Year: Tang Dynasty

Specification: height 7.2 cm, diameter 15.7 cm.

Features: The fetal quality is white and dense. White glaze is applied to the whole body, and only the contact part of the sub-mouth is not glazed. The glaze layer is white and uniform. The bottom is engraved with the word "surplus".

Collection: Shanghai Museum Date: Tang Dynasty

Specification: height12.5cm, diameter 2.2cm, bottom diameter12.5cm..

Features: the pot is bag-shaped, narrow at the top and wide at the bottom, with a small straight mouth at the upper end and an arc handle protruding from the middle. There are two convex lines on both sides of the pot body, a convex line in the middle, and a four-character craftsman inscription "Xu Liushi" engraved on the bottom.

This pot is made of imitation of ethnic minority leather containers, with novel shape, delicate fetal quality, white glaze color and exquisite production. White porcelain in Tang Dynasty did not win by ornamentation, but paid attention to the harmony and contrast between modeling and glaze color. This artifact is beautifully carved and has the name of a writer. It is a precious material for studying white porcelain in Tang Dynasty.

Collection location: Yao Xing white glazed leather pot in the Palace Museum.

Times: Tang Dynasty

Specification: height 4.7 cm, caliber 15.6 cm, foot diameter 6.7 cm.

Features: open bowl, reverse lip, thin bottom and wall-shaped foot. Full of glaze inside and outside, full of glaze.

This bowl was unearthed in a Tang Dynasty tomb in Xingtai, Hebei Province in the 1970s. Its bright green glaze is a masterpiece of Tang Dynasty. For a long time, the investigation, protection, excavation and research of Yao Xing kiln sites have gone through a long and tortuous process. Before the 1970s, Chen Wanli, Fu Zhenlun, Feng Xianming, Ye Zhemin, Yang Wenshan and other ancient ceramics experts investigated Xingtai, Neiqiu, Lincheng, Shahe and other places according to the literature records, but no white porcelain kiln sites were found in the Tang Dynasty. At the beginning of 1980, Lincheng Second Light Industry Bureau set up the "Xing Porcelain Research Group" to resume the production of Xing Porcelain. Under the guidance of teacher Yang Wenshan of Hebei Normal University, a survey was conducted throughout the county, and finally the kiln site of the Tang Dynasty was found in Qicun, north of the county seat, and exquisite white porcelain pieces of "snow shape" and "silver shape" were found. From April 25th to 28th, 198 1, "Xingyao and Xingci Art Appreciation Meeting" was held in Lincheng County. Experts attending the meeting agreed that the kiln site found in Lincheng is the famous Xing kiln or at least a part of it. After the meeting, domestic and foreign media reported in succession, and experts and scholars published articles in succession. This discovery marks that the research of Xing Kiln has entered a brand-new period.

The discovery of Lincheng kiln site made the archaeological community pay attention to Xing kiln. On May 8, 198 1, Zheng Shaozong, then deputy director of Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, rushed to Lincheng and proposed that the cultural relics department should protect the site for future excavation. 1On July 23rd, 982, Lincheng Yao Xing Site was announced by Hebei Provincial Government as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit, and the research and protection of Yao Xing began to get on the right track. From 1982 to 1984, the Neiqiu County Cultural Center also found more than 20 Yao Xing sites in Neiqiu County, which were reported by domestic and foreign media. 1985 in the summer, eight accumulation pits were found during the construction of the auditorium and commercial street of the former county Committee of Neiqiu County. More importantly, white porcelain specimens with the word "Ying" were unearthed in batches for the first time. At this point, the "Mystery of Xing Kiln", which has puzzled the ceramic archaeology for many years, was officially unveiled.

1988, the "Yao Xing Archaeological Team", mainly composed of Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, reexamined the ancient porcelain kiln sites in Neiqiu and Lincheng counties. By the end of 199 1, * * has investigated and verified more than 20 sites in Yao Xing (including the archaeology of Bahe River Basin of Hebei Cultural Relics Bureau).

From 1988 to 1992, Yao Xing Archaeological Team tried to dig three kiln sites: Chengguan in Neiqiu County, Qicun in Lincheng County and Shanxia. The trial excavation covers an area of 385 square meters, 52 ash pits, 6 kilns and tens of thousands of specimens, covering the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Five Dynasties and the Jin Dynasty. This trial excavation provides a possibility for roughly dividing Xing Kiln into stages and understanding Xing Kiln relics in different periods. The excavation of Sui Dynasty transparent white porcelain in Xiguanbei kiln site in Neiqiu County is the biggest gain of this trial excavation, which fills a blank in the history of China ceramics.

1June, 1997, the kiln site in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties was discovered during the construction of the north side of the First Hospital of Shunde Road, Qiaodong District, Xingtai City. After the rescue and excavation by Xingtai Cultural Relics Management Office, a large number of porcelain specimens and kiln furniture were unearthed. The relics are mainly coarse white porcelain and black glazed porcelain. The types of porcelain are: deep-bellied bowls, cups, bottles, pots, cans, cups and so on. It is basically consistent with those unearthed from Xiguanbei and Zhongfeng Cave in Neiqiu County and Zhuangyao Site in Liu Chen, Lincheng County. In addition, many black glazed tiles and other building components have been unearthed here, which provides important information for studying the architectural art of Sui and Tang Dynasties.

In July 2003, a number of kiln sites were discovered when the pedestrian street was reconstructed in the auditorium and cinema of the former Neiqiu County Committee. Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics conducted a rescue excavation of the site, and unearthed a large number of white porcelain, carved porcelain and Tang Sancai with the words "Ying" and "Hanlin", and also unearthed white porcelain fragments with the words "Guan" for the first time. The area of this excavation and the number of unearthed cultural relics are unprecedented in the archaeological history of Yao Xing, especially the discovery of "official" white porcelain, which provides new material evidence for studying the attribution of "official" white porcelain unearthed in the ruins or tombs of the Tang Dynasty in China.

Many investigations and three excavations by cultural relics archaeology and cultural relics departments have enabled us to have a deeper understanding of the historical origin and distribution of Xing Kiln, solved many historical mysteries, and provided new physical materials for the research work of Xing Kiln. Yao Xing sites are mainly distributed in hills and plains at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain in Neiqiu, Lincheng and Xingtai counties, and most of them are concentrated on the banks of Liyang River and Bahe River to the west of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway. The terrain here is high in the west and low in the east, and there are rivers and gullies everywhere. There are a lot of clay, bauxite, hard refractory soil and semi-soft clay in Zhu Bi, Qicun, Chengnan Village, Jia Cun, Ciyaogou and Gu Yong. Seasonal and feldspar minerals are widely distributed in Neiqiu, Lincheng and western mountainous areas of Xingtai County. These sufficient raw materials for porcelain making laid the foundation for the firing of Xing kiln. From Shuangjing in the west of the city in the north to the west of Xingtai County in the south, it is about 60 kilometers long and nearly 30 kilometers wide, and there are 26 porcelain kiln sites in different periods. Now described as follows:

Xishuangjing site 1

Located on a triangular platform at the east end of Xishuangjing Village, 8 kilometers northwest of Lincheng County, it is adjacent to the natural river ditch flowing from north to south in the east. The remains of the site are about 1400 square meters, and there are not many surface remains. There is a residual kiln exposed on the east cliff of the platform, and there are a lot of firewood ash and porcelain tiles in the fire room. Unearthed specimens include bowls, pots, boxes, bowls, lamp holders and kiln furniture. This era is Tang.

2. Qicun Site

It is located 7.5 kilometers northwest of Lincheng County, with Baiyun Mountain in the west and Gaogang in the east. Qicun site can be divided into two places, one is mainly distributed in the southeast of the village, and the scattered area of surface remains is about 60,000 square meters. 198 1 year, the industrial department tried to excavate and restore the production of Xing porcelain here, cleared up a residual kiln and unearthed more thick and thin porcelain and kiln furniture. From 1990 to 1992, the archaeological team of Yao Xing conducted archaeological excavations here, and unearthed a large number of white porcelain specimens and kiln site remains. The other is in the west and north of the village, where you can also see all kinds of porcelain fragments and kiln furniture, with a distribution area of about 30 thousand square meters. After exploration, there are still ruins of kiln sites in the north of the village. The two sites date from the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties respectively.

3. Gangtou Site

Located in the north of Gangtou, 4 kilometers northwest of Lincheng County, it faces the North Canal in the south, and the highway from Gangtou to Qicun passes through the territory. There are many relics on the surface, covering an area of about 6000 square meters. 1980 During the construction of Fengqi Highway, two steamed bread-shaped residual kilns were dug up. The unearthed specimens include bowls, jars, bottles, boxes and kiln furniture. The era is the late Tang and Five Dynasties.

4. Chengdi Site

Located in the northeast of Chengdi Village, 3 kilometers northwest of Lincheng County, Nanhao Highway passes through the territory. According to the investigation, a kiln was dug when repairing the highway, and the wall of the kiln was made of refractory bricks. Today, only a few piles of damaged porcelain remain in the south of expressway. The era is probably the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty.

5. Beast Shooting Website

It is located at 1.5km northwest of Lincheng County. The site is divided into two parts: one part is in the north of the village, and the other part is in the north bank of the southeast of the village. The north of the village was seriously damaged, and the accumulation layer was 0.6 meters thick, mainly firing black porcelain; The southeast of the village is about 30,000 square meters, and the accumulation layer is 1-2 meters thick. The relics are mainly white porcelain, black porcelain and tricolor. Unearthed specimens include bowls, plates, lamps, bowls, bottles, chicken leg bottles, cups, stoves, three-color figurines, kiln furniture and so on. The era is from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty.

6. Chengnan Village Site

Located in the southwest of Lincheng County 1.5km north of Chengnan Village, the site covers an area of about 90,000 square meters, and the accumulation layer is 0.6- 1.5m thick, and the accumulation layer composed of kiln furniture and ceramic tiles is partially exposed for 2 meters. The relics are mainly white porcelain, including black porcelain, sauce porcelain and brown porcelain. And there are inscriptions and inscriptions. Decorative techniques include rusty flowers, plum blossom spots and carved flowers, and kiln furniture mainly includes barrel saggers, supporting rings and kiln stilts. Time is golden.

7. Jiecun Site

Located in the northwest of Jiecun, 3 kilometers southeast of Lincheng County, on the south bank of Bahe River. * * * Two places: one is 80 meters away from Jiecun, about 2,000 square meters, and the cultural layer is 0.2-0.6 meters thick; The other is about 1 km away from Jiecun, and it is adjacent to Diaopan Mountain in the west, with a cultural layer thickness of 0.3-0.8m.. The two places have the same connotation, and the relics mainly include white porcelain bowls, cups, plates and black glazed plates. And kiln furniture is mostly beads. Time is golden.

8. Yamashita site

Located 4 kilometers southeast of Lincheng County, the site is located in the east and northeast of the village. The scattered area of some relics in the east of the village is about 35,000 square meters, and the cultural layer is 0.4- 1.6 meters thick. The scattered area of some relics in the northeast of the village is about 6,543,800 square meters, and the cultural layer is 0.4-0.8 meters thick. The two relics are the same, including a white porcelain printed flower bowl, a printed belly plate, a melon cup, a box, a bottle, a carved mold and so on. This kiln has a "stone"-shaped barrel sagger and a supporting ring. 199 1, and two more kilns were excavated. Time is golden.

9. Liu Chen Zhuang Site

Located in the east of Chenliuzhuang Village, about 5 kilometers southeast of Lincheng County, it covers an area of about 30,000 square meters. In the east of the village, there is an ancient river from west to east and an ancient river from north to east. Because the two ditches intersect in a cross shape, it is commonly known as the "cross ditch" locally, and the kiln sites are distributed on both sides of the ditch. Judging from the remains, the southern end of Donggou and Beigou is dominated by Sui Dynasty kiln sites, the northern end of Beigou is dominated by Northern Dynasties kiln sites, and Nangou and Xigou are dominated by Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Jin and Yuan kiln sites. The specimens are mainly celadon, but also some coarse white porcelain and fine white porcelain. The main utensils are cups, bowls, plates, bowls, bottles, powder boxes, animal toys and so on. The era was dominated by Sui and Tang Dynasties, and there were also a few remains in Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Daijiazhuang Site 10

It is located on the terrace at the east of Daijiazhuang Village 150 meters, 6 kilometers southeast of Lincheng County. The terrace is high in the north and low in the south, adjacent to Bahe River in the east, and the north and south gullies are vertical and horizontal. The site is about 250 meters long from east to west and from north to south. Surface remains include pottery fragments, porcelain fragments, kiln columns and triangular Zhi Ding. The era is Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Ciyaogou site 1 1

Located between the east-west Ciyaogou at the junction of Neiqiu and Lincheng counties, it is a hilly area, with gangue hill in the north and Bai Quan River in the middle. Covering an area of more than 6000 square meters, the pile thickness is more than 4 meters, and the ash pit and kiln are exposed. The relics are gray porcelain, but most of them are black porcelain. In the past, someone dug up the former site of the roadway left by ancient mining in the gangue hill north of the site. There used to be a kiln temple near the site, and there were inscriptions in the Ming Dynasty, which have now been abandoned. Times are gold, yuan and Ming.

12, Nanling site

Located 6 kilometers northwest of Neiqiu County, there are two adjacent platforms in the north of the village, about 4 meters high. Only a part of the site is left on the two platforms. In the northwest corner of the North Terrace, celadon bowls and "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" copper coins have been unearthed before. Now you can see the accumulation layer with a thickness of about 0.4 meters and many relics on the cliff, with a remaining area of about 50 square meters. On the cliff north of Nantai, there are exposed accumulation layers, and traces can also be found on the surface. Samples collected include bowls, pots, bowls, cans, etc. The era is the Tang and Five Dynasties.

Beidafeng site 13

Located on the north bank of Liyang River, 4 kilometers northwest of Neiqiu County. There are two original sites: one is located 80 meters northeast of the village, and the remains of the residual kiln have been found, but now there are not many remains on the surface; The other is 200 meters northwest of the village, with an area of about 7800 square meters. Many celadon, white porcelain, tricolor and kiln furniture have been unearthed under cultivated land before. The collected specimens include bowls, jars, bowls, pots, triangular Zhi Ding and porcelain molds. The era is Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Zhongfeng Tunnel Site 14

Located in the north of Zhongfengdong Village, 2 kilometers northwest of Neiqiu County, on the north bank of Liyang River, the terrain is relatively flat. From the 1960s to the mid-1980s, due to breaking ground to build houses, it gradually invaded and cut into the north, and often excavated residual kilns, kiln furniture and ceramic tiles. At present, the north-south width of the site is only 20 meters, and the east-west width is less than 100 meters. Most sites are covered by houses. There are still accumulation zones composed of plant ash, braised soil, bones, porcelain, kiln furniture and black soil on the south fault wall, and the cultural layer is about 2m thick. This is a kiln mainly burning coarse porcelain, among which celadon is the most, with a small amount of black porcelain and white porcelain. The unearthed specimens include bowls, jars, cups, bottles, pots, white porcelain multi-foot inkstones and so on. The kiln has triangular Zhi Ding, washer, mushroom kiln column, etc. One of the kiln columns is engraved with the word "Geely". The era is Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Xiqiao site 15

Located in the south bank of Liyang River, 6 kilometers west of Neiqiu County, the terrain is relatively high. Most of the sites are under the village, and intermittent porcelain layers can be seen on the cliffs on both sides of the road. The thickness of the cultural layer is 0.3-0.8 meters. The unearthed specimens include bowls, bowls, jars, bottles, jars, pots, white pottery figurines and kiln furniture. The era is Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Shuangliu North Construction Site 16

Located in the northwest of Neiqiu County, covering an area of more than 2,000 square meters, it is located on the west bank of Liyang's north tributary and the north bank of its south tributary. Not only porcelain specimens and kiln furniture were found here, but also three traces of kiln sites with stewed soil were found. The unearthed specimens are mainly celadon cups, bowls, bowls and plates, and there are also fragments of coarse white porcelain. In addition to the specimens from the Northern Dynasties, specimens from the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Five Dynasties and the Song and Jin Dynasties were also found in this site.

17, Chengguan Site in Neiqiu County

Located on the south bank of Liyang River in the northwest of the county, it is about 1200m long from north to south and about 700m wide from east to west. According to today's geographical location, it can be roughly divided into three parts: Xiguan North, West Kansai and Pedestrian Street.

(1) Xiguan Beiyao District, located on the terrace of the southeast bank of the tributary of Liyang River, is in the area of honeycomb coal plant, covering an area of about 30,000 square meters. There are many pieces of porcelain and kiln furniture scattered on the surface. Porcelain includes celadon, white porcelain, black porcelain and transparent white porcelain, and utensils include bowls, bowls, plates, pots, cans and bottles. There are triangular Zhi Ding, toothed pad, mushroom-shaped and trumpet-shaped kiln columns, washers, pads, cylindrical saggers and so on. The era was from the Northern Qi Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.

② Xiguan Yaoxi District, located in the south of Xitouyuan Quartz Powder Factory in Xiguan Village, Neiqiu County, covers an area of about 20,000 square meters. Although it was built by private houses, there are often porcelain specimens in the reconstruction of houses, mainly cups, bowls, plates, bowls and pots, including celadon and coarse white porcelain. The era was from the Northern Qi Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty.

③ Kiln area of pedestrian street, mainly located in the original county auditorium, cinema, farmers' market, service building and transportation bureau, with an area of about 50,000 square meters. This area is the most concentrated place for firing white porcelain in the Tang Dynasty, with thick cultural layers and rich connotations. In 2002, Hebei Institute of Cultural Relics, in cooperation with the pedestrian street construction project, carried out a rescue excavation of the original auditorium and cinema site, with an excavation area of 1.224 square meters, and found a large number of porcelain specimens such as Ying, Hanlin white porcelain and Tang Sancai from the Northern Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty. Generally speaking, the era is from Sui Dynasty to Five Dynasties, and the Tang Dynasty remains the most abundant.

Zhang jia zhuang site 18

Located in the northeast of Neiqiu County 1 km, 300 meters north of Zhangjiazhuang Village, and adjacent to Beijing-Guangzhou Railway in the east. At present, there is a brick factory in Chengguan Town where the site is located. When borrowing soil, a large number of kiln furniture and porcelain pieces were dug up from the brick factory. The cultural layer is 1- 1.5m deep and 1.5-2m thick. Now most of the kiln sites have been destroyed. The unearthed specimens include bowls, cans, boxes, disk saggers and basin saggers. This era is Tang.

19, Guang Bei site

It is located in Liyang River, about 300 meters southwest of Guangbei Village, Hequ Township, Neiqiu County, with a remaining area of 3,200 square meters. A large number of ceramic tiles, pipe tiles, ceramic tiles and kiln furniture are scattered on the kiln site, and many ash pits and ash layers containing ceramic tiles can be seen on the section. This era is Tang.

20. Baijiazhuang Site

Located 500 meters northeast of Baijiazhuang Village, 2 kilometers east of Neiqiu County, it covers an area of about 40,000 square meters. Two remaining kiln bodies and less rich cultural accumulation layers have been exposed on the cliff formed by brick factory borrowing soil, and some ash pits have been dug. Ceramic tiles, tiles and kiln furniture are scattered on the ground of the kiln site. Due to the large-scale land leveling in 1970s, the kiln site was severely damaged. The collected samples include bowls, cans, bottles, bowls, horses, figurines and triangular Zhi Ding. The era is Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Fengtang site 2 1

Located on the platform on the south bank of Ma Xiao River, about 8 kilometers southwest of Neiqiu County and 400 meters north of Fengtang Village, it has sandy soil and flat terrain, with a distribution area of about 45,000 square meters. At the southern end of the site, several ash pits, about 1.3 meters deep, can be seen due to the villagers digging holes. There are many braised clay, tiles, tiles and kiln furniture scattered around the ash pit. The site as a whole is seriously damaged, and the cultural layer is not rich. The era is Sui and Tang Dynasties.

22. Shunde Road Site

The site is located in the north of the First Hospital of Shunde Road, Qiaodong District, Xingtai City, covering an area of 1 1,000 square meters and a cultural layer of about 2 meters. The unearthed artifacts mainly include white porcelain bowls, cups, pots, pots, stilts and a large number of black glazed utensils. For the first time, black glazed tiles, pipe tiles and baoding building components were unearthed, with rich relics. The era is from the Sui Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty.

23. A strong website in the West

It is located about 1.5km west of Xijian Village in Xingtai County and about 30km northeast of Xingtai City. It belongs to the hilly area at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain. The platform where the site is located is stepped, about 200m long from east to west and about150m long from north to south. Because most of them were covered and disturbed by the iron smelting waste residue in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, no original accumulation was found, and the scattered objects on the surface were not rich. The collected specimens include celadon bowls, pots, jars, kiln furniture, triangular Zhi Ding, tooth pads, etc. The era is probably the North-South period.