1 description. Using the unique technical means and research methods of our own science, we objectively and faithfully collect, sort out and record the quantitative or qualitative information of various social phenomena, and with the help of these true and reliable social information, people can gain perceptual knowledge of one or some social phenomena and even the whole society.
2 explain. After a general description, with the help of the concept category of sociology, we can theoretically abstract the obtained empirical materials and explore the causes and consequences of the formation, change and development of social phenomena, so as to achieve a rational understanding of the subjective and objective factors that restrict social phenomena.
3 forecast. On the premise of description and explanation, the obtained social information is reprocessed. In a sense, the completion of description and explanation marks the determination of the degree of correlation between related social phenomena. If we can measure the development speed and scale of social phenomena with relatively regular development as accurately as possible, we can roughly determine the future development of social phenomena related to it and what people want to know. Of course, it is difficult to predict social phenomena naturally because there are few functional relationships between social phenomena like those between natural phenomena.
2 cultural reading
Using the unique technical means and research methods of our own science, we objectively and faithfully collect, sort out and record the quantitative or qualitative information of various social phenomena, and with the help of these true and reliable social information, people can gain perceptual knowledge of one or some social phenomena and even the whole society.
Different concepts
In reception theory, literary text and literary works are two different concepts: (1) text refers to the comfortable state of a writer's works in front of readers; A work refers to something that has an objective relationship with readers. It breaks through the isolated existence and integrates the reader's experience, emotion and artistic interest. (2) Writing is a hard carrier for storing all kinds of aesthetic information in the form of writing symbols; Works are the soft carrier of aesthetic information created by writers and readers in the reading of discerning readers. (3) Text is a permanent existence, which is independent of the receiver's perception, its existence does not depend on the receiver's aesthetic experience, and its structural form will not change due to events; The work depends on the active intervention of the receiver, only exists in the reader's aesthetic photos and feelings, and is dominated by the receiver's thoughts, feelings and psychological structure, which is a relatively concrete existence. The transformation from text to work is the result of aesthetic perception. In other words, a work is a text perceived, defined and created by an aesthetic subject.
2. Noun explanation: Culture is the phenomenon and atmosphere in which people pay attention to and explore things of interest.
According to the number of people discussing something, culture can be divided into big culture and small culture. That is, compared with other cultures, the phenomenon and atmosphere in which people pay attention to and discuss things of interest is a big culture; However, the phenomenon and atmosphere in which people pay attention to and discuss things of interest is a small culture.
-Excerpted from China's Happiness Research. Culture is the material entity, value concept, meaning system and behavior mode created and shared by human groups, and it is the overall living state of human groups. Politicization (that is, the culture advocated by rulers in different periods) is a culture and a forerunner. What kind of politicization, there will be what kind of culture.
3. Noun explanation, culture and culture [wén huà]
Basic explanation and detailed explanation
1. Archaeology refers to the synthesis of relics and remains in the same historical period. The same tools, appliances, manufacturing technology, etc. Is the characteristic of the same culture.
2. The sum of wealth created by human beings, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education and science.
3. Ability to use vocabulary and general knowledge
Encyclopedia explanation
Culture is a very broad and humanistic concept, and it is really very difficult to give an accurate or precise definition of culture. The interpretation of the concept of culture has always been controversial. However, there is a similar explanation and understanding in dictionaries or encyclopedias in the East and the West: culture is all human spiritual activities and their products related to politics and economy.
4. The analysis of English majors (English language and literature, foreign linguistics, applied linguistics (English)) in more than 40 universities in China made it one of the top ten majors in the postgraduate entrance examination in 2004. Throughout the years, the focus and difficulty of the exams are not the same. For example, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Wuhan University, Nanjing University, Fudan University and other famous schools all have basic English courses, mainly reading and then answering questions.
The basic English part of the comprehensive examination of Shanghai International Studies University, the basic English of Beijing Normal University and the comprehensive major of Huazhong Normal University have almost the same types and difficulties as those of TEM 8. ▉● Peking University ●▉● Beijing Foreign Studies University ● Basic English postgraduate entrance examination questions over the years include reading difficult sentences in explanatory articles and English-Chinese translation of British and American literature. Over the years, the postgraduate entrance examination questions mainly include writers' works, literary works analysis, literary works writing linguistics and applied linguistics. English-Chinese Translation (English College) The postgraduate entrance examination questions of this course over the years include English-Chinese translation, Chinese-English translation, classical Chinese translation, translation theory and practice (simultaneous interpretation, Van Gogh College). Over the years, there are English-Chinese translation of single sentences, English-Chinese translation of short articles and English-Chinese translation. There is no classical Chinese translation. Historical topics in the course of social and cultural studies in Britain include noun explanation, short answer and writing. The historical issues of American social and cultural studies courses are several major thesis issues. The score of each question is generally 15-25. The history topics of Australian Studies include noun explanation, short answer, reading and then abbreviation, reading the information provided by the form and then writing, and topic writing. The main types of English education are reading articles about teaching methods and answering questions about teaching methods ● Beijing Normal University ● Basic English history postgraduate entrance examination questions mainly include grammar questions (prepositions, articles and verbs to fill in the blanks), vocabulary multiple-choice questions, cloze questions (with options), reading comprehension (with multiple-choice questions and some reading questions), and finally English-Chinese translation (translation materials are not difficult, generally speaking prose). The postgraduate entrance examination questions of British and American literature over the years include filling in the blanks, explaining literary terms, analyzing literary works and answering questions. Linguistics over the years mainly includes filling in the blanks, noun explanation, answering questions, English translation theory and practice. Over the years, the postgraduate entrance examination questions of this course mainly include English-Chinese translation and writing. (The English-Chinese translation part and the writing materials are translation theory and practice. English Teaching Theory and Practice) Over the years, the postgraduate entrance examination questions mainly include: noun explanation and answering questions ● university of international business and economics ● Basic English 01-In 2004, the postgraduate entrance examination questions mainly included grammar, vocabulary multiple-choice questions, essay correction, cloze (allowing candidates to fill in their own words) and reading comprehension questions. Chinese-English translation, reading and then abbreviation (in Chinese) International Business English (that is, Professional English B) includes explanation of business terms, reading articles and finding correct sentences from alternative sentences, business English reading and answering questions, business English translation, business English practical problem writing (sometimes letters, sometimes abbreviations), English linguistics and literature (that is, Professional English A) This volume has four parts: the literature part includes the author, title and multiple-choice questions of writers' works. Reading and answering questions in literary works, the cultural part includes judgment, choice and question-and-answer translation, and the English-Chinese translation linguistics part includes judgment, choice, filling in the blanks and writing evaluation of language problems. It is challenging for candidates to review ● China Renmin University ● Basic English, writing and translation. Over the years, the postgraduate entrance examination questions mainly include grammar, vocabulary multiple-choice questions, essay correction, cloze (allowing candidates to fill in their own words), reading (reading and answering questions), English-Chinese paragraph translation, propositional composition, British and American literature, British and American culture, English development history, English linguistics and English literature. Interpret literary terms, read fragments of literary works, write down the names and authors of works, explain underlined parts of works, ask and answer questions, fill in the blanks, explain nouns, read and evaluate writing, ask and answer questions, fill in the blanks, explain nouns, and answer English linguistic questions. Generally speaking, there are only 40 points in two parts of English linguistics ● beijing international studies university ● The basic English postgraduate entrance examination questions mainly include grammar, vocabulary multiple-choice questions and cloze (a prepared option, there is no alternative, the candidates fill in the words themselves), reading (there is an alternative), reading sentences, and finally the comprehensive test of propositional composition 1 (British and American literature, British and American surveys, English linguistics). Some writers of British and American literature fill in the blanks, interpret literary terms, and analyze and answer questions of literary works. The British and American surveys include blank-filling, noun explanation, question-and-answer and English linguistics includes blank-filling, noun explanation and question-and-answer Although this course has a lot of content, it is not difficult to synthesize the topics. The questions in the English Linguistics section of Test 2 (survey of Britain and America, international trade, translation) include filling in the blanks, noun explanation and question and answer. The questions in the international trade part of the exam are explained by terms. Read the economic and trade articles and then abbreviate and report the sentences. Questions and Answers on International Trade) The translation part of the postgraduate entrance examination questions over the years includes English-Chinese paragraph translation ● Capital Normal University ● Linguistics and an overview of Britain and the United States. The postgraduate entrance examination questions over the years mainly include multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, noun explanations and answers (the questions are relatively simple). Over the years, the English comprehensive ability test questions mainly include grammar, vocabulary multiple-choice questions, reading comprehension questions (all multiple-choice questions, no questions, and the difficulty is much lower than that of TEM-8), cloze (with options), and English writing and translation are also relatively simple ● Beihang University ● Basic English Postgraduate Entrance Examination Over the years, the questions mainly include grammar, vocabulary multiple-choice questions, sentence recognition errors (only need to choose which part is wrong, no need to correct), and cloze (let candidates fill it out by themselves).
5. Noun explanation ~ culture and culture [wén huà]
Explanation:
1, the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social and historical development, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education, science, etc.
2. In archaeological terms, it refers to the complex of relics and relics transferred in the same historical period, regardless of their distribution position. The same tools, utensils and manufacturing techniques are the characteristics of the same culture, such as Yangshao culture and Longshan culture.
3, refers to the ability to use words and general knowledge.
Source: Hong Shen's film and drama performance Chapter 2: "Because modern people live not only the life of a natural person, but also the life of a literate person."
Example:
1, the richness of cultural life is a manifestation of social progress.
We should actively carry out economic and cultural exchanges with other countries in the world.
Extended data
Synonym: civilization
civilization
Explanation:
1, the sum of wealth created by human beings, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature and science.
2. It refers to the state that human society has developed to a higher stage and has a higher culture.
3, the old refers to the western color at that time.
4. Bright literature and art.
5. High social development and cultural status.
Source: Lu Xun's quasi-romantic talk plagiarism goal: "China is the oldest place in civilization and a country that values human nature."
Example:
1. We will build China into a prosperous and civilized country.
Our ancestors created splendid Chinese civilization with diligence and wisdom.
6. Terminology explanation, cultural and cultural basis explanation [wén huà] detailed explanation 1. Archaeology refers to the integration of relics and remains in the same historical period.
The same tools, appliances, manufacturing technology, etc. Is the characteristic of the same culture. 2. The sum of wealth created by human beings, especially spiritual wealth, such as literature, art, education and science. 3. The ability to explain culture with words and general knowledge is a very broad and humanized concept, and it is really very difficult to give an accurate or precise definition of culture. The interpretation of the concept of culture has always been controversial.
However, there is a similar explanation and understanding in dictionaries or encyclopedias in the East and the West: culture is all human spiritual activities and their products related to politics and economy.