Memory formula ▲ Philosophy is the unity of world outlook and methodology.

▲ Philosophy is a theoretical and systematic world outlook.

Key words group ▲ World outlook and methodology

A. The world outlook is a general and fundamental view and viewpoint of the whole world, including natural, social and human thinking.

B. Methodology is the fundamental method to understand and transform the world.

2. Basic problems of philosophy

Memory formula ▲ the relationship between thinking and existence

Key words group ▲ Thinking and existence

The main point of a is the relationship between thinking and existence, or the relationship between spirit and matter.

B.( 1) Thinking and existence, who is the first and who is the origin of the world?

(2) Whether thinking and spirit can correctly understand existence and matter.

3. The basic schools of philosophy

Memory formula ▲ materialism and idealism

Key words group ▲ philosophical schools: materialism and idealism.

Answer points A. Adhere to materialism and oppose idealism.

B. advocate knowability and oppose agnosticism.

(B) Marxist philosophy and its basic characteristics

1. The origin of Marxist philosophy

Memory formula ▲ social and historical conditions, natural science premise, ideological and theoretical sources

Keywords group ▲ social and historical conditions, natural science premise, ideological and theoretical sources

Point A. Social and historical conditions: the proletariat enters the political arena.

B. Premises of natural science: cell theory, law of energy conservation and transformation, and biological evolution theory.

C. Ideological and theoretical sources: Hegelian dialectics and Feuerbach materialism

2. The basic characteristics of Marxist philosophy

Memory formula ▲ Proletarian philosophy based on practice is revolutionary and scientific.

Keyword group ▲ Practical, scientific and revolutionary

Point A. It is a science about the general laws of the development of nature, society and thinking.

(1) Ma Zhe is the generalization and summary of specific scientific, which is based on various specific scientific.

(2) The development of specific scientific should be guided by philosophy.

B. Ma Zhe is the unity of dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

(1) Social existence and social consciousness, dialectics and metaphysics are two opposing world views.

(2) Ma Zhe infiltrated the philosophy of the unity of materialism and dialectics into the field of social history, and realized the unity of materialist and dialectical views on nature and social history.

C. Three characteristics of philosophy: practicality, scientificity and revolutionary.

D. Ma Zhong, Ma Zhong, Phil and Mao Erdeng

Marxist philosophy is a great tool to understand and transform the world.

Memory formula ▲ Scientific world outlook and methodology

Key words group ▲ world outlook and outlook on life

Answer points A. Objective: To establish a correct world outlook and outlook on life.

B. Basic method: integrating theory with practice.

Second, matter and consciousness.

(A) dialectical materialist view of matter

1. Matter is a philosophical category that marks objective reality.

Memory formula ▲ Idealism materialism, material consciousness comes first.

Keywords group ▲ dialectical materialism

Key points of the answer A. Two branches of idealism

B. Three branches of materialism

C. the only feature of matter: objective reality

2. Movement is the fundamental attribute and existing mode of matter.

Memory formula ▲ Absolute motion is relatively static.

Key words group ▲ The motion of matter is static.

Key points of the answer A. Matter and exercise are inseparable.

B. Absolute motion is relatively static.

Motion is the fundamental property of matter, and matter has a relatively static state.

3. Space-time is the existing form of moving matter.

Memory formula ▲ Time and space cannot be separated from material movement; Absolute Relativity of Time and Space

Keyword group ▲ Time and space

Answer points a. Persistence and order.

B. Time and space are inseparable from material movement.

C. Absolute and relative

Time and space are the unity of absoluteness and relativity; It is the unity of invariance and variability; It is the unity of infinity and finiteness.

(2) the origin, essence and function of consciousness

1. Consciousness is the product of the long-term development of the material world.

Memory formula ▲ Matter precedes consciousness.

Keywords group ▲ consciousness

Answer points A. Consciousness is the product of the development of nature to a certain historical stage, that is, the second nature.

B. consciousness is the product of society and social labor.

2. The nature of consciousness

Memory formula ▲ Consciousness is the function of human brain; It is a subjective image of objective existence.

Key words group ▲ Consciousness essence

A. Consciousness is the function of the human brain.

B. consciousness is the subjective image of objective existence.

3. The dynamic influence of consciousness on matter

Memory formula ▲ Matter determines consciousness, which is the premise for consciousness to play an active role.

Key words group ▲ the dynamic role of consciousness

The key points of the answer A. The premise of the active role of consciousness is to respect objective laws

B. correctly understand and play the positive role of consciousness

4. Consciousness and artificial intelligence

Memory formula ▲ The essential difference between computer thinking simulation and human consciousness

Keywords group ▲ artificial intelligence consciousness difference

Under the guidance of information theory and cybernetics, artificial intelligence simulates the information processing and transformation process of human brain thinking with machines on the basis of the research of human brain science and computer science, and realizes the materialization of human thinking and intelligence.

(C) the material unity of the world

1. The unity of the world lies in materiality.

Memory formula ▲ The material world is infinitely diverse and unified.

Keywords group ▲ unified principle

Answer points A. Infinite diversity refers to the infinite diversity of specific forms of matter.

B. the unity of material characteristics: objective reality

2. Insist on proceeding from reality, emancipate the mind and seek truth from facts.

Memory formula ▲ Persist in proceeding from reality, emancipate the mind and seek truth from facts.

Keywords group ▲ Emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts

A. Emancipate the mind on the basis of seeking truth from facts

B proceeding from reality means proceeding from national conditions, integrating theory with practice, testing truth and developing truth in practice.

Third, the connection, development and law of things

(A) the basic characteristics of materialist dialectics

1. Universal connection of the world

Memory formula ▲ Objectivity, universality and diversity of connection

Keyword group ▲ Contacts

Answer points A. Two meanings of connection. The so-called connection refers to the interdependence, mutual restriction, mutual influence and interaction among all things, phenomena, processes and their internal elements.

B. contact view and system view; System characteristics

2. The eternal development of the world

Memory formula ▲ Old and new regardless of age.

Key words group ▲ development and its essence

The essence of development is the disappearance of old things and the emergence of new things.

B.new things are bound to overcome old things.

(2) The basic law of materialist dialectics 1. Law and characteristics

Memory formula ▲ Anyone who breaks the law will be prosecuted.

Key words group ▲ essential, inevitable and stable connection

The law of the main points of answering questions is objective and mandatory.

2. Law of unity of opposites

Memory formula ▲ Contradictions must be tested every year.

Key words group ▲ contradiction: identity and struggle; Universality and particularity

Key points of answering questions a. contradiction and its fundamental attributes

(1) contradiction and unity of opposites

(2) The relationship between contradictory identity and struggle.

B. contradiction is the fundamental driving force for the development of things.

The relationship between the universality and particularity of contradiction is the dialectical relationship between * * * and the unity of opposites of personality.

A. differences between them

B. Interdependence

C. mutual transformation

D the law of unity of opposites is the essence and core of materialist dialectics.

(1) essence and core (three knowledge points)

⑵ The principle and significance of the dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction.

A. Two basic meanings of the universality of contradiction:

B. Three concrete manifestations of the particularity of contradiction:

(3) the relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction (three points)

(4) The dialectical relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction has important methodological significance in understanding and practice.

A. As far as human cognitive process is concerned

B. From the practice of China's revolution and construction,

3. The law of mutual change of mass

Memory formula ▲ Premise results of quantitative change and qualitative change

Key words group ▲ quality, quantity and degree

Answer points A. Everything is the unity of opposites of quality and quantity.

The combination of quality and quantity is degree. Degree is the boundary where things maintain their own quality.

B. quantitative change, qualitative change and their mutual transformation

The movement, change and development of things take two forms: qualitative change and quantitative change.

The quantitative change and qualitative change of things are interrelated and mutually transformed under certain conditions.

The law of mutual variation of quality has important methodological significance.

4. The law of negation of negation

Memory formula ▲ sublation and overcoming reservation

Key words group ▲ Dialectical negation of progress and stumbling

Key points of the answer A. Dialectical negative view: sublation; Overcome reservations

B. the law of negation of negation reveals that the general direction and trend of things are advancing and rising, and the specific road of things' development is tortuous and circuitous. The road of self-development of things is the unity of progressiveness and faltering.

C. the development of things is the unity of progress and stumbling.

(C) the basic category of materialist dialectics

1. Phenomenon and Essence

Memory formula ▲ Phenomenon essence perceptual rationality.

Keywords group ▲ Phenomenon and essence

Answer points A. The meaning of phenomenon and essence

B.there is a difference between reality and illusion. Reality is a phenomenon that directly expresses the essence from the front, and illusion is a phenomenon that distorts the essence from the back; Illusion is different from illusion. Illusion is a cognitive error, which belongs to the subjective category, and illusion exists objectively.

C. Dialectical relationship between phenomenon and essence: the expression of opposition and unity

D. Grasp the essence according to the phenomenon

2. Form and content

Memory formula ▲ Formalism and necessary form are two different things.

Keyword group ▲ Content and form

Answer points A. The meaning of content and form

B. content determines form, and form reacts on content.

3. Causality

Memory formula ▲ Causality

Keywords group ▲ Cause and result

Answer point A. Cause: a phenomenon that causes a certain phenomenon, and result: a phenomenon caused by a certain phenomenon.

B. Complexity of causality: one cause has multiple consequences; The same reason leads to different results; A fruit has many causes; The same career, different; Many causes and many fruits; Compound causality, etc.

C. correctly understand and master the causal relationship of things

4. Necessity and contingency

Memory formula ▲ must be an even number; Even I can.

Key words group ▲ inevitability and contingency

Answer points A. The meaning of inevitability and contingency

B. the unity of opposites between inevitability and contingency

C. the significance of the principle of dialectical relationship between inevitability and contingency

5. Possibility and reality

Memory formula ▲ may be more realistic; Ideal reality

Keywords group ▲ Possibility and reality

Answer points A. The meaning of possibility and reality

B. From possibility to reality, we must work hard.

Fourth, practice and understanding.

(1) Practical viewpoint is the primary and basic viewpoint of epistemology. Marxist epistemology is the reflection of dynamic revolution.

Memory formula ▲ Ma Yi's epistemology: initiative, revolution and reflection.

Keywords group ▲ epistemology

The key point (1) is to carry out the principle of reflection theory to the end.

(2) Introducing the scientific concept of practice into epistemology.

(3) carrying out dialectics in the theory of reflection

2. Practice and its basic forms

Memory formula ▲ Basic features and forms

Keywords group ▲ Practice

Answer points A. Three characteristics

B. Three basic forms

C. Practicality is the most fundamental feature of Ma Zhe, and it is also the primary and basic viewpoint of Ma Yi's epistemology.

3. Dialectical relationship between practice and cognition

Memory formula ▲ The decisive role of practice in cognition; Dynamic reaction of cognition to practice.

Keywords group ▲ Dialectical relationship between practice and cognition

Key points of answer A. The decisive role of practice in understanding

B. Dynamic reaction of cognition to practice

(B) Cognition and its dialectical development process

1. Cognition and its essence

Memory formula ▲ Essence of subject and object

Key words group ▲ Understanding the essence of relationship

Answer points A. The subject and object of cognition and their relationship: practical relationship; Understand the relationship; Value relationship; Aesthetic relationship

B. Understanding the essence: introduce the viewpoint of practice into epistemology and insist on revealing the essence of the cognitive process on the basis of practice.

2. The dialectical movement of cognition

Memory formula ▲ From perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, from rational knowledge to practice.

Keywords group ▲ perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge practice

Answer points a. From perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge

(1) perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge

A. the form of perceptual knowledge; trait

B. the form of rational knowledge; trait

(2) perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge: unity of opposites

B. Significance, conditions and ways to move from rationality to practice

3. Understand the general law of movement

Memory formula ▲ Constant repetition and infinite development

Key words group ▲ Law

The key point of the answer is that human understanding is bound to be a process of infinite development and infinite depth.

(3) Truth and its test standard

1. Truth and its objectivity

Memory Formula ▲ Objectivity of Truth and Fallacy

Keywords group ▲ objectivity

Answer points A. Truth and fallacy are opposite in nature and cannot be confused;

B. Objectivity of truth-objective truth

(1) The content of truth is objective and the form is subjective.

(2) The standard of truth is objective and practice is objective.

2. Absolute and Relative Truth

Memory Formula ▲ Absolute and Relative Truth

Keywords group ▲ absolute truth and relative truth

Answer points A. Truth is the unity of absoluteness and relativity.

B. Stick to the truth and develop it

3. Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.

Memory formula ▲ Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.

Key words group ▲ The only criterion for practice to test truth

Key points of the answer A. Practice is the only criterion for testing truth.

B. Absolute and Relative Practice Standards

4. The law of truth development

Memory formula ▲ the development process of truth and fallacy

Keyword group ▲ Truth

Answer points A. Truth and fallacy are the unity of opposites.

B. the development process of truth is the process of fighting against fallacies and constantly overcoming them.

V the essence and basic structure of human society

(A) the establishment of historical materialism and its significance

1. Basic problems of historical view

Memory formula ▲ Historical view

Keywords group ▲ social consciousness social existence

The relationship between social existence and social consciousness is the basic problem of social historical view.

B. Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence.

2. The fundamental defects of historical idealism and its roots.

Memory formula ▲ holds that consciousness determines matter and denies the role of human beings.

Key words group ▲ The root cause of fundamental defects

Answer points A. Idealism and its fundamental defect: that consciousness determines matter and denies the role of human beings.

B. The emergence of historical idealism: it has its profound social, class and epistemological roots.

3. The great significance of the establishment of historical materialism

Memory formula ▲ A whole piece of steel

Key words group ▲ Establishment of historical materialism

Key points for answering questions A. The establishment of historical materialism

The source of (1) thought theory.

(2) Social and historical conditions.

B. The establishment of historical materialism made Ma Zhe a "whole piece of steel" that unified dialectical materialism and historical materialism.

(B) the nature of human social life

Society is an organism.

Memory formula ▲ Society is a system.

Keywords group ▲ social life

Social life is the general name of people's various social activities, including material social life and intangible social life.

2. Social life is essentially practical.

Memory formula ▲ The production of material data is the most basic practical activity of human beings.

Keywords group ▲ Production of material data, subject and object of material production activities.

The production of material data is the most basic practical activity of human beings, and labor is a unique activity of human beings.

B. In the leap from nature to human society, labor plays a decisive role.

C. Material production activities are the foundation of social existence and development.

(1) formed social relations, the relationship between man and nature, the relationship between man and society and their mutual constraints.

(2) It restricts the whole social life, political life and spiritual life.

3. Social and historical development is a natural historical process

Memory formula ▲ A natural historical process

Key words group ▲ Development process of material system

Answer points A. Human society is essentially an objective material system.

B. Human society is essentially a process of dialectical development.

4. Social existence and social consciousness and their dialectical relationship.

Memory formula ▲ Social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence.

Keywords group ▲ social consciousness, social existence

The meaning of social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness reacts on social existence.

B. The dependence of social consciousness on social existence does not deny that social consciousness is relatively independent of social existence.

(C) the basic structure of human society

1. Social and economic structure

Memory formula ▲ Classics and political papers

Keywords group ▲ productivity, relations of production, socio-economic structure and class

A. Productivity is the actual ability of people to transform nature to obtain material means of life.

B. Economic base refers to the dominant production relations;

C socio-economic structure and class is a historical category, which is the product of the development of production to a certain stage.

2. Social and political structure

Memory formula ▲ Political structure, economic structure, and state functions.

Keywords group ▲ political structure, economic structure, state functions

Answer points A. The state is the irreconcilable product of class contradictions.

B. the functions of the state are generally divided into internal functions and external functions.

C. class is a historical category. As an irreconcilable product of class contradictions, the state is also a historical category.

3. Social and cultural structure

Memory formula ▲ Cultural promotion

Keywords group ▲ social consciousness, cultural spirit production

A. the main points of social consciousness

B. Correctly treat traditional culture and modern culture

C. spiritual production and its relative independence

Six, the law of social development and the role of history.

(A) the basic laws of social development

1. Basic social contradictions

Memory formula ▲ Basic contradiction

Key words group ▲ Basic social contradictions

The contradiction between productivity and production relations and the contradiction between economic base and superstructure

2. Contradictory movement of productive forces and relations of production and its laws

Memory formula ▲ Productivity determines production relations.

Keywords group ▲ productivity and relations of production

A. Productivity plays a decisive role in production relations, and production relations react on productivity.

B relations of production must conform to the law of productive forces, which runs through the whole process of human social development and is the basic law of human social development.

3. Contradictory movement between economic base and superstructure and its laws

Memory formula ▲ The economic base determines the superstructure.

Keywords group ▲ economic base superstructure

The key points of the answer a. The decisive role of the economic base on the superstructure; The reaction of superstructure to economic base

B. the superstructure must conform to the laws of the economic base.

(B) the driving force of social development

1. Basic social contradictions are the fundamental driving force for social development.

Memory formula ▲ basic spear force

Key words group ▲ Basic social contradictions

The contradiction between productivity and production relations, the contradiction and interaction between economic base and superstructure constitute the basic contradictory movement of society.

B. Basic social contradictions and the replacement of social forms

2. Class struggle is the direct driving force for the development of class society.

Memory formula ▲ Class struggle

Keywords group ▲ class struggle

A. Class struggle is the direct expression of basic social contradictions in class society.

The basic forms are economic struggle, political struggle and ideological struggle. Among them, political struggle is decisive.

C. class struggle is the direct driving force for the development of class society.

3. Science and technology are the primary productive forces.

Memory formula ▲ Science and technology are the primary productive forces.

Keywords Group ▲ Technology

Point A. Science and technology are the essential elements of modern social productive forces and the primary elements to promote the development of modern social productive forces.

B. "Science and technology are the primary productive forces" has distinct characteristics of the times.

4. The decisive role of people in historical development

Memory formula ▲ people, decisive role

Key words group ▲ people

The key points of answering questions promote history.

5. The individual and his role in history

Memory formula ▲ proletarian leaders and the masses

Keywords group ▲ ordinary individual historical figures, proletarian political parties

Answer points A. The important role of proletarian leaders:

B. the mass viewpoint and mass line of proletarian political parties

Seven. Social development and human development

(A) the historical process of social development

1. Social form and its evolution

Memory formula ▲ qualitative change and quantitative change of social form

Keywords group ▲ social form

The evolution of social form is the unity of quantitative change and qualitative change.

2. Unity and diversity of social development path

Memory formula ▲ progress and twists and turns

Keywords group ▲ Progress shakes unity and diversity.

The key points of the answer A. The development of things is the unity of progress and stumbling.

B. the development of things is the unity of unity and diversity.

3. Social progress and its standards

Memory formula ▲ Overall social progress

Keywords group ▲ social progress

Answer a: the root of social progress: internal contradictions

B. Complex diversity

(B) human nature and human values

1. Humanity and human essence

Memory formula ▲ Human's natural and social attributes

Keywords group ▲ Natural attribute and social attribute

Answer A: The unity of human's natural and social attributes.

B. Humanity is the sum of all social relations in reality.

2. Human values

Memory formula ▲ Contribution and satisfaction

Key words group ▲ Contribution to satisfying human values

Answer points A. The value of human beings is the unity of contribution and satisfaction.

B. the purpose and significance of human life

C. Personal value and social value are mutually unified and inseparable.

(C) the all-round development of people and the capitalist society

1. Kingdom of Freedom and Kingdom of Necessity

Memory formula ▲ Freedom is inevitable.

Keywords group ▲ Freedom and necessity

A. freedom: human rule

Necessity: things dominate people

The leap from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom is an inevitable trend of historical development.

2. All-round development of human beings

Memory formula ▲ Human development and social development

Keywords group ▲ human development and social development

Answer points A. Human development is an important part of social development, and the degree of human development is the most important symbol of social development.

B. Comprehensive and free development

3.*** The ideal and practice of capitalism

Memory Formula ▲ * * * Ideal Practice of Capitalism

Keywords group ▲ * * * Productivism