Why did the ancient Egyptians make mummies? Some people think that the main reason why ancient Egyptians made mummies was because they believed in "eternal life in the afterlife". It is speculated that since the Paleolithic, Egyptians have been afraid of death and believe that the existence of the afterlife can more or less get rid of this fear. Therefore, people at that time made careful preparations when burying the dead. In the Pharaoh's era, due to the widening gap between the rich and the poor and the increasingly strict hierarchy, people's longing for a better afterlife became more urgent, and then the worship of the dead was formed. They believe that if the body of the deceased is preserved in a recognizable form, the spirit of the human body, which is what we often call the "soul", will return to the body of the deceased; If the body is intact and does not rot, the soul and body will live in another world; When the corpse rots, the soul ceases to exist, and people really die; If a part of the body is damaged, the deceased will lose the same part of the body in the afterlife, so in order for the deceased to continue to live a better life in the afterlife, it is necessary to maintain the integrity of the body. At the same time, the unique natural environment of ancient Egypt also contributed to the hope of the ancient Egyptians for the afterlife. The Nile regularly floods and recedes every year, and plants flourish or wither accordingly. The sun rises and sets every day. These natural phenomena gave the ancient Egyptians a feeling that the world is cyclical, and all natural things can be reincarnated, so should people. In order to prepare for the resurrection of the afterlife, the body must also be preserved. It is this belief in the afterlife that made the ancient Egyptians meticulous in the way of mummification and burial, and even racked their brains. Of course, besides believing in immortality, people also make mummies for religious reasons. Some of the best mummies were accidentally preserved without careful treatment. This naturally occurring mummy can usually be found in extremely dry deserts or cold areas, because the climate here can prevent the corpse from rotting. As we all know, decay is caused by bacteria. Bacteria breed in water, and 70% of the human body is made up of water, which means that the human body provides a place for bacteria to breed, so the human body is prone to decay. Hot desert areas can quickly dehydrate and maintain the body. As for cold regions, low temperature inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Of course, because of the low temperature, the evaporation rate of water in the body will also decrease, but because the growth and reproduction of bacteria are inhibited, time is won for dehydration of the body, and the preservation of the body will be no problem. The earliest mummy that can be verified at present was formed around 3200 BC. There is no written record of this period. Little is known about these early mummies. It is speculated that all the dead people were buried in simple graves on the edge of the desert on both sides of the Nile Valley because of the shortage of cultivated land. This simple tomb is just an oval shallow pit in the desert. People put the body in a pit with their heads facing south, their faces facing north and facing the sun, and then cover it with sand. Because the Egyptians buried the bodies in the sand only about 1 m, after a period of time, the sand layer gradually drifted, and it was inevitable that some bodies would be exposed. These bodies are dried by hot sand and it is difficult to decompose normally. Thousands of years ago, the body, skin, hair and appearance can be preserved as before. This kind of mummy is called "sand mummy". As the most complete collection of incantations about the afterlife, the Egyptian Book of Death provides us with a detailed basis for understanding the concept of the afterlife of ancient Egyptians. Although the Book of the Egyptian Dead is called a book, it is actually composed of all kinds of grotesque characters, generally with more than 200 chapters. Egyptians called them "manuals for finding the afterlife and guides for people to ascend to heaven." Egyptians believe that these symbols can help the dead reach the afterlife smoothly. At that time, the book of the dead included prayers, carols and incantations. But in the beginning, not everyone has the right to get the book of death. In the ancient Egyptian kingdom about 4000 years ago, only pharaohs and members of the royal family could use these words of blessing. They carved these strange spells on the inner wall of the pyramid, which was called pyramid inscription by later generations. During the Middle Kingdom, this privilege of the royal family began to be enjoyed by aristocratic officials. At that time, these strange spells were often carved on coffins, called sarcophagus inscriptions. Then around 1400 BC, due to the popularity of papyrus (a kind of paper in ancient Egypt, made of reeds growing in swamps along the Nile, which appeared in the ancient kingdom), people wrote these spells on papyrus, which was widely used among the people and called it the book of death. The book of the dead is usually hidden in a hidden box at the foot of the statue of Osiris, the reclusive god, and then placed in the grave. The ancient Egyptians believed that only in this way could a certain king Osiris see the achievements of his life and guide him to eternal life. The ancient Egyptians believed that everyone's soul would exist in several ways, the most important of which was the form of "card" and "stick". "Card" in ancient Egypt means "strength, wealth, nutrition, prosperity, effectiveness, eternity, creativity and mysterious power". Ba in ancient Egypt means "the soul flying freely in the world of yin and yang" and is usually described as a bird with a head and hands. It has some spells that can make it return to the mummy. The statue of Ba is usually attached to the bottom of the mummy box. "Ba" carrying a hand seems to symbolize the rise of the mummy's soul. Two outstretched arms are symbols of words. If you want to make a person live forever, you must recombine the "card" and "ba" on the mummy in the grave. And once the two are reunited, the deceased can live forever. To this end, a series of complicated ceremonies should be held for the deceased, so that his various organs can play a role again, and the mummy can be resurrected and continue to live in the afterlife. Where did the soul go after Pharaoh disappeared? Ancient pharaohs sincerely believed that these gods were their ancestors. God is highly intelligent. They came to earth from heaven. The pharaohs were sure that they would board the solar boat, go to heaven after death and meet their ancestors somewhere in the universe. Why are ancient Egyptian mummies usually placed in pyramids? Scientific research shows that the shape of the pyramid makes it store a strange "energy", which can quickly dehydrate the body and accelerate "mummification". 1999, Dr. Hawass found two clay pots beside the coffin of Queen Beatty II pyramid in Montana. Some people think that these two pots are for the tomb owner to regenerate. Perhaps this is how ancient Egypt sought eternal life. How are mummies made of clay? According to the research of archaeologists, the steps of making mummies are very complicated: it is speculated that the ancient Egyptians first made a 10 cm incision on the left side of the abdomen of the corpse with a flint knife, and took out all the internal organs except the heart (which the ancient Egyptians thought was the root of feelings) from the incision, and then washed it with wine and spices containing cinnamon. The embalmer also washed the abdominal cavity of the corpse with aromatic asphalt to decompose the residual soft tissue; Then prepare to take the brain, use a hooked tool to pierce the skull from the nostril of the deceased, hook out the brain marrow inside, and then pour in fragrant tar and spices to flush out the residual tissue in the skull. After every part of the body was thoroughly cleaned, the embalmer buried all organs and corpses in a pile of powder soaked in alkali (a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate) to drain water. Bodies and organs should be soaked in alkaline powder for about a month. After taking out, each part should be washed with perfume and spices. Then, the antiseptic wrapped the dry viscera with linen and put it back into the abdominal cavity (or put it into a clay pot or gypsum pot alone), and then filled the abdominal cavity with fillers such as sawdust, linen, tar or mud. Immediately after filling, suture the incision. Because soaking alkali has damaged some hair, it is necessary to mend some wigs and braid them with real hair that has not been taken off. I also need an artificial eye in my eye socket. At this time, the rest of the work is to recover. When the antiseptic performed this ancient plastic surgery, he carefully cut many tiny incisions all over his body and filled his skin with linen fillers made according to the outline of his body. Even the face and neck of the corpse are as good as before, and the mouth is stuffed with linen to make the cheeks full. Finally, the embalmer also acts as a makeup artist, dyeing the face and even the whole body of the deceased with colored soil called stone storage (the male deceased is dyed red and the female deceased is dyed yellow). You can wrap your body after dyeing. The embalmer wrapped the limbs of the corpse layer by layer with linen cloth coated with rosin, then wrapped the head and trunk, and finally wrapped the whole body. After carefully embalming the body, the producer put a mask on the face of the deceased and fixed it with many bandages. Usually, the deceased wears a chest ornament and a foot box in the same way. It took about 70 days to make such a mummy. Then the embalmer returned the mummy to the mourners, who put it in a prepared human coffin and buried it in the grave. People who don't put their hopes of reincarnation on the gods won't be so serious. Can mummies really be resurrected? Today, low-temperature freezing can protect the freshness of life and make it temporarily enter a dormant state. Cell tissue can not only replicate life, but also produce continuously. The development of science and technology is amazing. Cryopreservation in the early 20th century was just an illusion. Now, the United States, Russia and other countries have successfully frozen and revived the lives of dogs and fish. Cell tissue culture technology is not only successfully applied to agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry, but also brings great material benefits to human society, and the experiments in paleontology and human body are getting closer to the edge of breakthrough. Therefore, when biologists from the University of Oklahoma solemnly announced in 1963 that the skin cells of the Egyptian princess Minnie, who had died for thousands of years and was wrapped in a mummy, were still alive, the whole world was shocked. That is to say, we can awaken Princess Minnie one day in the near future by using the existing cell tissue culture technology. The Pharaoh of Egypt thinks that reincarnation is by no means absurd. Recently, an Egyptian priest was surprised when he heard the sound inside a mummy unearthed outside Luzoy. He suspected that there were harmful substances in the mummy, so he transported the mummy intact to Cairo Hospital. When the doctor dissected the mummy, he found an internal pacemaker near the heart in the body. People can clearly hear the sound of this pacemaker making the heart beat, 80 times per minute. Although the heart has existed for 2500 years and has dried up, it still beats with the rhythm of the pacemaker. Tested by scientific instruments, this pacemaker is made of black crystal. Because the black crystal contains radioactive substances, it can keep jumping. After the test, the doctor put the pacemaker back in the mummy. No one knows where this black crystal was found, because most of the crystals found now are white, and only a few are light red or purple. As for the black crystal, it has never been found. In addition, even though some people in ancient Egypt knew that the black crystal contained radioactive substances, which could keep the heart beating, how did they put it in the chest? Mummies leave people with too many mysteries.

Hehe, so tired. I'm exhausted ~ ~ by the way, I have research in this field. If you like, we can talk ~'