2. Westernization Movement

3. Matrilineal society and paternal society

Introduction:

Imperial academy (feudal period of China)

The highest educational institution in China, located in the capital, appeared in the Han Dynasty. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the study of Huang Lao prevailed, with only private schools teaching and no academic schools. After Emperor Wu deposed hundreds of Confucian scholars, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and started to establish imperial academy in Chang 'an. At first, imperial academy had only five doctors of Confucian classics and 50 doctoral disciples. From Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Xin Mang, imperial academy's subjects and students gradually increased, and courses were opened to explain the Book of Changes, the Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Biography of Ram, Biography of Gu Liang, Zuozhuan, Zhouguan and Erya. During the Han and Yuan Dynasties, the number of doctoral students reached 1000, and it increased to 3,000 in the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang is in charge of politics. In order to establish his prestige and win over the vast number of Confucian scholars, he built Biyong and Tang Ming in the south of Chang 'an, and built a million districts for scholars. There are more than 10,000 doctoral students, and the scale of imperial academy is unprecedented. Emperor Wu to Wang Mang, 18 years old or a doctoral student. Those who are elected can be supplemented by officials.

In the fifth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 29), Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, built the imperial academy outside Kaiyang Gate in the southeast of Luoyang City. Later, Emperor Liu Zhuang went to imperial academy to give lectures. In the first year of Emperor Shundi's yongjian (126), imperial academy was rebuilt and expanded. It took a year to build 240 rooms and 1850 rooms with12000 workers. The enrolled students are called Thai students. Since then, the number of students in Taiwan Province has reached 30,000. In the fourth year of Emperor Gaozu Xiping (175), in order to publish serious books and characters, the famous Xiping Shijing was engraved outside imperial academy. People from all over the country come to watch and copy scriptures. Imperial College in Han Dynasty played a certain role in cultivating talents and promoting cultural development. But with the corruption of politics, Taiwan Province students began to participate in politics. When the Western Han Dynasty mourned for the Emperor, Wang Xian, a doctoral disciple, gathered more than a thousand students to rescue Bao Xuan, a captain who was lax in law enforcement. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chen Fan and others opposed the dark rule of eunuchs and got the support and response of Imperial College, so Imperial College also became the target of eunuch's attack (see Party History), and many people implicated in the Party were imprisoned. In the first year of Xiping, more than a thousand business students were arrested and imprisoned by eunuchs.

① Shi Jing Wentong Museum

Known as wentongguan. On July 29th, the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Prince Gong and others were allowed to set up the Wentong Museum in Beijing, which belonged to the Prime Minister's yamen. The library is a "Westernization School" to train translators. At first, there were only three classes of English, French and Russian, and then German, Japanese, astronomy and mathematics were added one after another. At first, the enrollment targets were limited to the children of the Eight Banners under the age of 14, and later they accepted the elderly of Manchu and Han. The study period was initially set at three years, and changed to two types after Guangxu two years (1876): from foreign languages to astronomy, chemistry and geodesy scholars, graduated in eight years; I am a little older, I only asked scholars through translators, and graduated in five years. At first, the courses were only English, French, Russian and Chinese. After six years of Tongzhi, mathematics, chemistry, international law, medical physiology, astronomy, physics and foreign historical geography were added. All the courses except Chinese are taught by foreigners. Its capital, personnel and other rights are basically controlled by Hurd, the State Administration of Taxation. In the eighth year of Tongzhi, Hurd nominated Ding Weiliang, an American missionary, as the head teacher of Wentong Museum, who was in charge of school affairs for nearly 30 years. In the 27th year of Guangxu (1902), it was merged into Shi Jing University Hall. The first Westernization School in Beijing in Qing Dynasty adopted the class teaching system. Since the Opium War, the Qing government has negotiated with the imperialist powers many times, deeply feeling that the language and writing are also one of the reasons for the failure of deception. Zuo and Li Hongzhang insisted on learning from the West, so in the first year of Tongzhi (1862), Wentong Museum was established, with children of the Eight Banners 10, aged thirteen or fourteen. The following year, a French pavilion and a Russian pavilion were added. Later, German and Japanese were added. Foreigners are employed to teach in libraries. At the end of 1866, all the people who improve the library are on the right track, such as juren, excellent students, and officials outside Beijing who are under 30 years old. 1867 Add Astronomical Arithmetic Museum. 1869, American missionary Ding Weiliang was hired as the head teacher. 1872 drew up an eight-year curriculum plan, including: the first year of literacy, writing shallow books and explaining shallow books; Practice syntax and translate notes in the second year; In the third year, look at the geographical history of various countries, translate and edit; The fourth year emphasizes mathematical enlightenment and algebra, and translates official documents; In the fifth year, I emphasized the style of things, geometric elements, flat triangle and arc triangle, and practiced translating books; In the sixth year, I emphasized machine, differential integral, navigation calculation and practiced translating books. In the seventh year, I taught chemistry, astronomy, checking and the law of nations, and practiced translating books; In the eighth year, I emphasized national policies such as astronomy, calculation, geography, epigraphy and wealth, and practiced translating books. There are three kinds of exams: monthly, quarterly and annual. A big exam is held every three years, and those who are included in the top class are promoted to the official rank, while those who are inferior remain in the library and those who are inferior are eliminated from the list. The treatment in the museum is good, except that meals, books, paper and pens are provided by the government, and the monthly salary is 10. Shi Jing Wentong Museum has a unified curriculum and management regulations, and basically does not learn traditional subjects such as "Four Books and Five Classics". It is regarded as the originator of modern schools in China. 190 1 merged into Shi Jing university hall, 1898 was the first modern university in China.