2nd century, monks with three rooms, black robes and camouflage came to settle in this flat and humid swamp area, and Cambridge Town was born.
1209, two scholastic philosophers of Oxford University were accused of murdering a prostitute, and the Oxford City Court sentenced them to hang. In protest, Oxford teachers temporarily stopped teaching and left one after another, and some of them came to Cambridge. It is not unusual to leave and rebuild; The University of Leipzig was also founded after some people split from Prague University. But why build this university in Cambridge instead of North Hampton or Stamford? They are also prosperous towns, and students from Oxford University live there. Why not in London? Or in a cathedral city like Lincoln? At that time, there was already a episcopal school there. Although the situation of establishing a university in Cambridge is ambiguous, it is recorded that a group of teachers and college students have successfully obtained the protection of the royal family and the church in the face of suspicious citizens, which is the basic condition of unstable times. At the latest around 1225, the teachers in Cambridge elected a president from among them, and his power was approved by King Henry III, which led to the autonomous management of the university. Soon after, Pope Gregory IX also approved it in 1233. This kind of church privilege was not enjoyed by Oxford until 1254. Speaking of which, Elizabeth, archivist of Cambridge University? Liam Green is smug (? Cambridge often starts after Oxford, but always ends before Oxford. ? More importantly, however, the decrees of Henry II and his successors ensured the monopoly of the two universities. Until the19th century, Oxford and Cambridge were the only two universities in Britain for 600 years. This monopoly does not exist anywhere else in Europe. Like Oxford, this university in Cambridge didn't have its own house at first. They teach, live in rented houses and go wherever they can. College students have lived in guest houses from the beginning, and the owner is responsible for supervision. 1280 before this private dormitory was replaced by a college with its own school buildings and donations, there were already 34 such college apartments in the city, and donations can ensure the durability and independence of the college.
1284, Hugh of Avery Abbey? De? Bishop Barr Siam founded Peter House College, the first college in Cambridge. Until the constitution of the college, it followed the model of Bishop College and Merton College 20 years earlier than Oxford. Peter House College has a dean and fourteen academicians, two elders are in charge of daily worship, two financial directors are in charge of financial management, and one is in charge of fund-raising. They also need a porter when they can afford it. Except for two or three poor students, this is a group of people with degrees, an advanced college student institution, modeled after the Sorbonne College in Paris. It was not until the beginning of14th century that King's College, founded by Edward II, formed a guiding scheme: taking the college as a collective for students' study and life. People call those students the children of the king. They are really children. School age is about 14 years old. Who were the people who went to college at that time? First of all, the main people who send their sons to Cambridge are small landlords and the upper class of the city, and there are fewer nobles and squires. The living environment of students in the early Middle Ages was as bad and poor as a monastery. Often only a doctor of theology, that is, a theologian with a doctorate, has the right to get a room of his own. Other academicians live in the same room with a group of college students ―― St. John's College stipulates that there should be no more than two people in a bed unless 14 years old. ? You must go to church in the morning and evening, and sit in a simple and cold classroom with hay on the ground, listening to lectures and debating. No sports activities and organized spare time. The only pastime: pubs and women in the city. As early as 1342, some people expressed dissatisfaction with the fashionable deviant behavior of college students and university teachers. Baldness is a sign of their status, and they despise it. They wear their hair long over their shoulders like women, or perm it into curly hair and powder it. () They wear fur-collar robes, red and green checked shoes, long silk scarves, rings on their fingers, wide and expensive belts embedded with figures and gold, and swords hanging from their bodies. ? At that time, the school year was divided into three semesters. Like all European universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge has seven basic courses? Liberal arts? Do people call them that? The art of not making a living? The old three learn grammar, logic and rhetoric, followed by arithmetic, music, astronomy and geometry, and the other three learn philosophy: metaphysics, moral philosophy and natural philosophy. After seven years of study, whoever passes the liberal arts examination will become a master of arts and have the right to teach. However, anyone who wants to become a doctor of law, a doctor of medicine or a doctor of theology and develop in the royal family or the church will have to live for another ten years-seventeen years without a penny.
Niuqiao graduates used to have the best employment opportunities. Especially after the 1348/49 plague, which claimed nearly one third of Britain's population, the demand for well-educated priests, administrators, jurists and doctors increased. Around 1370, there are eight colleges and about 20 dormitories in Cambridge. There are nearly 700 people in the whole university, not as many as a Queen's College today. It was not until the15th century that the poor cousins in Oxford had the same scale as their old partners, although their influence was not as good as it.
Medieval universities are also the guarantee for the salvation of souls. They have a dedication church where they have to hold a long mass for their customers. Setting up a college is regarded as a religious act, just like donating money to build a monastery or an altar painting. The founders of Cambridge Early College were definitely not just church members. Including kings and their women, such as Elizabeth? De? There are very few wives of upper-class aristocrats, state officials, businessmen and bishops like Claire and Countess pembroke. The guardian of the Eucharist College of Christ is the most special. This is the only college in Cambridge (and Oxford) founded by two guilds in the city. 1352-Thirty years later, the citizens almost destroyed it. In medieval university towns and towns? And then what? University? The friction between them is not a big deal. As early as 123 1, King Henry III of England complained to the mayor of Cambridge about the high rent on behalf of college students. On the other hand, citizens are dissatisfied with the privileges of universities, from the supervision of the business license of pubs to their own judicial power, which has been the commitment of all British monarchs to these two universities since13rd century-this form continued until the reign of Queen Elizabeth II. Anger accumulated and peasant riots attacked Cambridge 138 1. The mob, led by the mayor, robbed the dormitory, the college and the university safe of St. Mary's College. Documents were destroyed, documents and books were burned in the market: no priest to teach, no! ?
The city must make painful compensation for the riots in 138 1. The king re-established the status of the university. It later supervised Cambridge's weights and measures and the prices of daily necessities. It even studies leisure activities of city residents, such as football and performances, cockfighting and bear fighting. It was not until 1856 that the parliament issued a decree that universities lost the right to supervise urban fairs and annual markets, issue business licenses for pubs and make their own judgments. However, it retained its ancient right not to let students be tempted by the most dangerous until 1894, that is, it approved the right to arrest prostitutes and act. Until 1974, the university has four representatives in the city council. It was not until 265438+the beginning of the 20th century that Blair's government successfully deprived Cambridge University of its last privilege, which can be traced back to a document by Richard II 1382: the right to issue wine licenses.
Nothing can change the image of medieval cities more than the construction of colleges, and nothing can anger citizens more than the expansion of university land. When you sit on the low wall in front of King's College, it's easy to imagine that there were rows of houses on the grass behind the wall, and the hutong led to the river. The spacious courtyard and grass where the famous chapel is located used to be a complete urban area-1441year. King Henry VI built the college in vain, and demolished and leveled it. There used to be hundreds of craftsmen's houses and shops here, which were distributed along the former Milne Street. A main street parallel to the river can only be identified from the rest of it: from Sanyi Hutong in the north to today's Queen Hutong in the south. This is a typical urban transformation, and there may be land speculation. In any case, this is the beginning of a complete structural transformation. The handicraft area along the river has become a campus, one of the most beautiful university parks in Europe, and a backyard.
During this period, the university built its first building, including classrooms, conference rooms, a library and an old school that managed the building (1350-1475). Other colleges are around the core of this college: Clare College, Trinity School and gonville School. The warehouses, shipyards and docks along the Jianhe River also gradually disappeared. 1500 or so, there are more than a dozen colleges in Cambridge, most of which are located between Gao Jie and Jianhe, starting from Peter House College, which is already outside the city wall, and ending at Trinity College and St. John College in the north. This kind of development is obvious: universities are expanding in the west of the city, while towns (citizens) are still the mainstay in the east instead of robes (cap and gown).
Humanism also spread with printing. The most outstanding representative of this great classical spiritual revival movement in Europe is Erasmus from Rotterdam. Erasmus came to Cambridge. Here he comes, cursing the climate, stale beer and poor scribe. In fact, he is not satisfied with anything, and has been on and off for nearly three years. From 15 1 1 to 15 14, he lived in Queen's College and taught theology and Greek, writing, translation, publishing and communication, with unparalleled exuberance and elegance. Erasmus was not just a missionary in Cambridge. The study of original materials replaced the medieval scholasticism. The emphasis has shifted from theology to eloquence, from cultivating priests to cultivating knowledgeable national pillars. Since then, ancient languages and literature have long occupied an important position in the teaching courses of British universities. Cambridge humanists' interest in Greek and Hebrew brought proofreading versions of the Bible and ancient religious works. This is also a hotbed of reform.