1973 September 1 1, Pinochet commanded troops to surround the presidential palace, and President Allende was killed. Pinochet immediately set up a military government, suspended the implementation of the Constitution, dissolved Parliament, strictly censored speeches, banned left-wing parties and suspended all political activities. According to the declassified data of the CIA in recent years, Pinochet's behavior has received strong support from the United States. The military government's crackdown on left-wing political activities has led to at least 3,000 deaths or disappearances, and more than 27,000 people have been imprisoned or tortured, many of whom have been forced into exile.
1980, the new constitution was adopted in a referendum that was generally considered "irregular and undemocratic". According to the new constitution, the presidential election of 1988 will be returned to the people in 1990. Pinochet lost in the general election. 1989, Chile held a presidential election by margin, and Patricio Owen (Patricio? Irving) won and succeeded Pinochet as president the following year. After Pinochet left office, he still retained the post of commander-in-chief of the army until 1998. According to the constitution of 1980, he can get a lifetime Senate seat in the Chilean Senate.
1998, Pinochet went to Britain for medical treatment. The Spanish court issued a subpoena and placed him under house arrest for more than a year. Pinochet was finally released and returned to Chile for health reasons. In 2002, the Supreme Court of Chile ruled that Pinochet was unfit to appear in court for violating human rights because of vascular dementia, and he immediately gave up his seat in the Senate. In May 2004, the Supreme Court of Chile ruled that he was eligible for trial. In February of that year, he was charged with many crimes.
Pinochet's supporters believe that his main achievements are: stopping the spread of capitalism, cracking down on the terrorist activities of radical organizations such as the left-wing revolutionary movement, and promoting the neo-liberal economic policy, which laid the foundation for the rapid economic development of Chile in the1990s. His opponents believe that Pinochet destroyed Chile's democratic politics, pursued the national terrorism policy that killed and injured thousands of opponents, and seized personal interests. Economic policies cater to the rich, and the interests of the middle and lower classes are damaged.
Early career
1915165438+1October 25th, Pinochet was born in Valparaiso, Chile. 1933 entered the military school to study. 1937 graduated with the rank of second lieutenant and became an infantry. 1939 promoted to lieutenant. 1940 returned to the infantry school to study. 1943 65438+1get married on October 30th. There are two sons and three daughters.
1948, Pinochet entered the Institute of War Studies. As the youngest officer in the institute, he still has tasks to perform, and he really started studying in the institute the next year. 195 1 year, obtained the post of chief of staff and returned to the military academy to teach. At the same time, he served as an assistant in the Institute of War Studies, teaching military geography and geopolitics. In addition, he also actively participated in the academic publication Hundred Eagles (Cien? águilas) editor.
1953 has been promoted to at least one school. Later, he returned to San Diego and accepted the appointment of a professor position at the Institute of War Studies. Later, he entered the Law School of the University of Chile.
1956 Pinochet and a group of young officers were selected at the same time to cooperate with the Ecuador War Research Institute. He had to give up studying law. During three and a half years of cooperation, he devoted himself to the research of geopolitics, military geography and information science.
/kloc-at the end of 0/959, Pinochet returned to China and entered the first army division command. 1960 was appointed as the commander of the "esterda" legion. Because of his excellent work, he was appointed as the deputy director of the War Research Institute by 1963.
1968 served as chief of staff of the Second Army Division. At the end of the same year, he was promoted to brigadier general and became the sixth division commander.
197 1 1 year, Pinochet was appointed commander of Santiago garrison and promoted to major general. 1972 served as army chief of staff.
1On August 23rd, 973, Pinochet became the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean army at a time when domestic political struggles were surging.
Before and after the coup
In September 1973, 1 1, the rebel Chilean air force bombed the presidential palace surrounded by army troops. President salvador allende was killed. It is generally believed that Allende committed suicide with an AK-47 rifle. The truth is still controversial.
The military government established after the coup consisted of Pinochet representing the army and one representative of the navy, air force and gendarmerie, with Pinochet as the head. Originally, it was planned to be led by these four people in turn, but Pinochet's position was later consolidated. The military government immediately began to suppress left-wing opponents, and hundreds of people were arrested, some of whom were killed. In the next three years, thousands of people were imprisoned and tortured, and more than 3,000 people were killed. Pinochet's government trampled on human rights, which had an international impact, including a large number of missing persons.
Pinochet called himself the leader of the coup in his biography. As the commander-in-chief of the army, he took the lead in reaching a coup plan with the navy, air force and military police. In recent years, some senior officers at that time pointed out that Pinochet reluctantly intervened in the coup only a few days before the coup, and accepted the leadership of other services (especially the navy) in the coup.
After the military government came to power, Pinochet consolidated his unique leadership position. 1On June 27th, 974, Pinochet was elected president. His rank was also promoted to "Grand Marshal". Previously, only the head of the colonial government and the father of Chile had obtained this rank.
Gustavo Ray, the air force representative of the junta? Leigh) gradually dissatisfied with Pinochet's policy. 1978 was expelled from the military government on July 24th.
From 1977 to 1978, Chile and Argentina, both under military dictatorship, are on the brink of war because of the three small islands (picton,? Lenox? And then what? Nueva)。 The Catholic Pope John Paul II sent a special envoy and successfully avoided the outbreak of a full-scale war between the two countries. This dispute was finally settled in the form of a peace and friendship treaty in 1984. Chile gained sovereignty over the disputed islands.
economic policy
After Pinochet came to power, he immediately adopted market-oriented economic reform measures. He expressed the hope to "turn Chile into a country of entrepreneurs, not a country of proletarians". Pinochet began to use "chicago boys" (referring to a group of economists studying at the University of Chicago, whose monetary policy was deeply influenced by milton friedman [Milton? Influence) to carry out his policy.
Pinochet initiated the era of deregulation and privatization of Chilean economy. He abolished the minimum wage, abolished trade union rights, privatized the pension system, state-owned industries and banks, and reduced some taxes. Supporters of these policies (especially Friedman) believe that the "Chile miracle" was born (1960- 1980, Chile's per capita GDP actually increased by 35%). Opponents point out that the unemployment rate in Chile rose from 4.3% in 1973 to 22% in 1983, while the real wage level dropped by 40%. In the last years of Pinochet's administration, the situation improved slightly. From 65438 to 0990, the unemployment rate dropped to 7.8%. The shortage of materials in Allende period has also been made up.
Affected by the global economic recession in the early 1980s, the 1980s was generally called the "lost decade" by other Latin American countries. On the contrary, Chile's economy under Pinochet maintained a strong and sustained growth. The economic policy of Pinochet government has three main objectives: economic liberalization, privatization of state-owned enterprises and stabilization of inflation. From 65438 to 0985, the Chilean government began the second round of privatization reform, revised the previous tariff increase policy, and gave the central bank greater power. In the mid-1980s, 45% of Chile's population still lived below the poverty line, but by 1992, Chile's unemployment rate had dropped below 5%, with an average annual GDP growth rate of 6.2%. [ 1]? After Pinochet stepped down, his market liberalization policy was replaced by his successor Patricio? Alvin continued to use it. [2]
Pinochet's privatization policy, the reduction of public expenditure and the abolition of trade union rights have all had a negative impact on the Chilean working class and benefited the rich.
Suppress dissidents
After taking power, Pinochet brutally suppressed the remaining supporters of the former government. The military regime immediately banned all left-wing parties. People who are regarded as sympathizers of socialism and Marxism are violently suppressed, and some people who openly oppose the government are also persecuted. The exact number of victims during Pinochet 17 rule is still unknown. The report released by the National Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Chile 199 1 shows that 2095 people were killed and 1, 102 people were missing.
Torture is also a common means used by the military government to suppress dissidents. Thousands of Chileans fled abroad as a result. In 2004, the National Committee on Political Prisoners and Torture issued a report saying that about 35,000 people claimed to have been tortured by the military regime. Among them, 28,000 testimonies were considered legal. At the same time, according to the report, more than half of the arrests took place within a few months after the establishment of the army (about18,000 people said that they were detained between September 1973 and February/kloc-0).
During his tenure, riots and violent attacks occurred frequently in Chile, and the political situation was unstable. Other assassination attempts deepened the government's paranoia and intensified the vicious circle of persecution.
Unlike other Latin American countries, Chile had a long history of democratic constitutionalism before the coup, and military intervention in politics was rare. Some political observers blame the bloody behavior of the general regime on the democratic system that cannot be overthrown by non-extreme measures.
From September 65438 to September 0976, the situation in Chile attracted international attention. Former Chilean Ambassador to the United States Orlando Letrier (Orlando? Letelier) was killed by a car bomb in Washington, DC. Two years ago, Carlos prats, former commander-in-chief of the army, was assassinated in Buenos Aires.
Diplomatic relations
At the beginning of its establishment, the military regime immediately severed diplomatic relations with Cuba, which had been established since the Allende era. At that time, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina in Latin America successively entered military dictatorship. The six countries formulated the "Condor Plan", aiming at cracking down on Marxist "subversives", guerrillas and their sympathizers in the Allies. With the successive collapse of these dictatorships, more details leaked out. The plan was widely criticized as state terrorism. However, the military government still argues that this is in response to the armed subversive actions of guerrillas in their respective countries.
Chile was the only Latin American country that did not support Argentina in the Falklands War.
The American government acquiesced in Pinochet's regime and provided material support. However, the degree of American participation before and after the coup was controversial.
The end of the regime
1983 in may, the opposition and the labor movement organized demonstrations and strikes. The government carried out an armed crackdown on this. At 1986, the security department discovered 80 tons of weapons smuggled by Manuel Rodrí guez Patriotic Front (FPMR), an armed branch of the banned Chilean Production Party. This action was secretly monitored by Cuban intelligence, and the GDR and the Soviet Union were also involved. In September, some of these weapons were used in FPMR's attempt to assassinate Pinochet. Pinochet was only slightly injured in the assassination, but five of his bodyguards were killed.
1985, three industrialists were killed by the gendarmerie, which led to the resignation of General Mendoza, a member of the military government.
1980, in a strictly controlled referendum, the transitional constitutional provisions were passed with 75% support rate. According to the regulations, a referendum will be held on1October 51988 10 to decide whether to give Pinochet a new eight-year term. The Constitutional Court ruled that the referendum must be organized in strict accordance with the electoral law. Relevant regulations include: all options ("Yes" and "No" in this vote will get the same uninterrupted TV publicity time, and all TV channels will broadcast these publicity contents at the same time. Besides, there can be no political propaganda. Opposition leader Ricardo Lagos (Ricardo? Lagos) clearly and optimistically appealed to voters to vote against Pinochet and asked him to be responsible for all the "missing" people. The publicity period of You is rather gloomy. They say that voting against it means returning to the chaos of the People's Unity League and trying to instill fear in voters.
The final vote was 55% against and 42% in favor. 1989 The presidential election was held at the same time as the parliamentary election. 1March 1990 1 1, Pinochet left office.
According to the constitution of 1980, Pinochet was still the commander-in-chief of the army until March 1998. At the same time, the constitution also stipulates that a president who has served for more than six years can be appointed as a lifelong senator. Pinochet was granted judicial immunity for this position.
Experience of house arrest
Pinochet was arrested in London, England during his medical treatment abroad in June 1998+00, and was placed under house arrest by the authorities. The international arrest warrant was issued by a Spanish court. House arrest began in the clinic where he had surgery, and later in the rented mansion.
Judicial action
From June 5438 to February 2005, the Supreme Court of Chile ruled that Pi Nuo Chet was fit to stand trial for the disappearance of six political opponents in the Columbus Operation from June 5438 to June 0975.
Overseas account
On July 15, 2004, the US Senate Investigation Committee published a report on Riggs Bank (Riggs? Bank reported that the bank assisted Pinochet and took charge of his property of $4 million to $8 million. According to this report, Riggs Bank laundered money for Pinochet and set up an offshore shell company.
stop
From June 5th to February 3rd, 2006, Pinochet was sent to San Diego Military Hospital for treatment due to sudden acute myocardial infarction and emphysema. 10, 14: 08, Pinochet died in this hospital at the age of 9 1.