1. incubation stage
The emergence and development of (1)EDI.
As early as 1839, businessmen tried to send and receive trade information by telegraph from the perspective of speeding up the transmission of trade information, and began to discuss the use of electronic means as a shortcut to business activities. When trade began to be transmitted in the form of morse code dots and lines, a new era of using electronic means to conduct business activities was opened. Since the emergence of EDI technology in the United States in the late 1960s, people began to adopt EDI as the application technology of enterprise e-commerce, which is the embryonic form of e-commerce. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) is an electronic transmission method that transmits business documents from one computer to another according to recognized standards. People also call it "paperless trade" or "paperless transaction". The application of EDI is conducive to reducing paper use costs, improving work efficiency, saving inventory costs, reducing erroneous data processing, saving personnel costs and bringing other related benefits. More importantly, this e-commerce activity realized through EDI can be said to be a better combination of new electronic technology and business activities. However, because the e-commerce activities of enterprises applying EDI mode at that time were limited to operating in closed systems, the truly large-scale and popular e-commerce activities began only after the development of hypertext transfer protocol and the maturity of Internet technology.
⑵ Internet technology has entered the experimental stage.
Internet originated from ARPANET. ARPANET is a network funded by the US Department of Defense and built by the Advanced Research Projects Agency from the late 1960s to the early 1970s. The key technology of ARPANET network is to connect different computer systems in a new way and become Inter-Net, that is, Inter-network, which is the origin of Inter-Net.
1972, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) of the United States connected Xerox Alto computer to ARPAN. 1973 On May 22nd, the world's first personal computer local area network-Alto Aloha network, namely Ethernet was officially put into operation. 198 1 year, the National Science Foundation (NFS) developed a network consisting of five supercomputer centers. At that time, many universities and academic institutions in the United States had established many regional networks to connect with them, forming a new large-scale network-NSFNET, whose members could communicate with each other, thus beginning the real rapid development stage of the Internet. Since then, NSFNET has gradually replaced ARPANET and become the backbone of the Internet. 1982, with the support of ARPA of University of California, Bocklin, the TCP/IP protocol was embedded into the U-N ⅸ BSD 4. 1 version. The following year, TCP/IP became the standard communication protocol on ARPANET, and the real Internet appeared.
The expansion of the Internet in 1980s not only brought quantitative changes, but also brought some qualitative changes. Due to the entry of various academic groups, enterprise research institutions and even individual users, the users of In-Internet are no longer limited to "pure" computer professionals, and the Internet has gradually become a communication tool.
4. Generation stage
E-commerce is gradually produced and constantly improved in the interactive development of computer technology and network communication technology. It is based on the Internet and develops rapidly with the wide application of the Internet.
The second leap in the history of Internet should be attributed to the commercialization of in-Internet. 199 1 year, the United States government announced that the Internet was open to the public, allowing online development of commercial application systems. 1993 the launch of the world wide web and related technologies has created a new situation in the application of e-commerce. Www is a key breakthrough, which enables the Internet to support multimedia applications and allows users to access hypertext linked information on any computer. Due to its convenient application and use, www has developed rapidly, thus forming a turning point in e-commerce. The global network makes e-commerce become a low-cost business model with relatively economic scale, and also creates more kinds of business opportunities. It allows small companies to compete with multinational companies on a relatively close technical footing.
1994 the many-to-many communication mode has entered a stage of rapid development, when e-commerce appeared and online transactions in activities came into being. First, the first online shopping center appeared on www. From 65438 to 0995, the commercial information on the Internet exceeded the commercial information on science and education for the first time, which is not only a sign of the explosive development of the Internet, but also a sign of the large-scale development of e-commerce. During this period, e-securities is one of the most successful application fields of e-commerce. Online securities trading has opened up a new era in the securities market. It has won the market, absorbed customers and become a new mode of e-commerce in the network era with its operating characteristics of super-time, super-region, low cost and high efficiency.
The appearance of Internet network provides a better and faster electronic tool for business activities, which makes a qualitative leap in information transmission, so it has the technical conditions to make producers and consumers in various countries move towards globalization quickly. Secondly, frequent international economic and trade activities make the number of various trade documents and documents surge, and manual processing of paper documents is not only time-consuming and laborious, but also prone to errors. Therefore, it is urgent to use electronic information technology to realize paperless. Finally, new features have emerged in the international market competition. The proportion of price factors in competition is gradually decreasing, while the proportion of service factors is gradually increasing. Using advanced information technology, enterprises can not only save the time of contacting customers, but also better understand their needs, provide better services and improve their competitiveness in the international market. It can be seen that e-commerce is the product of the internal pressure of economic and trade development and the external possibility of scientific and technological information technology development, which conforms to the new demand of economic development and becomes the basic direction of international economic and trade development.
3. Limitations of e-commerce in this period.
EDI uses a special value-added network (VAN) and needs to set up a dedicated line. Small companies can't get in, which limits the cooperation scope of enterprises to a certain extent, and the use of private network also limits the cooperation relationship of end consumers. At the same time, because the enterprise can't directly face the final consumer, its market is still an old market model-the model designed by the manufacturer, and all products depend on what he and his partners want the market to need. With the rise of the Internet, it has brought opportunities and conditions for real e-commerce. Because EDI based on | Intranet can solve many original problems together, for example, the construction cost can be greatly reduced without setting up a special line for all parties' transactions, but the system can be opened to the whole world, etc., and more enterprises have the actions and requirements to participate in e-commerce. Time: (mid-1990s ~ 265438+early 20th century)-E-commerce based on Internet.
1, the commercialization of the Internet and the application of e-commerce are everywhere.
After the mid-1990s, the Internet spread rapidly, and gradually moved from universities and scientific research institutions to enterprises and people's families. Its function has also changed from information sharing to popular information dissemination tool, which has brought a qualitative leap in the history of Internet development. By the end of 1994, the Internet has covered 150 countries and regions in the world, with more than 30,000 subnets, more than 3.2 million computer hosts and more than 35 million direct users, making it the largest computer network in the world. Seeing that |nternet is full-fledged, NSFNET officially announced that it would stop operating on April 30th 1995 and be replaced by three private enterprises designated by the US government. At this point, the commercialization of the Internet has been completely completed. 1997 e-commerce as an industry officially entered the historical stage. The application of e-commerce covers almost all aspects of social and economic activities, among which the application of e-commerce by government and enterprises is the most important two areas.
The government's e-commerce application, that is, e-government, enables the government to realize the electronization, informationization and networking of government business functions, administrative management and social services through the network. It can realize the functions of information transmission, exchange, enjoyment and service not only within the government, but also outside the government, making the government's administrative procedures open and transparent, facilitating and accelerating the government's work process. At the same time, it can also achieve two-way communication between the government and society, enterprises and the public, and further improve government functions.
One of the e-commerce applications of enterprises is enterprise informatization: it involves a wide range of contents, from material requirements planning (MRP-I), manufacturing resource planning (MRP-II) to enterprise resource planning (ERP); From EDP, Management Information System (MIS) to Decision Support System (DSS); It has experienced from stand-alone operation, distributed processing to network interconnection, and realized the comprehensive management of enterprises from people, money and materials to production, supply and sales. On the other hand, enterprises connect and integrate business applications with enterprise information systems to achieve the height of e-commerce application integration: within enterprises, the integration of internal resources is realized by using MIS, MRP-II/ERP and other systems; Outside the enterprise, information systems are integrated with e-commerce, customer relationship management (CRM), supply chain management (SCM), process quality management and other systems, forming the overall environment of enterprise informatization construction.
2. The formation of the social and technical basis of e-commerce.
Since 1970s, computer technology and communication technology based on microelectronics technology have made great progress, and penetrated into all fields of economy and society, thus causing a worldwide wave of new technological innovation. Governments all over the world attach great importance to information construction. 199 1 year, the United States put forward the idea of "information expressway", 1993, "National Information Infrastructure: Action Plan" was formally implemented. From 65438 to 0978, France formulated the "Plan for Promoting Social Informatization". Since then, the French government has continuously promoted the information revolution and invested 5 billion US dollars every year to improve communication equipment. As early as 1983, the government of China incorporated the development of information technology into the overall strategic plan of national science and technology development. Since 1999, the Internet project of China government has made rapid progress, and the national informatization strategy, digital product development strategy and e-commerce development framework are also being studied and formulated. With the rapid increase of the global computer society, the number of netizens has increased geometrically, and a new concept of economic consumption is gradually taking shape. The social foundation of e-commerce has been formed.
The popularity of Internet technology has laid the foundation for e-commerce, and the introduction of World Wide Web and related technologies has created a new situation for e-commerce applications. The construction of Internet-based network environment is the premise of opening up the e-commerce market, and the practicability of core technologies such as security is the guarantee for the success of e-commerce. The information networking of business activities has accelerated the development process of e-commerce, and the introduction of various solutions indicates that e-commerce is about to enter the practical stage.
3. The formation of e-commerce discipline system.
Since the global upsurge of "e-commerce", the urgent demand for professional talents in society has prompted colleges and universities to adjust their specialty settings, teaching courses and teaching contents adaptively. The main forms of education are: ① adding e-commerce major; (2) offering a series of e-commerce courses for related majors; ③ Setting up a master's degree in e-commerce. In the United States, Vanderbilt University started the e-commerce major. Subsequently, Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh opened a one-year master of science degree in e-commerce; Loyola university chicago plans to launch two new e-commerce degree teaching programs; In June 2000, new york Brooklyn Institute of Technology announced that it planned to increase the centralized teaching of e-commerce in the teaching of Master of Science. In addition, other schools that carry out e-commerce education include Duckling University's Fujia Business School, Harvard Business School, University of Michigan, University of Rochester, Stanford University, university of paisley, New Brunswick University, Lille University of Technology, etc.
1999, China began to set up e-commerce specialty in higher vocational and technical education colleges. In 2000, the Ministry of Education approved university of international business and economics, Xi Jiaotong University, Zhejiang University, Huazhong Normal University and other 13 universities to set up undergraduate programs in e-commerce, and approved Xi Jiaotong University and Huazhong Normal University to set up a second degree in e-commerce. Subsequently, the postgraduate education of e-commerce specialty was also launched in China. From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the global e-commerce discipline system was initially formed. From 65438 to 0979, the United States published the first book on electronic commerce, EDI management, control, security and audit. After that, all kinds of books about e-commerce have become hot spots. 200 1, the first batch of core textbooks of e-commerce in China was published. At this point, the theoretical research system of e-commerce has been formed.
4. The formation of e-commerce management thought.
The essence of e-commerce is the transformation of the ecological chain and value chain of production, operation and management of the whole society, and it is also the transformation and innovation of business model and management model by using information technology. Through the wide application of e-commerce and the great changes it has brought, people have more and more clearly seen the formation of a new management thought-e-commerce management thought, which is a management thought with innovation as its essence. As a business process, e-commerce will bring an unprecedented revolution, and more importantly, its impact on all aspects of society will far exceed the business itself. The operation flow of e-commerce is the procedural norm of e-commerce activities. It is necessary to explore the operation platform and operation skills in each link from all aspects of e-commerce activities to realize the scientific and standardized requirements of operation management. The operation process of e-commerce mainly includes the meanings and contents of information flow network platform, knowledge flow network platform, capital flow network platform, logistics network platform, contract network platform, e-commerce network operation mode, e-commerce network operation mode and enterprise process reengineering.