Hangzhou, located on the coast of the East China Sea, has a long history and is one of the six largest countries in China. The beautiful Xizi Lake is located in the west of her, just like a pearl embedded between the green lake and the blue mountain peak. The magnificent Qiantang River flows in the east of her, just like a dragon, spewing out surging snow waves. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, there have been many tourists and stories. There are countless poems written by literati. Today, she has become the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of Zhejiang Province. A desirable tourist destination. However, few people know that this beautiful city actually developed from a shallow bay connected with the vast sea.
-the primitive settlement at the foot of Laoheshan Mountain.
In the distance, today's Hangzhou City and West Lake are a rough shallow bay, with steep peaks in the north and south of the West Lake. At that time, only the peaks were exposed to the water, and most of them were buried under the sea floor and became small islands. North Peak, the old Heshan in the north and the Phoenix Mountain and Wu Shan in front protrude eastward, becoming two headlands in the sea; The bottom of the bay depends on the flying peak, and the north and south peaks; The whole bay is horseshoe-shaped. Su Yi, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, said when he was a local official in Hangzhou: "Hangzhou is a state, and this is the hometown of rivers and seas." The Southern Song Dynasty, who lived in Guilin, Hangzhou, was thoughtful. When he visited Yu Yiquan in Wu Shan, south of the city, he saw the remains of water waves and thin lines on the cliff on the mountainside. He once said: "Today's cities should be tens of feet under the deep water." After liberation, when geologists explored Gongjianqiao area in the north of the city, they also learned from drilling data that there were seashore creatures in loose sediments 30 to 50 meters above the ground. All these eloquently prove that today's downtown Hangzhou is indeed a shoal with ebb and flow in the distance. How many centuries have passed, and in the Neolithic Age about four or five thousand years ago, there were primitive human activities in the northwest of Hangzhou. According to archaeological excavations, from the foot of Laoheshan Mountain in the north of West Lake, it passes through Dangzi, Gouzhuang and paddy field vendors. Extending to the northwest to Yuhang, Pingyao, Anxi and other places, there are sites and remains of primitive human life, commonly known as "Liang Xiao culture" in archaeology. Liangzhu Cultural Site was found near Liangzhu Town on 1935. This area has rolling hills, dense lakes and swamps and loose soil, which is a good place for human habitation. According to the textual research of unearthed cultural relics, people were mainly engaged in agricultural production, planting glazed rice and glutinous rice, and also engaged in fishing and hunting. Animal husbandry, collecting wild plants. Black pottery and jade are the most famous handicrafts. Pottery is even, thin and greasy, with beautiful shape and various varieties. The wall is also painted with a layer of black pottery, which is shiny. Laoheshan site is the closest primitive settlement to Hangzhou, only1500m away from West Lake. 1953 During the construction of the new school building of Zhejiang University, many Neolithic cultural relics were excavated in the foothills. There are more than 2000 stone tools, jade articles and pottery, including stone axes, pounds, knives, chisels, arrows, net pendants, yarn wheels, needles and jade articles. Laoheshan is about 200 meters high and is the remnant vein of Tianmu Mountain. Wan Le, a nearby mountain, is winding, streams and ditches criss-cross, and Shui Ye is immortal, making it the earliest primitive settlement in the old city of Hangzhou. The paddy field vendor site is located in front of the Mid-Levels Railway Station, with soft soil and dense ditches nearby, which is suitable for planting crops. The cultural relics unearthed here are rich and colorful. There are stone farm tools such as plows, pounds, axes and knives, as well as a large number of seeds of crops such as rice and sesame, which are evidence of the transition to the end of the Neolithic period when the agricultural economy was quite developed. Four wooden paddles were also found in the ditch of the site, one with wider wings and three with narrower wings, about 2 meters long, indicating that canoes were widely used as water transportation here. In addition, a stone net pendant and a fishing net board buoy with three holes were found, indicating that fishing and hunting have also become an important means of life. In addition, many articles for daily use, such as wooden hammers, wooden pots and bamboo weaving, were found. Inferring from the ruins, people began to build houses at that time. Although these houses are small in area, they are different from the semi-cave houses in the Central Plains and adapt to the low-lying south. From the analysis of the upper and lower layers of paddy field vendor culture, it took a long time to form. There are many black pottery and sand pottery in the lower part, belonging to the Liang Xiao cultural period; Judging from the linen pattern and MIG pattern pottery on the upper part, it is equivalent to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in the Central Plains. According to legend, when Dayu was in charge of water control, the whole country was divided into Kyushu and Hangzhou belonged to Xuanyang Prefecture. Fang Yangzhou, different from Yangzhou today, refers to the vast water towns where the Yangtze River rises with the Fujiang River. From the Xia Dynasty when Dayu was in charge of water control to the Spring and Autumn Period, Hangzhou was the hometown of Yue State. The Warring States was destroyed by Chu, and Hangzhou was incorporated into the territory of Chu.
Second, an old friend of Qiantang before Wei and Jin Dynasties
After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, he divided the whole country into 36 counties and later increased it to 40 counties. O Huiji County is located in the hometown of wuyue, and its jurisdiction is equivalent to Shuiyangjiang, Lushui and Xin 'anjiang basins in An Wei, south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu and north of Xianxialing, Niutoushan and Tiantai Mountain in Zhejiang. Qiantang County, located at the foot of Wulin Mountain, is the predecessor of Hangzhou.
In order to strengthen the control of the southeast region and consolidate the unified right to seal Wei, Qin Shihuang ordered the opening of an equator from Xianyang to Huiji for the emperor to pass through. According to historical records. Qin Benji, in the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), toured the southeast, passing through Danyang (including Danyang Town in the south of Jiangning County, Jiangsu Province) to Qiantang. Because no river can cross the treacherous Qiantang (then called Zhejiang), we had to go west again, cross the river from Yuhang, climb Huiji Mountain (now Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province), and set up the famous "Huiji Carved Stone", which is the first time that the name of Qiantang appeared in historical records. In the Tang Dynasty, Lu Yu said in Xiang Shan Ji: At the foot of Baoshi Mountain, there was a huge stone that passed by Qin Shihuang, and it was called "the stone of the boat" by later generations.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Qiantang still belonged to Huiji County, but its status became more and more important. During the founding of the Yuan Dynasty (BC 122-BC 65438+BC 0 17), the western captain of Huiji County (the military organ in charge of county-level public security) also ruled in Wulin Mountain of Qiantang. 1958, a square tomb in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty was found at the foot of the old Wulin Mountain in Xiao Fang. According to inference, Zhu Lechang, the owner of the tomb, was a military attache, probably the leader of West Dewey College. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang usurped power and changed Qiantang into a "spring pavilion". After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty restored the old name of Qiantang.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the economic development in the south and the rise of Qiantang River shipping, Huiji County was divided into two parts with the river as the boundary, and Jiangbei (now the dead land of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) was added to Wuxian County, while Jiangnan still belonged to Huiji. Qiantang County has since been placed under Wuxian County. Where is the site of Xiaqiantang County in Qin and Han Dynasties? There are many different versions in ancient history books. "Shui Jing Sheng" said: "Lingyin Mountain in Dongtiao, Zhejiang Province, Xiafu Tangxian County, Wangmang changed to Quanting". Ni Bo, a Qing Dynasty man, further researched in Textual Research on the History of China. The ancient county of Qiantang is roughly as follows: Xucun and Fancun (i.e. Fancun) near the river at the foot of Wuyun Mountain in the south, Renling and Xixi in Lishan Mountain in the northwest, and near the Giant Buddha at the foot of Baoshi Mountain in the east. This area is surrounded by Lingyin, Tianzhu and other north and south peaks (commonly known as Wulin Mountain in Han Dynasty), during which thousands of households are scattered and slaughtered, making it a small and medium-sized county in the mountains. "During the period of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the war in the north continued for years, and the working people were displaced and moved southward in large numbers, which brought advanced production technology to Jiangnan and greatly promoted the development of Qiantang River basin and shipping. Qiantang County, located on the left bank of the Yangtze River, has developed rapidly and become an important county in the lower reaches of Qiantang River. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, when Sun Jian, the founder of Wu Dong, took a boat from Fuchun (now Fuyang, Zhejiang) to Qiantang with his father, he found a group of robbers robbing passing businessmen by the river. Hot-blooded Sun Jian immediately went ashore and drew his sword to help him repel the robbers. Soon, he was promoted to the county captain in charge of public security in a county.
Due to the development of shipping, the number of docks along the Qianjiang River has increased rapidly, with five or six famous ones, such as Pu, Liu Pu, Huangshanpu, Yutanpu and Lin Hang. Many Turks also began to settle near the pier. However, the angry tide of Qianjiang often devours the lives and property of the shield people on both sides of the strait, which has become the biggest disaster in Qiantang County. Therefore, no matter which local officials, it is difficult to keep their jobs if they do not put moisture-proof work in an important position. In the Southern Dynasties, there was a Qiantang county magistrate Liu Zhuizhen who wrote it.
A story of Qiantang is dedicated to the mountains and rivers in the county and their evolution. Among them, there is an interesting story of Tang Dynasty: at the end of the Han Dynasty, there was a county magistrate named Hua Xin who recruited county people to carry soil by the river, and if he could pick up soil, he would give him 1,000 copper coins. Within ten days, new people gathered. When the pond was ordered to pile up, the sly grass changed his mind and said he wouldn't pay. As a result, all the county people who were chasing the soil far away became enthusiastic, dumped the soil here and left angrily. As a result, seawalls piled up, hence the name "Qiantang". The construction of this seawall has played a positive role in defending the tide and protecting the county.
In the third year of Yongming (485 Sang), a peasant uprising led by Tang Yuzhi broke out in Fu Qi. The following year, the rebels conquered Qiantang, defeated the officers and men, and the county magistrate Liu Biao abandoned the city. Tang Yu established a prince in Qiantang, set up hundreds of officials, established a democratic regime and founded the country. Xingping ",Qiantang once became the political center of the peasant uprising army. Soon, Qiantang County was promoted to Linjiang County in Xiao Dynasty (503-557), and Linjiang County was changed to Qiantang County in Chen Dynasty (558-589). Since then, Qiantang County has become the seat of county administration. The county also extends along Qiantang River to Jianggan area at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain.
Third, the establishment of cities in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
In the ninth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (589), Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, ending the long-term division since the Eastern Jin Dynasty and reuniting China. Qiantang County was abolished in Sui Dynasty, and Hangzhou was established, and Qiantang became a county in Hangzhou. The name of Hangzhou has since appeared in the history books. Soon, the state government moved from Yuhang to Qiantang, and the original new city (now Dengxin Town, Fuyang County, Zhejiang Province) and Haiyan merged into Qiantang, expanding the county territory. Although the reign of Sui Dynasty was short, it laid the foundation for Hangzhou to become a city. This is manifested in two things: First, in the 11th year of Emperor Chengzu of Ming Dynasty (59 1), Minister Su Yang sent migrant workers to build a state city on the Phoenix Mountain, with a distance of 30 miles and 90 steps around. Building city walls is beneficial to urban security and economic development. The second thing is that in the sixth year of Emperor Sui's great cause (6l0), the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal with Hangzhou as the southern end was completed and opened to traffic. The Grand Canal, with a total length of more than 4,000 miles, starts from Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) in the north and ends at Yuhang (now Hangzhou), connecting five major water systems, namely Haihe River, Huaihe River, Yellow River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, and has made great contributions to the smooth navigation between the north and the south of China. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, dug a Deng ditch to connect the Yangtze River with the Huaihe River. Fan Hui mobilized migrant workers to dredge and widen the orange ditch, and dug a Jiangnan Canal from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province), Jiangsu Province and Jiaxing to Hangzhou. The canal is eight miles long and the river is more than ten feet wide, which can be used by ships. There is also a posthouse along the coast for the emperor to visit. Jiaxing arrived in Hangzhou via Resources, Chongde and Tangqi. Another canal goes north, from Wang Ping to the west, through Wuzhen, Xinshi and Tangqi, and reaches Hangzhou. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, chasing the river gradually became shallow and narrow, and most ships set sail from the north. The navigation of the Grand Canal has greatly promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of China, and laid a good foundation for the development of Hangzhou and the prosperity of the city. During the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou belonged to Fujiangdong Road, and was later assigned to Zhejiang West Road. Su Zongshi, the East Zhejiang Defence Corps was established in Hangzhou, and was promoted to the position of Governor General Zhao.
It should be said that Hangzhou broke into the ranks of famous cities in China in the Tang Dynasty. During the 300 years in the Tang Dynasty, through the hard work of the working people, the urban economy has made new development. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Shaofujian (the central organization in charge of handicrafts) classified the silk products in China into nine grades according to their quality, and the healds made in Hangzhou (coarse cloth woven from awn and hemp) ranked fourth. The beans produced in Hangzhou are also praised by the great poet Bai Juyi. In his poem "Looking at Hangzhou", there is a phrase "persimmon woven by tea", which praises the persimmon pattern woven by Hangzhou female workers. In addition, the shipbuilding industry in Hangzhou has also made great progress, and people have been able to build 30-foot-long ships by themselves. The model and craft level of the ship are comparable to Suzhou and Yangzhou, the famous shipbuilding centers at that time. There are more than 30,000 shops, and the annual business tax revenue reaches 50 million, accounting for about 4% of the national business tax revenue.
At that time, the prosperity of Hangzhou was also manifested in the expansion of the urban area. In the Tang Dynasty, the urban area extended from Jianggan area in the south of the city to Wulinmen in the north. Jianggan in the south of the city has become a dock for overseas trade, and Wulinmen in the north of the city has become a cargo distribution center for nearby counties due to the navigation of the Grand Canal. The population in urban areas has also increased rapidly. According to the Records of Lin 'an Road, there were only 15,000 households in a county in Hangzhou in the Sui Dynasty. Even if there are five households, there are only more than 80 thousand people in Hangzhou. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty (627,649), the number of households increased to 35,000; During the Kaiyuan period (7 13-74 1), there was a miracle, reaching more than 86,000 households. According to Li Hua's "The Wall of Hangzhou Secretariat" in the Tang Dynasty, at the end of the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou had become a famous county in the southeast.
Of course, the prosperity of Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty was the hard work of the working people for thousands of years, but it can't erase the achievements of several famous secretariat in that year. It is still revered by people today.
Yuan was personally selected by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty in the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725). During his three years in office, he did a good thing for the people of Hangzhou, that is, he planted three rows of pine trees on both sides of a nine-mile-long avenue from Hongchun Bridge to Lingyin and Tianzhu, with each row separated by eight or nine feet. When the pine trees grow up, the pine trees in this area are chased by trees and covered by trees. It not only beautifies the environment, but also provides a shelter from the wind and rain. Later generations called it "Jiulisong". Someone wrote a poem praising: "In the west, Hong Chuncui is in the mold, and Changsong is in the air; Wet clouds, mountains and mountains, rain, clear waves, trees and trees. Until the Yuan Dynasty, "Jiulisong" was still one of the ten scenic spots in Qiantang, and it is still named after it.
When Li Bi was in office, he was the secretariat of Hangzhou. Because Hangzhou is close to the rivers and seas, it is often impacted and eroded by the tides of Qiantang River, and the underground salt water has become a serious problem for residents to drink, especially in the northwest. Knowing this situation, Li Bi found that the water in the West Lake was light and delicious, and there were dozens of springs underground, so he mobilized residents to dig six large wells in the northwest of Hangzhou, such as Guo Xiang Well, Xijing Well (commonly known as Chenghua Well), Fang Jing Well (commonly known as Four-Eye Well), Baiguichi, Xiaoyanjin (commonly known as Six-Eye Well) and Jinniu Pool, to lead the water from the West Lake to the wells. This kind of well is different from today's well. It adopts the method of "opening yin sinus", that is, first dig a passage under the ground, and then press the water pipe to introduce the lake into the square pool. This kind of well is similar to a small underground reservoir, with larger area and more water, which solves the drinking water problem of residents in the northwest of the city and promotes the population growth and economic prosperity of the city. It was Su Dongpo who bowed the West Lake water from Tang Libi to six wells, but? People are satisfied with water, and they get rich one day. "Up to now, in Jingting Bridge of Jiefang Road in Hangzhou and the former site of Guo Xiang Well in Li Mi, there are stone tablets for future generations to mourn.
Bai, a great poet in Tang Dynasty, was appointed as the secretariat of Hangzhou in the second year of Changqing (822). After taking office, he visited the people and learned that there were frequent droughts in the northeast of Hangzhou and Haiyan, and the harvest of several dry and fertile fields was not guaranteed. Therefore, he broke through the resistance of local officials and gentry's conservative forces, mobilized migrant workers to build a lake embankment from Hanshiqiao to Wulinmen in the west of Qiantangmen, and expanded the water storage capacity of Qiantang Lake (West Lake) in order to irrigate farmland during drought. At that time, Qiantang Lake was more than twice as big as the current West Lake, and it was divided into two parts, with the upper lake in the west and the lower lake in the east. Try to store water in the upper lake, set sluice gates to adjust the water level, and try to irrigate the farmland in Qiantang and Yan Guan counties of W 1IE. After the dike defense, Bai Juyi specially set up a stone tablet named "Stone Letter of Qiantang Lake", which described the function of the dike in detail and stipulated the methods of storing water, releasing water and protecting the dike. Farmers need the approval of the municipal history to irrigate their fields, but in order to simplify the procedures, they are not suitable for farming, and the submission does not require layers of approval. The construction of this lake embankment not only plays a positive role in people's life and farmland irrigation, but also has an important impact on beautifying the West Lake. In order to commemorate Bai Juyi's achievements in building a dike, people named this dike "Bai Causeway" as one of the scenic spots of the West Lake.
During his stay in Hangzhou, Bai Juyi often wandered around the colorful West Lake in Jiongna in his spare time, "wandering on the magnificent Qiantang River." The poet's entanglement with the scenery has left many fresh and meaningful poems, which have preserved the lakes and mountains and doubled their brilliance. He wrote a poem (Shoudi Lake):
Spring has come, like a picture on a lake, with messy peaks scattered around the horizon.
There are thousands of green hills on the pine row and a pearl in the heart of the moon.
Early rice carpets are piled up, and nepotism is developed and new.
I didn't throw it into Hangzhou, and half of it was this lake.
This poem blends scenes and gives people a meaningful aftertaste.
Bai Juyi left Hangzhou reluctantly at the end of his three-year term. A few years later, thousands of miles away, he also wrote a well-known (recalling Jiangnan):
Jiangnan is good and the scenery is old. At sunrise, the river is red as fire, and in spring, the river is green as blue. Can you not remember Jiangnan?
Jiang Nanyi, the most memorable is Hangzhou. Looking for laurel trees in Zhongshan Temple in the month, watching the tide on the pillow in the county pavilion. When will you come again?
The people of Hangzhou will naturally not forget this great poet who made contributions to the local area. When he left office, people gave him a good old age, drove him away, and took his meal with a pot of milk, expressing endless farewell feelings.
As time goes by, things change. The "Bai Causeway" built by Bai Juyi has become a part of the city, and the real Bai Causeway is nowhere to be found. In order to commemorate Bai, people changed the name of this "Baisha Dike" from today's broken bridge West Cold Bridge to "Baigong Dike" or Bai Causeway Road for short, and built Baigong Temple at the foot of Gushan. After liberation, Bai Causeway has been renovated and become one of the famous scenic spots in the West Lake. In today's Bai Causeway, peaches and willows are shaded, trees are shaded, roads are straight, flowers and plants are flourishing, and tourists are weaving all year round.
Fourth, Wu Yueguo's Xifu.
In 909, Zhu Wen, a traitor to the peasant uprising army, deposed the last emperor of the Tang Dynasty, changed his country name to "Liang" and ruled the Yellow River valley, which was called "Hou Liang" in history. Since then, the northern warlords have been fighting for a long time. In a short period of 50 years, there have been several short-lived small dynasties in the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. In the south and Shanxi, warlords took the opportunity to rise and established ten separatist regimes. Wu Yueguo, the mourning of Qian Chromium, is one of the ten countries.
Qian Zhou (852- 1932) was born in Lin 'an County, Hangzhou, and was a salt vendor. He once took refuge in the local Dan group-"Hangzhou" faction and thought that the general was stationed in the town. Because of the "merit" of suppressing the Huang Chao uprising, he was promoted to commander in chief. In the subsequent warlord disputes, Chishan annexed the cutting and digging forces from other places, and officially accepted the back beam in the third year of Lund (923).
Wuyue is divided into thirteen states and one army, with Hangzhou as its capital and Xifu as its capital, or Xi Du. This is the beginning of Hangzhou as the capital of feudal empire, which occupies an important page in the history of Hangzhou's development.
During the reign of China, as Ouyang Xiu, a famous northern writer, said in You Mei Tangji, "Since the Five Dynasties, there has been no war in Qiantang, and the people are happy and prosperous." There are more than 100 thousand people, lakes and mountains, reflected left and right. However, Jia, a businessman from Fujian, braved the wind and waves, which can be described as a phoenix in the smoke. Through the hard work of the working people, Hangzhou has become the "first state in Southeast Asia" with prosperous economy and rich culture.
In the past, most areas on both sides of Qiantang River belonged to two administrative regions: Wuwu County in the northwest coast and Huiji County in the southeast during the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Six Dynasties. The center of the northwest coast is in Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). Under this pretentious zoning system, Hangzhou is located in the west corner of Zhejiang Province, and the south is under Yuezhou. Its geographical position is extremely unfavorable and its economic development is limited to a certain extent. After becoming the capital of Wu Yueguo founded by Qian, it became the political, economic and cultural center of Wu Yueguo, and Wu Yueguo occupied 13 provinces and an army in Zhejiang. This has greatly changed the development conditions of Hangzhou.
Wu Yueguo was formally established. In order to consolidate the ruling site, Qian expanded the old city of Hangzhou twice. The first time was in September (890) of the first year of Dashun in Tang Zhaozong. "We built a new selenium, surrounded Jiashan, and came to meet Qinshan, five miles away. It is very dangerous to wear a forest frame and make a version. " You see, there are dense trees and no residents. Therefore, there is also the risk of arsenic in building city walls. After three months of hard work by migrant workers, it was completed by the end of the year. The second time was in the second year of Jingfu in Tang Zhaozong (893), and the 13th capital invested more than 200,000 soldiers and civilian workers to expand Luocheng (that is, the outline).
(894-897) Yang Xingmi, the king of Wu who occupied Yangzhou, tried to swallow the State of Wu Yue. In advance, Yang Xingmi and a monk named Zujian scouted the terrain and garrison in Hang Cheng. Zu Shoulder said, "Hangzhou City just spread northward, and the east and west contracted, like a waist drum, and it was very difficult to attack." The military equipment in the city was neat, and when he heard the sound of drills, he sighed, "Money is strictly defended and unprofitable." As a result, Yang Xingmi's attempt to annex wuyue had to be abandoned.
Wuyue is located in Taihu Lake Basin, Zhejiang Province, with Hangzhou as its capital on the Qiantang River. Although the world-famous Zhejiang Tide made the downstream tidal bore spectacular, it also brought disaster to the local people. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were records about tidal disasters in history books. Since then, the harm of tidal waves to residents on both sides of the strait has not been controlled. From Qinwangshan in the south of the city to Haining today, there are more than 100,000 mu of land and 18 castles. Knowing that the river is a river, the people are not happy. "Cui Yanzeng, the secretariat of Hangzhou in the Tang Dynasty, built a Shahetang about five miles long in the southeast of the city. Because of its small scale, it can't stop the impact of the tide. With the establishment of Hangzhou as the capital, tidal bore has become a major problem that directly threatens the life safety and agricultural production of Tujia people in Qiajiang and affects the financial income and political stability of Wu Yueguo. In 9 10, Nie Qianli, King of Wu Yue, urged migrant workers to build seawalls outside Houchaomen and Tongjiangmen. First, within 20 feet from the river bank, take the wood of Luoshan and pile up six floors. In the middle of each floor, bamboo cages and mud filled with stones are staggered and densely arranged to form a mud pond. Within the mud pond, plus a stone embankment, it is very strong. Due to the efforts of migrant workers, there are only three dikes left from Pagoda of Six Harmonies to Liangshan Gate.
It will be finished in June. Later, people called this seawall "Qianfang seawall" or "Qianshitang". Later, sand gradually accumulated and the seawall was reinforced. Therefore, the annals of the Ten Kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period records that "Qiantang is rich, so the southeast is prosperous".
When the seawall was built, the stone beach (Luo Cha Stone) of Qiantang River was leveled, which made the river transportation smooth and promoted the prosperity of overseas trade. "The ship is beating, but there is no beginning or end in sight." Wu Yueguo has established trade relations with Japan, South Korea and other countries. The cherry trees used in the cherry tree bridge outside the tidal gate were shipped from Japan. Qian strongly advocated Buddhism. During the eighty years of Qian's reign, Lingfeng Temple was built in West Lake and Western Zhou Dynasty. Yun Qi Temple and Liu Tong Temple. Zhaoqing Temple and other more than 300 large and small temples. According to the spring tour in Lin 'an, Dongta Temple began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in Qian's family. /kloc-more than 0/00 pagodas, such as Baojiao Pagoda, Pagoda of Six Harmonies Pagoda, Baita Pagoda and Leifeng Pagoda, were also built during this period. The majestic Pagoda of Six Harmonies stands on the Moon Mountain by the Qiantang River. It was built by Wang Qianjiao of Wu Yueguo in the third year of Song Kaibao (970) and ordered Wang Yanshou, a monk of Wu Yueguo, and Zanning, a master of Tonghui. The tower is nine stories high and more than fifty feet high, holding the sky into the clouds. There is a bright light at the top of the tower, which plays a navigation role for ships sailing on Qiantang River at night. In the past 1000 years, it was destroyed and repeatedly built. The existing seven-level Pagoda of Six Harmonies Tower was rebuilt in the new arrival period. In the 26th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1900), the octagonal wood eaves were added thirteen times during the renovation, and the width decreased upward, and the eaves were bright but dark, which made tourists look up and feel high. There is a small room in the center of each tower. Outside the small room is a corridor with more than 200 spiral steps, which can spiral up to the top of the tower. When you climb the tower, you can see the scenery of the mast. 196 1 year, the State Council identified Pagoda of Six Harmonies as a national key cultural relics protection unit. After renovation and reinforcement, the right tower is completely new. The beautiful and tall pepper protection tower stands tall on the Baogu Mountain built in the Five Dynasties. For thousands of years, the throne tower has been destroyed and built repeatedly. The existing reinforced concrete tower was assembled and rebuilt by 1933, and the middle is solid, so it can't be boarded. The tower is 45.3 meters high, slender and graceful, just like a quiet and graceful beauty. Standing at the top of the gem and overlooking the beautiful scenery of Xizi Lake, it has become a remarkable symbol of the scenery of the West Lake. The Leifeng Pagoda related to the folk fairy tale The Legend of the White Snake was also built when Yue paid for pepper. The tower collapsed on 1924. The article "The Collapse of Leifeng Pagoda" written by Mr. Lu Xun in those days, that is, that argument, lashed the violence in Fahai, expressed sympathy for the lady and expressed the right; I firmly believe that the dark rule of Japanese society will surely perish. The beautiful White Pagoda is located at the gate of Qiantang River. Carved with white stone imitation wooden tower structure, it is the unique right tower of Wu Yueguo. The tower has nine sections and is octagonal; Every corner of each floor is chiseled with prismatic inclined columns; There is a pot door in the middle. Door knocker, nail hole, back column Zen head on flat seat. The whole tower is harmonious and beautiful. There is a bucket arch on each floor, and there are exquisite Buddha sculptures around the tower wall. The lines are exquisite and vivid, which is the representative of the five pagodas in the lower reaches of Changjiang Dai. But because of disrepair, it is not noticed by the world, and now it is in danger of collapse. If it can be repaired and reinforced, it will add a lot of color to the scenery in Hangzhou. The Buddha statue was also prosperous at that time. The cliff niches of Jiangtaishan and Ciyunling, which have been preserved to this day, are complete in shape, beautifully carved and have the style of the late Tang Dynasty. The 500 arhats outside the cave have different shapes and are lifelike. The III Buddha, the mighty statue, the Sixteen Arhats, and the Thousand-official Tower Bird King on the main wall of Xia Yandong are all artistic treasures of Wu Yueguo.
Fifth, the first state in the southeast of Northern Song Dynasty.
In the second year of Jiatuo in the Northern Song Dynasty (1057), Mei Zhi became the magistrate of Hangzhou and came to Renzong to present poems as a pet, praising Hangzhou as "the first state in the southeast with lakes and mountains". It can be seen that Hangzhou in the northern period has become a big city in the southeast coast.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the population of Hangzhou increased. Liu Yong (987- 1053) wrote in the poem "Looking at the Tide": "The southeast wins, the three cities in Wu prosper, and Qiantang prospers independently. Smoke willow painting bridge, wind curtain and green curtain, interlaced with 100 thousand people. According to the records of Yuanfeng's Nine Domains (1078- 1085), the population of Hangzhou at that time had reached more than 202,800, surpassing Jiangning (127, 16) and Pingjiang (152,82/).
The urban economy has also developed rapidly. Since the mid-Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou has gradually become the center of the silk industry in the south of the Yangtze River. In the first year of Zhidao (995), Beining set up a weaving office in Hangzhou to manage and purchase silk products from Honshu and nearby counties, and purchased 250,000 pieces of silk every year, accounting for more than one third of the seven states in western Zhejiang. According to the Records of Lin 'an in Xianchun, the summer tax in Hangzhou in the tenth year of Xining (1077) was: silk 9583 1 horse, silk 486, silk 5234 and silk 54000. During the period of Chongning (l 102 1 106), Huizong, the emperor of Ninggaozu, ordered Tong Guan to set up a bureau in Suzhou and Hangzhou, and only hired Langdagan, an embroiderer, which shows the scale of the official silk weaving workshop. Block printing also ranks first in the country. According to Wang Guowei's Textual Research of Zhejiang and Guangdong Provinces, "The supervised edition published in Hangzhou is almost a half-shield edition. During the reign of Emperor Zhezong, Xu Zha, a businessman from Quanzhou, carved Hua Yan Jing in Hangzhou to raise Buddhist scriptures, transported them to North Korea and other places for sale and profiteering, and was later banned by local official Su Yi. In addition, handicrafts such as wine making, shipbuilding and fan making are also very developed. Su Yi's "Playing the West Lake" said, "The prosperity of wine officials in the world is not as good as that of Hangzhou, with more than 200,000 yuan. "City business is very prosperous. In the tenth year of Zong Xining (1077), the commercial tax in Hangzhou was as high as173,000 yuan, surpassing jiangning house (57,283 yuan) and Nanhai County (60,000 yuan, 695 yuan). Economic development has promoted the development of river transportation and the rise of overseas trade. In the second year of Emperor Taizong (989), Hangzhou became one of the three major foreign trade ports in China. " "We send people from all over the world to overseas language-speaking countries, where materials live together and business dealings are different. In the suburbs of Hangzhou, rivers and docks have also formed Nanchang (Biguan, Anxi and Xixi). Fanpu Zhang Qiao, tangcun, Linping and other eight satellite towns cities have become an indispensable supplement to Hangzhou's economic development and material exchanges. In a word, from the Five Dynasties to the early Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou has become a metropolis where "four directions meet, department stores gather, and things are different". During this period, talents came forth in large numbers in Hangzhou. Many famous scientists and writers. Artist, politician, now living or living in Hangzhou. Yu Hao, who lived in the late Five Dynasties and early North China, was a famous tower builder at that time. He was born in a carpenter's family and loved carpentry since childhood. By the age of twenty, he could not only build halls and pavilions, but also enjoy moving from one building to another, and become an outstanding tower builder in Hangzhou. At that time, Hangzhou was the capital of Wu Yueguo, and the king of money ordered court craftsmen to build a wooden tower in Brahma Temple under the Phoenix Mountain. Legend has it that when the tower was built on the second and third floors, Qian Wang visited the tower and found that the tower was shaking, so he asked the craftsman for help. The craftsmen said: because there is no cloth tile yet, it is too light, so it is easy to help. Constantly, the tiles are still shaking after laying. The craftsmen couldn't find the reason, so they had to secretly ask Yu Hao. Yu Hao said to them: As long as each floor is covered with boards and nailed firmly, the upper and lower floors will be integrated. In this way, when people step on it, the pressure will be evenly distributed around and the tower will be stable. "They followed suit, and the tower really stopped shaking. Since then, metaphors and dark talents are still famous. At the beginning of the North, Song Taizong called craftsmen from all over the country to Hu Jing (Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and built a wooden tower with a floor of 13 and a height of 360 feet. Yu Yan was also ordered to go to Beijing to participate in the design and construction. After accepting the task, I was late to inspect the terrain and found that the climate in Beijing was different from that in Jiangnan. In late autumn and early winter, there is often a violent northwest wind, which will affect the life of the wooden tower. Therefore, he boldly designed a wooden tower inclined to the northwest. During the construction, he worked tirelessly, often touching and knocking in person, and meticulously checking the quality. With the joint efforts of him and craftsmen, a tall wooden pagoda was finally built in the second year of Duangong (989), which has great modern and unique power and stands in the quiet northwest. Yu Hao's scientific attitude and creative spirit are praised by people. At that time, someone praised him as "Taruban". Bi Ju, the inventor of movable type printing in China, lived in Hangzhou where woodcut printing was very developed during the Northern Song Dynasty (104 1- 1048). He deeply felt the disadvantages of high cost, expensive price and long working hours of rigid printing materials, and tried to reform it many times. It is said that one day, he saw a group of children making dice out of clay, drying them on the fire and taking them out to play, from which they were inspired. It is believed that the words on the nuclear board can also be made into polar plates for typesetting one by one. After repeated experiments, this advanced movable type printing was finally invented. Its method is: first make small pieces of clay, dry them, carve Chinese characters, bake them hard with fire, and make them into movable type. Pick up the movable type needed for the manuscript and put it on an iron plate sprinkled with rosin, wax, etc. Arranged in a plate, surrounded by an iron frame, then heated and flattened, and then cooled into a plate. You can print one by one by applying ink. After printing, bake it on the fire to let the adhesive melt, and then you can remove the movable type and use it next time. The principle of this type printing is similar to that of typesetting printing today. Movable type printing later spread to North Korea. Japan, Europe, the United States and other places have revolutionized world science and culture. Shen Kuo (103 1- 1095), a great scientist in the early Northern Song Dynasty, was born in a feudal bureaucratic family in Hangzhou. Her father has been to Quanzhou and Kaifeng since he was a child. Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) is well informed. At the age of twenty-one, his father died and mourned for three years, then he was named Mu.