About the author: Shi Yuruo (1963-), male, born in Tianmen, Hubei Province, master of Beijing Normal University, doctor of Wuhan University, distinguished professor, School of History and Culture, Sichuan University, mainly engaged in the study of China philosophy history, Confucianism and China traditional culture. (1) Mencius and Notes are based on Mencius Justice and revised by Shen, Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition. The same below. Mencius said in Chapter 8 of Teng Wengong: "Today, some people are busy with their neighbors' chickens or tell them,' This is not a gentleman's way. Say:' please damage it, busy a chicken next month, and then it's gone. "Zhao Qi notes cloud: Busy, take also. From those who come from. Zhao noticed that busy people took their chickens from their neighbors. This is an interpretation that combines the meaning of words with the meaning of words. This passage of Mencius is a metaphor for the above "1 1". I plan to close the city, but I can't do it today. Please handle it lightly and wait until next year. " In another chapter, it is pointed out that the metaphor is still busy with chickens, more or less like thieves. "How many thieves" can be regarded as an extension of Zhao's note on the basis of the original intention of the article. A behavior, with the changes of the times, moral judgment and even legal recognition may change. Mencius used other people's words ("or") to evaluate the behavior of chickens that upset their neighbors as "an ungenerous way." The "gentleman" here refers to a person who has both status and morality. The "non-gentleman's way" is not the opposite of the gentleman's way, but the element of "stealing". Mencius' metaphor is aimed at "Eleventh, we are going to close the city, but we can't do it now, please deal with it lightly", which is obviously very different from the administrative act of theft. "Eleven, the sign of entering the city" belongs to the benevolent policy advocated by Mencius. "If you can't do it today, please handle it lightly", but I haven't done it completely for the time being, and I plan to do part of it first. If "a chicken next door" is understood as a kind of theft, it is not in line with Mencius' original intention. So Mencius went on to say: it is too early to know its injustice. Why wait for next year? "Righteousness" should be the training of "propriety". In chapter 13 of The Analects of Confucius, "Faithfulness is close to righteousness", Zhu noted: "Those who are righteous should do what is appropriate. Zhu: A Collection of Notes on the Analects of Confucius, a new collection of notes on four books and chapters, Zhonghua Book Company, 1983 edition. Shen Ganlin: The Original Confucius: A New Interpretation, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 18. In chapter 24 of Politics, "Don't be brave when you see righteousness", Kong Anguo notes: "Those who are righteous should be suitable. On Semantic Sparseness, edited by Huang Kan, revised by Gao Shangxi, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 13. Shen Ganlin: The Original Confucius: A New Interpretation, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 18. " Unfair "refers to inappropriate behavior. The basic meaning of righteousness in Mencius is inherited from the Analects of Confucius. "Unjust" means inappropriate, wrong, wrong to be busy raising chickens, and also means that the current tax system is unreasonable and cannot be called "stealing". The antonym of "the way of a gentleman" is "the way of a villain". Mencius said: gentlemen commit crimes, while villains commit crimes. (Excerpted from the first chapter of Lou Zhang Sentence) Obviously, "theft" belongs to the category of "crime". It can be seen that Zhao Qizhi's "Zhang Zhi Yan" is an extension of the nature of his time, divorced from Mencius' text, and gradually entered the track of being a villain if you are not a gentleman, and being punished if you are not righteous, that is, the thinking mode of "black and white". From the above discussion, we can see that Zhao's annotation starts from the text (that is, history), but its "chapter refers to words" starts from the times. This explains the essence of Zhao's note, because if the word "busy" is not trained as "taking from something", but the busy person goes to the neighbor's house to get the chicken himself, it is purely "stealing". Zhu's note comes from the note: Busy, everything happens for a reason. Zhu: Notes on Mencius, newly edited Notes on Four Books, Zhonghua Book Company, 1983 edition. The same below. Zhu's notes embody the spirit of seeking truth from facts. However, people of Zhu's generation wrote Mencius Justice, which directly translated Zhang into a sparse text: for example, if you are still busy raising chickens, you are more or less a thief, and then you can quickly turn evil. Mencius' Justice, Annotated Edition of Thirteen Classics, Zhonghua Book Company, 1980 Edition. Ruan Yuan adopted Sun Tzu's Art of War in Notes to the Thirteen Classics of Mencius. As far as the influence is concerned, the original meaning of Zhao Qi's notes has been drowned, its extended meaning has become universal, and "how much is the same as stealing" has further become "noisy" or "stealing". In the five years since the publication of Mencius, Yang Bojun took the meaning of "noisy theft" from Zheng Xuan's Notes on The Book of Rites and Biography of Gu Liang. Mencius said, "Now there is a man who lives next to a chicken every day. Someone told him,' This is not the behavior of decent people.' He said, I'm going to reduce it, the first one every month, until next year, and then none. Yang Bojun: Mencius, Zhonghua Book Company, 1960. The same below. In the anthology of Unit 4, Book 1 of Ancient Chinese edited by Mr. Wang Li, there is a note: Busy means detaining your running poultry and livestock, which is somewhat different from "_"; In this article, it means _. Wang Li, editor-in-chief: Ancient Chinese (revised and rearranged edition) Volume I, Zhonghua Book Company, 1999 edition. This note fully explains the original meaning of Zhao Qi's note "Busy", how many thieves he said in Zhang, and the triple meaning of "Busy Stealing" in later generations. However, the assertion that "it means _ in this paper" replaces the original meaning with the final result of semantic evolution. Source: Journal of Chongqing University (Social Science Edition)