Four schools in the later period: cynicism, Stoicism, Epicurus and Neo-Platonism.
Second, the introduction:
1, Ionian School: Miletus and Ephesus, which were founded by Greeks in Ionia in the 6th century BC, were important commercial and political centers, and new ideas were very active. The first group of philosophers formed a school in Miletus, and Herakt of Eiffel was an independent philosopher. We call them the Ionian School; In fact, the philosophers in these two places have no practical connection in history.
2. The Pythagorean School, also known as the "South Italian School", is an organization that integrates politics, academics and religion. Founded by the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras.
It came into being at the end of 6th century BC and was forced to dissolve in 5th century BC. Most of its members are mathematicians, astronomers and musicians. It is the earliest school to explore the essence of beauty in the history of western aesthetics.
Schools in southern Italy
3. Cynicism is one of the four schools in ancient Greece (cynicism, Stoicism, Epicurism, Neo-Plato). It is generally believed that antisthenes, a disciple of Socrates, founded it, while Diogenes (404-323 BC), another character, became a more famous cynic because of his strange behavior of living in wooden barrels.
Philosophers or thinkers who pursued this theory at that time were very similar to some characteristics of dogs in their manners, manners and even attitudes towards life. They abandoned the secular vision, the secular pursuit and judgment, and pursued the morality that the secular did not understand. So people call these people "cynics", which means "people are like dogs". As for whether this title definitely comes from this, the academic views are not consistent.
Antisthenes
4. The representative of Neo-Platonism is Plato, and Neo-Platonism is a school of idealistic philosophy popular in ancient Rome in the 3rd-6th century. The pioneer was Armenian Saka of Alexandria (about 175~ about 242). The famous representative is Plotinus (about 205~270 AD), who studied under Saca, and later founded a school in Rome, forming the Alexandrian-Roman Neo-Plato School, or Plotinus School. Since about 262, porphyry has also become an important representative of this school. After the 4th century, this school formed many new factions, mainly including: the Syrian school represented by Jan Brico (about 330); Athens school represented by Prut K II (350~433) and Proch Luo (about 4 1 1~485); The Alexandria school represented by Hipatia (about 370~ about 4 15). Among them, Athens School is the most famous. In 529, the Eastern Roman Emperor eustace ordered the closure of the Neo-Platonism Academy in Athens, which tended to collapse organizationally.
Plato