Section 1 The Essence of Epistemology

First of all, Marxist epistemology is a dynamic reflection theory.

(A), materialism epistemology and idealism epistemology (the opposition between reflection theory and transcendentalism)

1, materialist epistemology starts from the premise of material first and consciousness second, carries out the route from material to feeling and thought, and adheres to the principle of reflection theory.

2. Idealism epistemology takes the primacy of consciousness and the secondness of matter as the premise, implements the route of feeling things from thoughts and adheres to the principle of transcendentalism.

(B), the definition of knowability and agnosticism

Epistemology: advocates the unity of thinking and existence, and thinks that the world can be known. All materialist theories of reflection are knowable, completely idealistic and knowable.

Agnosticism: denying the unity of thinking and existence, denying that people can know the world or can know the world thoroughly, and the representative figures are Hume and Kant.

Only when Ma Zhe introduced the practical viewpoint into epistemology can agnosticism be completely refuted.

(3) the definition of dialectical materialism epistemology and old materialism epistemology (short answer) (why is Marxist epistemology the opposition between dynamic reflection theory or dynamic quotation theory and intuitive passive reflection theory)

All materialistic epistemology adheres to the theory of reflection and knowability, which is fundamentally opposite to idealistic epistemology.

But there are also essential differences:

A, the old materialist epistemology can't see the dynamic role of the subject divorced from social practice on the object.

B, leave dialectics to examine the problem of understanding, not knowing matter is a process of dialectical development, so it is a negative, intuitive and passive reflection theory, and it is a mechanical reflection theory.

Difference: dialectical materialism epistemology;

First, the practical viewpoint was introduced into epistemology, and the dynamic reflection theory was founded.

B. Applying dialectics to reflection theory reveals the universal law of dialectical development, so it is a revolutionary reflection theory based on practice.

1, dynamic reflection is the unity of imitation and creation.

① Dynamic response is imitative, and imitative response determines the objectivity of the response.

② Dynamic reflection is also creative, and it is a dynamic creative activity.

③ Dynamic reflection is the unity of imitation and creation, denying its imitation objectivity is idealism epistemology, and denying its creativity is old materialism epistemology.

2. Understand the attributes, forms and relationships of subject and object.

Cognitive subject is a person who engages in practical activities and cognitive activities in a certain social relationship.

The object of cognition is the objective existence that enters the field of practice and is related to the subject. This is a survey of simplicity and cognition.

The attributes of cognitive subject: 1 naturalness, 2 consciousness, 3 sociality and 4 practicality.

The basic forms of cognitive subject are: 1 individual subject, 2 group subjects and 3 types of subjects.

There are both connections and differences between subject and supervisor.

Subject includes subjectivity.

Attributes of cognitive objects: 1 objectivity, 2 objectivity, 3 social historicity.

The forms of cognitive objects: 1 natural objects, 2 social topics and 3 spiritual objects.

Object is not equal to objectivity.

The relationship between the two:

1, the relationship between cognitive subject and object is unity of opposites, and the relationship between them is reflection and reflection, which is cognition.

Know the relationship.

2. The relationship between them is transformation and being transformed, which is the basis of understanding the relationship and the most basic relationship.

That is, the actual relationship, which is the basis of personnel relations and the most basic relationship.

3. They interact, the subject has a dynamic effect on the object, and the object has a restrictive effect on the subject.

Second, the characteristics and forms of practice:

The meaning of practice: practice is an objective material activity in which the subject actively transforms and explores the sociality of the object.

Characteristics of practice:

A, it is an objective perceptual material activity with objective materiality.

B. Practice is a purposeful and conscious activity with human initiative.

C, it is a social activity with historical development and social historicity.

D, it is a subjective to objective activity, with direct reality.

(A), the basic form of practice (short answer)

1. Production practice is an activity that deals with the relationship between man and nature, and it is the most basic practical activity that determines the emergence and development of all other activities.

2. Practical activities dealing with social relations, that is, activities dealing with the relationship between people and families.

(2) Scientific practice is also a practical activity to explore common sense, which is different from production practice. (Definition) (Relationship between Practice and Experiment)

Practice includes experiment, which is a manifestation of practice.

Third, the relationship between practice and cognition (function) and its significance.

(A), the decisive role of practice in understanding (selection)

1, the position and role of practice in cognition (or the decisive role of practice in cognition or why practice is the basis of cognition)

Practice is the basis of cognition and plays a decisive role in cognition (practice is the purpose and destination of cognition)

Practice is the source of knowledge; ② Practice is the driving force of cognitive development; (3) Practice is the criterion for testing the truth; ④ Practice is the purpose of cognition.

2. Why do you say that practice is the source of knowledge (give a short answer or related meaning to an essay question)

(1) Knowledge comes from the needs of practice, and only things related to people's practical needs become the objects of people's understanding;

Only in practice can people understand the nature and laws of things through phenomena.

3. The relationship between direct experience and indirect experience, and the relationship between participating in social practice and learning book knowledge (discussion).

Direct experience: it is the experience and knowledge gained by people's personal practice;

Indirect experience: it is the experience and knowledge that people get from books or others.

① Admitting that knowledge comes from practice does not rule out accepting indirect experience;

② Direct experience is the source and indirect experience is the stream, which is the relationship between source and stream;

All knowledge comes from practice in the final analysis.

The relationship between participating in social practice and learning book knowledge;

Only by participating in practice can we acquire real knowledge and understand and accept book knowledge.

It is impossible and unnecessary for everyone to practice everything in person. A lot of one's knowledge comes from indirect experience and book knowledge, so one should not only practice but also learn book knowledge and accept the excellent achievements of human civilization.

4. Why is practice the driving force to promote cognitive development?

(1) The development of practice constantly puts forward new cognitive topics and pushes people to carry out new exploration and research;

② Practice provides relevant empirical materials for answering new questions;

(3) Practice constantly provides new tools for people to understand things;

④ Practice and exercise to improve people's cognitive ability.

(B), the reaction of knowledge to practice

Understanding guides practice and plays a dynamic role in practice. Correct understanding can lead practice to success, while wrong understanding will lead practice to failure.

Dialectical relationship between practice and cognition (the answer is the content of 1 in (1) and the content of (2))

(3) Significance of practicing and understanding the principle of dialectical relationship: (Discussion)

We must set up the viewpoint of putting practice first, proceed from reality, seek truth from facts, understand new situations, find new problems, sum up new experiences, create new theories, uphold and develop truth in practice, and at the same time, we must attach importance to the guiding role of scientific theories such as Marxism in order to serve the all-round construction of a well-off society.

The dialectical movement of cognition in the second quarter

First, from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge (the first leap in the process of understanding)

(A), the dialectical relationship between perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge and its significance

1, the significance of perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge

Perceptual cognition and rational cognition are two different stages in the process of cognition.

(1) perceptual knowledge is the understanding of things and external relations, and it is the primary stage of understanding.

Its forms include: feeling, perception and representation.

Its characteristics are: directness and concrete visualization. The content is: phenomenon

(2) Rational understanding is the understanding of the nature and internal relations of things, and it is the advanced stage of understanding.

Its forms include: concept, judgment and reasoning.

Its characteristics are indirectness and abstraction. The content is: the essence of things.

2. Dialectical unity of perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge

① Rational knowledge depends on perceptual knowledge, which is epistemological materialism;

(2) Perceptual knowledge needs to be developed into rational knowledge, which is a demonstration method in epistemology;

③ Perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge permeate each other.

3. Importance:

Split the unity of the two, unilaterally exaggerate perceptual knowledge, deny that theoretical knowledge is empiricism, unilaterally exaggerate theoretical knowledge and deny that perceptual knowledge is rationalism. In practical work, empiricism makes mistakes similar to empiricism, while dogmatism makes mistakes similar to rationalism. Therefore, we should attach importance to scientific theory, oppose empiricism and attach importance to idealism.

Theory opposes dogmatism.

(B), from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge leap conditions and ways (short answer)

1, to obtain very rich and practical perceptual materials through practice and investigation;

2. Sensible materials should be processed and produced by scientific thinking methods.

Second, from rationality to practice (this is the second leap in the process of understanding)

(A), the significance of rational knowledge to guide practice (or the necessity and importance of leap from rational knowledge to practice)

1. The purpose of cognition is to guide practice to transform the world, which can only be realized by a leap from rational cognition to practice;

2. Only through the process of rational understanding of practice can we test, correct and enrich the rational understanding of development.

(B), rational knowledge to return to (guide) the conditions and ways of practice (short answer or multiple choice)

1, the rational understanding of returning to practice must be correct;

2. Theory must be mastered by the masses and transformed into their conscious actions;

3. We must adhere to the principle of combining general theory with concrete practice;

4. We should combine the knowledge about things with the needs of the discipline; Determine the purpose and plan of the action;

5, to have the correct practice methods and working methods, but also have certain material conditions.

Thirdly, the repetition and infinite development of cognitive movement.

(A), the repetition of knowledge and the significance of socialist construction: (short answer or discussion or why a correct understanding of a specific thing often requires repeated understanding and practice)

Cognition is repetitive, because people's cognition is restricted by subjective and objective conditions.

1, the exposure of the essence of things has a process;

2. People's understanding is limited by certain historical conditions and scientific and technological level;

Subjective meaning: understanding is limited by subjective factors such as practical experience, knowledge level and cognitive ability, so it is a correct understanding.

It is often necessary to practice, understand, practice and understand many times before it can be completed.

Significance to socialist construction:

① Our understanding of socialist construction is also a tortuous, developing and escalating process;

With the deepening of reform and opening up, we realize that China is in the primary stage of socialism and will be in it for a long time, but our understanding of social construction is not over, and with the development of practice, our understanding will be further deepened.

(B), the infinite development of knowledge

The objective world is infinitely developing, and so is practice, so people's understanding must also be infinitely developing. This is the general law of understanding: practice, understanding, re-practice, re-understanding, and so on.

(3) Practice and understanding Subjectivity and objectivity are concrete historical unity.

1, whose concrete unity means that subjective understanding should be consistent with objective reality and with concrete practice under certain historical conditions;

2. Its historical unity means that subjective knowledge should develop in an all-round way with the development of social practice and must adapt to the constantly developing practice;

3. The separation of cognition from practice, the transcendence of cognition or the backwardness of practical development will inevitably lead to "left" and "right" mistakes. The "Left" deviation is a stage of development in which the subjective transcends the objective and the cognitive transcends the history. The deviation of "right" means that the subjective lags behind the objective and the understanding lags behind the historical development stage.

Four, the consistency of the party's mass line and Marxist epistemology (short answer or discussion)

1, Marxist epistemology is consistent with the study of the mass line;

2. People are the main body of practice and understanding, and the process from practice to understanding is also a process from the masses;

3. The process from cognition to practice is also the process of reaching the masses;

4. Practice, understanding, re-practice and re-understanding are repeated, and the process of infinite development is also a process from the masses to the masses.

The truth in the third quarter

First, the truth is objective, and everyone is equal before the truth (the focus is on the objectivity of the truth).

Truth is the correct response to things and their laws.

1, the objectivity of truth means that the content of truth is objective;

2. To test the truth, social practice is objective, and to adhere to the objectivity of truth means to adhere to materialism on the issue of truth;

We must adhere to the monism of truth, but the pluralism of truth (multiple choice questions)

Truth is objective, so there is no class and everyone is equal before the truth. (multiple choice question)

Second, absolute truth and relative truth.

(A), the absolute and relative meaning of truth

The absoluteness of truth means: first, any truth contains objective content that is not transferred by human will, and it is unconditional and absolute; Second, the cognitive nature and task of human beings is to correctly understand the infinitely developing material world, and the acquisition of every truth is close to the infinitely developing material world.

The absoluteness of truth means: first, the truth in any breadth is only an approximate correct response to a certain range of the objective world, and the understanding needs to be expanded; Second, in depth, any truth is an approximate correct response to objective things to a certain extent and level, and the understanding needs to be deepened.

(2), the relationship between the two and its significance:

1, both of which are dual attributes of the same truth;

2. Truth is the unity of absoluteness and relativity. On the one hand, relative truth is absolute, and any relative truth contains components and particles of absolute truth. On the other hand, it is absolutely in relative truth and is expressed through relative truth. The sum of countless relative truths constitutes absolute truth.

3. Truth is a process, a development process from relative truth to absolute truth, and every truth is a link in this transformation process.

Meaning:

1, Marxism-Leninism is absolute, so it is relative to adhere to Marxism-Leninism. Therefore, the development of Marxism–Leninism is the unity of absoluteness and relativity. Therefore, we must uphold and develop Marxism–Leninism, and we must oppose the mistakes of dogmatism and outdated theories.

2. Deng Xiaoping Theory is the result of combining the universal truth of Marxism-Leninism with China's concrete practice, and the result of inheriting and developing Marxism-Leninism and solving the future and destiny of socialism; Jiang Zemin's "Theory of Three Represents" thought is a shining example of upholding and developing Marxism, and it is the foundation of our party, the opportunity of being in power and the source of strength.

3. Marxism-Leninism has a theoretical system that keeps pace with the times, which is a requirement. We should integrate theory with practice, test and develop truth in practice, understand the times, grasp the regularity and give creativity. This is also the fundamental requirement and concentrated expression of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts.

Third, the relationship between truth and falsehood (the two are the relationship of unity of opposites)

The difference between the two:

1, the two are opposites, truth is the correct response to things and their laws, and fallacy is the distorted response to the true nature of things;

2. Under certain conditions, the two have principled boundaries and essential differences, and cannot be confused.

The relationship between them: 1. They are unified, exist in comparison and develop in struggle.

The relationship between them: 1. They are transformed into each other under certain conditions (under different conditions and in different ranges).

The transformation from truth to falsehood: ① It is concrete and has its applicable conditions and scope. If the applicable conditions are exceeded, and

Range turns into fallacy; (2) Truth is a process. If we lag behind or surpass the development stage of things,

Truth becomes fallacy; (3) The truth is comprehensive and complete, and if the reaction to one side of the objective object is regarded as all the truth, it will become a fallacy.

The transformation from fallacy to truth is that falsehood is truth when it returns to its applicable conditions and scope; ② From the cognitive process, fallacy is positive.

The forerunner of knowledge; (3) acquiring and developing truth in the process of criticizing fallacies;

Tip: the objectivity of truth and the relationship between truth and fallacy are the key points of examination.

4. Practice is the criterion for testing truth (related to its meaning)

(A), why can practice become the standard for testing truth:

This is determined by the essence of truth and the characteristics of practice.

1. The essence of truth is that it is a subjective understanding consistent with objective reality. To test whether it conforms to objective reality, it is necessary to link subjectivity with objectivity, which is impossible for both subjective and objective reality.

2. The characteristic of practice is that it is a bridge between the subjective and the objective, an activity of seeing the objective subjectively, and it has direct reality. Only it can connect and compare the subjective with the objective, so practice is the standard to test the truth.

(2) Dialectical method of truth standard (or certainty of practice standard or absoluteness, uncertainty or relativity of practice standard)

1. Adhering to the standard of practice is the unity of certainty and uncertainty, that is, adhering to the dialectical method on the standard of truth. The certainty (absoluteness) of practice standard refers to: first, practice is the standard for testing truth, and there is no other standard; Second, the infinite development of practice can make a definite test of all knowledge.

2. The uncertainty (relativity) of practice standard refers to: first, practice has its own limitations, and it cannot make a definite test of all existing knowledge; Second, at a certain stage of development, the truth proved by practice needs to be tested by new practice.

3. Adhere to the unity of practice standard, absoluteness and relativity, and we should not only oppose exaggerating the absoluteness of practice standard and denying the absoluteness of relativity, but also oppose exaggerating the relativity of practice standard and denying the absoluteness of relativism, subjective idealism and agnosticism.

Five, the relationship between emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts, and the significance of emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts (or the meaning and relationship between the two) (short answer or discussion)

Emancipating the mind means liberating from the shackles of backward ideas and dogmas; Seeking truth from facts is to proceed from objective reality, find out the law of development of things and act according to objective laws.

Relationship: They are the essence of Marxism and the dialectical unity. On the one hand, emancipating the mind is the premise of seeking truth from facts; On the other hand, seeking truth from facts is the purpose of emancipating the mind.

Meaning: 1, deviation from them will lead to errors; 2. Stick to it and you will succeed; Only by adhering to these principles can we ensure the continuous victory of socialist modernization.