China is a rapidly developing country, which is self-evident. It has caused many environmental problems and had a bad influence on the daily life of residents. At the same time, it is under increasing international pressure. In this context, how do we seek ways to change? 1. Water pollution in Taihu Lake-Crisis broke out, eutrophication broke out in Taihu Lake, and a large number of cyanobacteria floated on the lake. The decay of cyanobacteria leads to the lack of oxygen and odor in Taihu Lake, which causes water pollution and affects the normal use of water by residents. However, according to the environmental status bulletin for five consecutive years, the water quality of the lake is inferior to Grade V. Why is it causing such concern now? Because it has threatened the water quality of Wuxi's water source and the urban water supply safety of Wuxi. So should we think that environmental problems can only be taken seriously when they are serious enough to affect the safety of cities? Why can't we pay attention in advance to prevent such a thing from happening? 2. Cause analysis 2. 1 External cause is catalyst. Since April this year, the Taihu Lake basin has been continuously hot and rainy, and the water level in Taihu Lake is low. Such temperature and precipitation conditions are very suitable for the growth of cyanobacteria. This is the catalyst for the outbreak of water pollution in Taihu Lake, but it is not the root cause. 2.2 The internal cause is that the fundamental (1) pollutants are far greater than the environmental capacity. Although the deterioration trend of water quality in Taihu Lake surrounded by three types of pollution is related to the abnormal high temperature and lack of rain and the decline of water level in Taihu Lake in recent years, the most direct reason is that the pollutants discharged into Taihu Lake are far greater than the environmental capacity of Taihu Lake. The data show that when the nitrogen content in fresh water exceeds 4.60mg/L, it is extremely negative nutrient water, and the highest nitrogen content in Taihu Lake water exceeds 10mg/L, which provides the most basic material conditions for algae growth. There are three main sources of pollutants discharged into Taihu Lake, including industrial pollution, agricultural pollution and domestic pollution. Industrial pollution Industrial pollution is mainly concentrated in textile printing and dyeing, chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing, food manufacturing and other fields. In recent years, although the Taihu Lake basin has reached the discharge standard, the pollution discharge has increased rapidly due to the rapid economic development. With the acceleration of industrial transfer, some industrial enterprises with low technology content and serious pollution have moved to rural areas with relatively weak supervision, and a large amount of industrial pollution has entered Taihu Lake along the river network, which has increased the difficulty of industrial pollution control in Taihu Lake. However, supported by environmental pollution, the economies of Jiangsu Province and Wuxi City have developed rapidly. In 2006, Jiangsu's GDP exceeded 2 1 trillion yuan. Jiangsu has thus become one of the three provinces with a GDP of 2 trillion yuan. Chemical industry occupies a large proportion in the industrial structure of Jiangsu province, and it is concentrated in the area around Taihu Lake. At the same time, the chemical industry has also become the "first major polluter" in Jiangsu Province. It can be seen that our economic development is at the expense of huge environmental pollution. Increasing environmental restrictions will affect the rapid economic growth for many years; Will the vigorous development situation brought by the rapid economic growth in China be affected? Agricultural pollution Agriculture is mainly non-point source pollution, and the existing agricultural production methods have aggravated agricultural non-point source pollution. According to statistics, the average fertilization amount per hectare in Taihu Lake Basin has increased from 24.4 kg in 1979 to 66.7 kg at present. However, some developed countries stipulate that the average annual application of chemical fertilizer per hectare of cultivated land should not exceed 22.5 kilograms. Agricultural non-point source pollution mainly comes from the input of a large number of agricultural chemicals. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will lead to serious environmental pollution. By building ecological ditches and ecological interception systems, most nutrients lost from farmland can be intercepted, but some nutrients will still enter the river. The existing technology of constructing ecological constructed wetland or artificial floating island on the water surface can be used to plant emergent plants and floating plants, fully absorb and utilize nutrients lost from farmland and improve water quality. In recent years, when people pay more attention to the prevention and control of urban industrial pollution, a problem that cannot be ignored is plaguing the vast rural areas, that is, the spread and transfer of urban polluting enterprises to rural areas. We can see that at present, with the forced closure of heavily polluting industrial enterprises such as papermaking, cement, coking and chemical industry, some polluting enterprises that are unsustainable in cities have moved from cities to rural areas by taking the opportunity of attracting investment from some villages and towns, so that pollution can go to the countryside with dignity. The main reason of household pollution is the low treatment rate of urban household pollution. Taihu Lake Basin is a traditional water town in the south of the Yangtze River with dense river networks. Old-fashioned residents are all by the river, and every household directly pours domestic sewage into the river. In addition, scattered domestic pollution sources are increasingly becoming the main cause of pollution. The population density of Taihu Lake area is about 1000 people per square kilometer, which is one of the regions with high population density in the world. Immigrants live in rural areas on the edge of cities, and these areas just lack the necessary infrastructure such as management and sewage treatment systems. (2) Over-purse seine culture reduced the area of Taihu Lake, and over-purse seine culture gradually swamped Taihu Lake, thus reducing the water environmental capacity of Taihu Lake. Experts from Nanjing Institute of Geography and Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences estimated by satellite telemetry that the area of East Taihu Lake is 13 1 km2, and the area of purse seine culture is 54 km2, accounting for about 4 1% of the total area of East Taihu Lake. It is estimated that the average sedimentation rate at the bottom of East Taihu Lake is about 65438 0.24 cm per year. According to this development, the sedimentation at the bottom of the lake will reach 3 meters in 50 years, and the East Taihu Lake will gradually die out due to the serious swamp. Professor Cui, a doctoral supervisor at the School of Water Resources and Environment of Hohai University, pointed out that excessive purse seine farming not only directly pollutes Taihu Lake, but also seriously blocks and slows down the water flow in the lake area, resulting in poor water flow and intensified lake siltation, which greatly weakens the flood discharge and storage function of Taihu Lake. (3) With the development and utilization of tidal flats, the lakeside wetlands are reduced, and the pollutant throttling capacity is reduced. According to the reporter's investigation, a large area of reeds in Meiliang Lake, the hardest hit area of cyanobacteria outbreak in Wuxi, has been demolished, and a large-scale project of Taihu International Resort, which is included in Wuxi's urban planning, is under construction. In recent 10 years, the big trees along Taihu Lake have been cut down and replaced by small tea forests. Continuous wetlands were excavated and replaced by cement slope protection, and the ecosystem was greatly damaged. Under the background that the country strictly restricts the occupation of cultivated land, it is a method to expand urban land by reclamation and occupation of tidal flats. But in fact, this has seriously damaged the self-protection ability of the ecosystem, which is equivalent to peeling off the coat in ecologically sensitive areas such as rivers and lakes and directly exposing to the harm of pollutants. 3. In-depth analysis-why the pollution of Taihu Lake has not been cured for a long time, and why the government has not been able to cure Taihu Lake for many years. I remember that at 0: 00 on June 1 99965438+1October1day, the "Zero Action" in Taihu Lake Basin was successfully concluded. At that time, it was announced that thousands of key pollutant discharge units in Taihu Lake Basin basically met the discharge standards. The success of the first phase of Taihu Lake pollution control project laid the foundation for Taihu Lake to return to cleanliness in 2000 and set an example for pollution control in key areas and basins in the future. However, for many years, the polluting enterprises in Taihu Lake Basin are still emitting a large amount of pollutants, which cannot meet the emission reduction standards. In 2006, Jiangsu Province put forward the "Three-year Renovation of Chemical Industry", and used "the most resolute, strict and thorough" measures and "firm confidence, firm determination and unremitting efforts" to thoroughly rectify the environmental pollution and safety problems of "small chemical industry" in three years. However, when the water pollution incident occurred in Taihu Lake, villagers around Taihu Lake still claimed that no small chemical plants were closed. Then we can't help asking: Why can't Taihu Lake be cured for a long time and the government can't do anything about it? (1) The government's interest-oriented government should be the representative of public interests, but because it is also the main body of the public and has its own interests, it is more the consideration standard for the higher-level government as the main goal of government work. And polluting enterprises such as chemical industry, at the expense of environmental pollution, have become an important support for the rapid economic development of local governments, from which they can obtain remarkable political achievements. But environmental governance does take many years to work. The area of Lake Biwa in Japan is about twice that of Dianchi Lake. It was polluted in 1950s and 1960s, and it took the government $654.38+0.8 billion in 25 years to recover to Class III water. In this context, the environmental protection law enforcement of government departments is not enough, and the supervision and punishment are not enough. As a result, compared with the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the water quality compliance rate of 2 1 major rivers around Taihu Lake is 6 1.9%, and that of 45 major rivers is only 53.3%. (2) Regional cooperation needs multi-party games, and it is difficult to reach a cooperative game. Taihu Lake governance involves many regions and departments, and fragmentation has caused the institutional problem of "multi-head water control". Taihu Lake Basin involves Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other three provinces and one city. Everyone just wants to solve the problem by Taihu Lake, but when it comes to public investment and funding from their own finances, no one wants to pay for the public interest. In addition to the compartmentalization between local governments, there is also compartmentalization between departments. For example, the main responsibility of the environmental protection department is to supervise the water environment, the water conservancy department is responsible for river management, and the construction department manages the urban sewage system. Fishery farming has a great impact on the water environment, but it belongs to the competent departments of other industries. However, Taihu Lake basin belongs to a complete ecosystem, so when there are responsibilities or problems, there will be mutual shirking or even wrangling between multiple departments. (3) The subject of responsibility is unclear, and it is difficult to implement legal responsibility. The water pollution incident in Taihu Lake involves many departments and governments. The law is useless when the subject of responsibility is difficult to determine. Some experts have analyzed that there are still practical difficulties in the legal basis of water pollution control. Although China has the Water Pollution Prevention Law, it is very weak in two aspects. First, there is a lack of sufficient support for citizens to file environmental damage lawsuits, which is manifested in the lack of regulations on which departments should be the subject of litigation, and second, there is a lack of sufficient regulations on the environmental pollution relief responsibilities that relevant departments should bear. 1997 the new criminal law not only revised the environmental protection law, but also specifically added the crime of major environmental pollution accidents. Many places and enterprises around the lake have accumulated over time, and * * * and "crime" are the same. Who should be prosecuted? . (4) The public and media supervision is weak. The absence of non-governmental environmental protection forces is considered to be one of the most important reasons for the failure of pollution control in Taihu Lake. It is worrying that there is no active environmental NGO in an area with such serious environmental problems. No one is willing to undertake such public services? That's not true. It is understood that in the past few years, at least two people in Wuxi have repeatedly applied to the civil affairs department of Wuxi for the establishment of an environmental NGO, and they have all been rejected. The reason is that according to the relevant laws, there can only be one similar non-governmental organization in a place, and Wuxi has already established an environmental protection non-governmental organization. However, according to the survey, the organization has actually existed in name only and is no longer active. In terms of information disclosure, the Taihu Lake water pollution incident did not leak for the first time. This also reflects that the government has not fully enjoyed the public's right to know, supervise and participate in major environmental affairs. Improve the law, so that citizens can file environmental public interest or private interest lawsuits against relevant administrative departments, so that administrative departments and other departments (such as water companies) are awed by such lawsuits, let them know what their responsibilities and people's rights are, and make the water pollution problem clear under the strong protection of the law. (5) The role of scientific achievements In terms of scientific achievements, the research achievements of Taihu Lake should be fruitful. In the most important field of national scientific research investment, the national 863 plan "Tenth Five-Year Plan" major water control project-Taihu Lake water pollution control and water body restoration technology and demonstration project, explored the complete set of technology, demonstration project and long-term management model of Taihu Lake water pollution control. There are three sub-themes under this theme, including the water quality improvement project of drinking water source area in Meiliang Lake, Li Xiaowan. According to the incomplete statistics of the project implementation department, in more than three years, the whole project has applied for patents 134, published 434 papers and appraised 2 scientific and technological achievements. Unfortunately, it turns out that these achievements can't help people solve the drinking water quality problem. This reflects from another angle that the root of water pollution problem is not technology, but a comprehensive problem of management, law and system.