Historical essays are actually "political essays", which are short in length and emphasize the combination of history and theory. Specifically, they have the following characteristics:

1. There are arguments and refutations in the way of discussion.

(1) Proposition is to demonstrate the correctness of an argument from the front, or to talk about the understanding and knowledge of a correct viewpoint.

As Mr. Fan Wenlan said, "decadent feudalism can never beat emerging capitalism".

Please combine the situation of China before and after the Opium War to analyze this view.

(2) Refuting the topic is to refute the wrong viewpoint or argument, deny the other party's mistakes, distinguish right from wrong, and form a correct understanding.

For example, Zhao Erxun said in the Draft of Qing History: "Xiuquan advocated revolution with one person, ... China is in danger, which is a real sign." Is this view correct? Please write a short essay around the progressive role of BuDou and the Taiping Revolution.

2. There are generally three types of propositions.

(1) The object and content of direct comments.

The objects of comments are people, events, systems, works and phenomena.

The content of comments is nothing more than reason, nature, system, status, influence and function.

For example, the historical position of the national bourgeoisie in China during the democratic revolution.

② Provide some materials for proposition analysis.

For example, 1990 Shanghai College Entrance Examination History Question and Answer: According to the following discussion, combined with relevant Chinese and foreign historical facts, talk about your views on patriotism.

There is the "patriotism" of the Japanese aggressors and Hitler, and there is our patriotism.

Party member must resolutely oppose the so-called "patriotism" of the Japanese aggressors and Hitler.

Japan's * * * production party and Germany's * * * production party are defeatists in their respective national wars.

..... Our slogan is to defend the motherland and fight against the invaders.

For us, defeatism is evil, and it is our duty to win in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

-"The Position of China Producer Party in the National War" 1938 10.

(3) Put forward one or more viewpoints to demonstrate or refute.

For example, Emperor Yang Di Yang Guang is a controversial figure in history.

Some people say that he is "full of mistakes", while others say that he is "indispensable".

Please make an evaluation from the viewpoint of historical materialism.