Bill Gates created the Microsoft Empire and the myth of college students' entrepreneurship. This is not a case. The entrepreneurial rate of American college students is 20%-23%. Why is it common for American college students to start their own businesses? Through research, the author found that it is very important to create a suitable policy environment inside and outside the school.
The state has issued many regulations and plans to support college students' entrepreneurship. The US Congress passed the Small Business Act in 1953, and established the Small Business Administration on this basis, aiming at helping small businesses to obtain technical, financial and management support from the government, such as direct loans or loan guarantees, so as to prevent small businesses from dying due to lack of funds. At the same time, there are investment stimulus bill, economic policy bill, investment incentive law and so on, which together constitute a legal system to support entrepreneurship. In terms of taxation, the Reagan administration passed the economic recovery tax law on 198 1, and 1986 introduced the tax reform law. These bills reduce the tax payable by entrepreneurial enterprises, aiming at urging these enterprises to survive the gestation and growth period safely. In addition, from 1992 to 20 12, Congress passed three bills, which extended the innovative research plan for small enterprises with fierce competition, supported many internationally renowned enterprises such as Microsoft and Intel, and played a positive role in promoting the leading position of the United States in cutting-edge disciplines, becoming a model for other countries to follow.
The entrepreneurial process is convenient and the access cost is low. According to the Global Business Environment Report 20 14 released by the World Bank, the convenience of business environment in the United States ranks fourth among the global 189 economies. Limited liability companies in the United States only need six links from registration to operation: booking the company name, submitting the company organization documents, and formulating and passing the company operation agreement; Apply for a federal employer identification number; Register and collect business tax; Registered with the unemployment insurance department of the Ministry of Labor; Purchase employee subsidies and disability insurance; Publicly publish the company's organizational documents in two newspapers, and submit certificates and public affidavits. The United States has set up a one-stop business window to simplify the process, and these six links can be completed in just five days. In addition, the economic cost of starting a company in the United States is very low, accounting for only. 1.5% of the per capita gross national income. Take 20 14 as an example, the per capita gross national income of the United States is $5,065,438+0.20, and it only takes $750 to register a new enterprise (including $275 for the first link, $475 for the sixth link, and other links are free), and the minimum paid-in capital is $0.
Multi-channel funding for college students' entrepreneurship is flexible and easy to obtain. There are two ways to boost the financing of small enterprises in the United States: on the one hand, the government provides financial assistance to entrepreneurial enterprises. The Small Business Administration directly provides loans or loan guarantees for small businesses to support projects with great commercial potential. On the other hand, the government has also broadened the sources of funds for start-ups through policy guidance. For example, banks are encouraged to increase loans to small businesses and reduce interest rates, and create and provide various investment channels (including angel investment, venture capital and seed capital). ).
Provide customized counseling services to enhance the vitality of entrepreneurial enterprises. The United States has established a large number of specialized entrepreneurial counseling institutions to provide targeted guidance and consultation in management, service, technology, marketing, talent and other aspects. One is the non-profit entrepreneurship counseling institutions set up by the government's small business management department, including small business development assistance institutions, enterprise information centers and small business development centers; The other is a for-profit entrepreneurial counseling institution created by private institutions such as venture capital and seed funds.
Colleges and universities have formulated many support systems and measures to encourage college students to start their own businesses. In 1930s, MIT took the lead in stipulating the "one-fifth principle", that is, teachers can engage in consulting or participate in enterprise activities on any day of the week, which not only ensures teachers to engage in teaching and scientific research normally, but also brings the latest research results of colleges and universities into practical application and feeds back new problems in enterprises to the campus. Now this system is accepted by almost all universities in the United States, which has comprehensively promoted the entrepreneurship education of college students. At the same time, American colleges and universities generally allow students to take full-time and half-time courses. Allow students to take a break from school and start a business for a while before returning to school to continue their studies. The deep cooperation between universities and enterprises provides internship opportunities for students and allows them to accumulate relevant experience in enterprises. Some colleges and universities also set up special dormitories for students who are willing to start their own businesses to facilitate their communication.
Undoubtedly, a good entrepreneurial environment can not only stimulate the entrepreneurial enthusiasm of college students, but also promote the survival and development of entrepreneurial enterprises. Similarly, according to the Global Business Environment Report 20 14, the overall convenience of business environment in China ranks 96th, but the difficulty of starting a business ranks158th. Therefore, it is urgent to lower the threshold of starting a business and simplify the enterprise registration process. The government should also provide financial assistance to entrepreneurial enterprises, and provide preferential and safeguard measures in financing, taxation, intellectual property rights and counseling for entrepreneurial enterprises. At the same time, colleges and universities should improve rules and regulations and encourage college students to start their own businesses. Students who are willing to start a business are allowed to drop out of school to start a business while retaining their school status, and provide advice, guidance, financial support and free or low-cost entrepreneurial places for teachers and students to start a business, and encourage teachers and students to use their spare time to start a company to realize technology transfer and technological innovation.
(The author is Dr. Zhao Shukun, School of International Economics and Trade, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics)
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