Institutional thinking on the current construction of new countryside in China

A clear understanding of the current and future rural situation is the premise of starting the new rural construction. agriculture

The root of the village problem lies in the rural system, and the rural situation should be fundamentally changed.

The first thing to do is to change the current rural system. At present, the existing rural areas in China

The organizational system was established at the beginning of reform and opening up, with the goal of solving the problem of food and clothing for farmers.

With the realization of this goal, the old organizational system has been weakened and further developed in rural areas.

The role played in the development process is getting weaker and weaker. And the new organizational system has not yet formed.

A complete system can not meet the requirements of bringing rural areas into the market economy, leading to rural areas.

Now we are at a fault stage in the system, which requires the government to establish a new set of perfection.

System to promote the all-round development of rural society.

First, the current further development of rural areas facing institutional bottlenecks

1. The rural land ownership system based on contract for joint production cannot meet the needs of modern agriculture.

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The household contract responsibility system has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers in a specific historical period.

The enthusiasm of production has greatly improved rural productivity. Under this system, agriculture

The problem of food and clothing in the village has been basically solved. However, it should be noted that the system is based on.

On the basis of the separation of land ownership and management right, and with the development of the times and

The gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system, this simple separation, is essentially L.

It is only a partial, microscopic and temporary adjustment of rural property rights under the old system.

The whole land system that does not touch the core of rural property rights cannot adapt to the development of modernity.

The requirements of agriculture and rural non-agriculture for property right system. The problem we are facing now is

The topic is: first of all, the land in rural areas of China is collectively owned, and farmers only have land for 30 years.

The right to use and the right to use land are often redistributed, which leads to the lack of land for farmers.

Sense of belonging and security, which makes it easy for farmers to overuse land, use it more and improve it.

Less, unwilling to invest too much in "public" land, resulting in lower agricultural output.

Put it down. Secondly, because rural land is distributed according to the average population, with the increase of population,

Without it, the land will be divided step by step and distributed to the newly born population, so it will be divided.

Land is not conducive to the scale operation of agriculture and the establishment of modern agricultural system. and

Second, because the land is collectively owned, the village committee, as the representative of the collective, has the right to dispose of the farmers.

People's land, including lease, transfer, auction, etc. Village committees can be used in the name of the country.

Expropriate farmers' land at a price lower than the market price, and then put farmers' land at the market price

Sold to investors, real estate developers, etc. Earn a huge price difference, the essence of which is for land.

Most of the proceeds from disposal are obtained by organizations such as village committees, and farmers are losing their land.

After the basic means of production, only a small amount of compensation was obtained, which seriously damaged farmers.

The interests of.

2. Unreasonable and irregular rural financial system is difficult to provide guarantee for new rural construction.

Capital guarantee

(1) There is no standardized fund management system for supporting agriculture. Over the years, the central government

Great progress has been made in supporting agriculture from the perspective of coordinating urban and rural development.

Further increase support for agriculture, rural areas and farmers. In addition to rural medical care, the central government

In addition to investing a lot of manpower, in deepening the reform of the rural compulsory education guarantee mechanism, the central finance

Accumulated with local governments at all levels, it will also increase the high funds for rural compulsory education. Just like this.

By then, in terms of rural road construction, the country will also put the countryside in the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period.

As the strategic focus of traffic development, highway construction plans to rebuild 65438+200,000 rural roads.

This is the second time that the central government has exempted students from miscellaneous fees in rural compulsory education in the western region.

After the fee decision, another major policy was introduced. However, China's current funds for supporting agriculture

There are some outstanding problems in the use, such as many channels and funds for financial support for agriculture

Decentralized, it is difficult to form a joint force; Misappropriation of funds for supporting agriculture at local grass-roots level is common, including

A large part of the funds for supporting agriculture have been used for other purposes and really used for agriculture, farmers and rural areas.

Funds have been greatly reduced. At this time, we should pay close attention to establishing a standardized and efficient government fund management system for supporting agriculture.

System and operation mechanism, optimize the investment structure, coordinate the use of funds to support agriculture, and ensure the resources to support agriculture.

Gold can be used to solve the weakest problems in rural areas and the most urgent needs of farmers.

(2) Farmers have no effective way to obtain loans. First of all, with the current major participation

The bankruptcy of rural credit cooperatives, the failure of rural foundations and farmers' loans.

Payment channels have been further narrowed. Second, due to the high risk of agricultural production and operation, the rate of return is also

Relatively low, while farmers are scattered, loan management costs are high, and there are various financial risks.

Under the threat, various financial departments often show "cautious lending", "reluctant lending" and even refuse to borrow.

It's about agricultural loans. Third, the law does not make it clear that farmers are market legal persons, and farmers

There is no legal basis for natural person loans, so it is impossible to obtain loans from financial institutions and expand them.

The scale of large-scale production and operation. Fourth, the loan procedures are complicated, and there is no service from banks and credit departments.

A little. Fifth, there are many requirements for guarantee, mortgage and pledge, which creates artificial obstacles for farmers' loans.

For the above reasons, even if many farmers have the desire and demand for further expansion, but

Because of the lack of corresponding financial support, it is difficult to do so.

3. The slow process of agricultural industrialization has hindered the development of rural productive forces.

At present, agriculture in China is in the process of changing from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture, and from urging cultivation to urging planting.

From agriculture to market agriculture, from extensive agriculture to fine, precise and intensive agriculture.

Cheng. However, this transition process is slow, and industrialization has not yet formed a mature institutional knot.

Structure, the development of agricultural productivity has entered a bottleneck stage. Specifically, it caused this phenomenon.

The reason for this is the following：

First, the price subsidies for agricultural products are insufficient. If the caliber is calculated according to the W TO protocol,

Considering the financial expenditure to support the development of poverty-stricken areas and the price subsidies for grain, cotton, oil and sugar,

From 1996 to 2000, the total agricultural subsidies in China were108.3 billion yuan and126.7 billion yuan respectively.

Yuan,182.6 billion yuan,170.9 billion yuan and 220 billion yuan respectively accounted for the proportion of the total agricultural output value of that year.

4.9%, 5.3%, 7.4%, 7% and 8.8%. According to the same caliber, subsidies from developed countries

The level of developing countries such as Pakistan, Thailand, India and Brazil is about 30%-50%.

About 10%-20%, [2] At the same time, the national agricultural support and protection policies are not matched and not

Perfect, support for agriculture can not be fully implemented, such as agricultural product price policy.

Policy, agricultural infrastructure construction and research, development and popularization of agricultural science and technology. , are very important.

It depends largely on local governments and farmers, who aim at their own goals.

The frontier obviously can't solve these problems well.

Second, the small-scale peasant management model has seriously hindered the process of agricultural industrialization. Household cogeneration

Although contracting has solved the problem of food and clothing in rural areas, it also has its negative effects, that is, land.

The right to use is scattered in various families, making it difficult to form a scale operation. At present, most parts of China

The traditional small-scale peasant management mode is still adopted in this area, and the degree of agricultural mechanization and modernization is not high.

High, there is no condition to build large farms like foreign countries, and there is no production, supply and marketing.

Improve the scientific and technological content of agriculture, thus greatly improving the level of agricultural productivity.

4. Insufficient supply of rural infrastructure leads to the decline of agricultural production potential.

Infrastructure includes transportation, communication, domestic water, farmland water conservancy facilities, etc. prepare

Collecting and occupying a certain number of public products is the driving force for rural grass-roots political power to promote community economic and social development.

An important prerequisite for social development. According to the Agriculture Law, major rural areas, big j 1, and trans-.

The raising of regional public goods should be shared by the central government, local governments and individual farmers.

However, due to the incompleteness of fiscal decentralization reform, the financial rights and responsibilities of governments at all levels are wrong.

Weigh. After the implementation of the tax-sharing system, financial power tends to be concentrated at the central and provincial levels, that is, "forced labor"

Weak branches ",but power is decentralized step by step. Some pure public goods that should be supplied by the central and provincial governments, such as compulsory education, family planning, militia training, etc. , are decentralized to the township level.

Towns and villages have a heavy burden. The township government due to limited financial resources and bloated institutions, guide

Due to financial constraints, there is no financial resources to provide pure public products for the public.

5. Imperfect social security system restricts agricultural economic reform.

The first is the safety of education. China implements nine-year compulsory education, and now it is

In rural areas, the policy of reducing or exempting tuition fees has been implemented to ensure the right of rural children to receive education. but

Due to the weak teachers and poor teaching facilities in rural areas, it is difficult to ensure that rural children enjoy.

The education quality of urban children is the same. At the same time, the high tuition fees in colleges and universities also limit rural children.

The opportunity to receive higher education has further created a plaque for rural knowledge-based talents.

Lack is not conducive to the improvement of agricultural science and technology. Secondly, the issue of living security. at present

In addition to the minimum living security, China rural areas have not yet established a sound social security system.

In addition to the basic development of the system, rural pension and medical insurance have shown coverage.

Narrow coverage and low level of protection. The basis of rural residents' coping with survival risks at present stage

The way is that family members help each other, and the state promotes the construction of rural social security system.

The motivation is still insufficient, and the construction of rural social security system is still slow. agriculture

It is a weak industry, which is greatly influenced by natural conditions and has high market risk. With the development of rural market in China,

With the continuous development of economy, the risks and pressures of rural society will continue to increase. But at the destination

Farmers who used to work in cities had no other living security except land.

With the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure and the acceleration of urbanization, land endowment security

The function is gradually weakening, and the single land security makes the employment space and channels for farmers.

Narrow-minded, under the expectation of unstable income and employment, I dare not give up the land at all. This is again.

To a certain extent, it solidified the small-scale peasant management and hindered the large-scale and professional development of agriculture.

Second, the new rural village system construction path

At present, the government's macro policy on the construction of new countryside is "less and less, more and more".

"Giving more" means that the government should provide more institutional support, financial support and

Resource support; "Take less" means that the government should not excessively interfere with the normal society in rural areas.

Order, rural areas should have a certain degree of autonomy; "Liberalization" means the government's efforts in agriculture.

The problem of the village should only play a guiding role, and the real subject is the countryside itself.

This requires fully mobilizing the enthusiasm and initiative of the rural population. The government's problems in rural areas

There is a lot of work to be done in the world, but mainly in the following aspects:

1, promote the establishment of modern land property rights system.

Farmers' collective land ownership in the sense of establishing a truly modern property right system

Institution is the key to break through the institutional bottleneck of the further development of rural areas. To this end, we should

The existing rural land is comprehensively recorded by village or group, which is the basic unit of current administration.

Remember, make clear the subject and object of collective land ownership, and in the form of law

The farmers' right to contracted management of land is defined as property right, giving farmers personal ownership.

Land ownership certificates of some collectively-owned shares. Doing so is beneficial to farmers.

Property rights and land ownership are guaranteed, and farmers' responsibilities in the process of land use are relieved.

Good management will also help prevent further land fragmentation and implement scale management. straight

As Engels pointed out: "Cultivated land is temporary at first, and then permanent."

Every family uses it and gradually completes the transition to completely private property.

The transition from pairing marriage to monogamy was completed at the same time. Individual families began to become

Economic unit of society "[3 1. The establishment of farmers' land property rights will greatly increase.

Increasing farmers' freedom to dispose of land will greatly increase the land transfer price, including

Conducive to curbing mergers and land occupation. According to the inviolability of private property of Chinese citizens

According to the law, the contracted management right of land, as a kind of private property right, in practice

It is difficult to be deprived, and the land contracted by farmers can be effectively protected.

2. Establish and improve the rural public finance system.

According to the actual situation of rural areas in China, we should focus on two aspects at present: (1)

Strengthen the integration of funds for supporting agriculture. First of all, we should improve the monitoring system of funds for supporting agriculture.

Prevent local grass-roots units from detaining and depriving funds for supporting agriculture, and ensure that funds are really used for agriculture and

Rural construction. The second is to optimize the structure of financial expenditure for supporting agriculture and reduce irrationality.

Expenditure, actively study and explore the coverage of rural public finance, and will give financial support.

The focus has gradually shifted from productive to public welfare, publicity and non-competitive rural social undertakings.

Come on up. Third, it is necessary to break industry boundaries and departmental divisions and establish an effective organization and coordination mechanism.

System. Clean up, classify and integrate existing agricultural projects and funds for supporting agriculture to avoid projects.

Repeated investment and regional imbalance have completely changed the situation of "small but scattered"

With limited financial resources, we will focus on breaking through the bottleneck problems that restrict agricultural development. Fourthly, we should

Continuously improve the investment benefit and establish a standardized financial transfer payment system for supporting agriculture.

The more preferential policies of the central, provincial and municipal governments to support agriculture, rural areas and farmers, the better.

It may be implemented in grassroots rural areas soon. (2) Accelerate the reform of rural financial system and guide investment.

People. Increase farmers' loan channels, and promote farmers' microfinance and agriculture through interest subsidies.

Household joint loans, increase agricultural credit, and increase farmers' loans for agricultural settlement.

Provide financial support for structural adjustment and development of rural economy.

3. Increase rural infrastructure construction.

Strengthen rural water conservancy construction and do a good job in rural drinking water, biogas, roads, electricity and other foundations.

The construction of infrastructure and living environment is the most important thing to improve the people's livelihood and the development of new countryside.

Mission. At the same time, actively support the construction of comprehensive agricultural production capacity and promote modern agriculture.

Industry construction. Therefore, it is necessary to further integrate the funds for supporting agriculture and improve the efficiency of the use of funds for supporting agriculture.

For the provision of pure public goods, the central government and provincial governments bear most of it, while local governments

The government can bear a small part according to its financial resources. The key is to straighten out the central, provincial and local governments.

The government's responsibility for the supply of public goods, so as to realize the equivalence of financial power and administrative power; For prospective men,

* * * Products and mixed products should be provided by introducing multiple suppliers with clear property rights.

Give way, you can use public retirement, private assistance, government subsidies and other ways.

Ways to encourage private capital to participate in the supply of public goods. It is necessary to ensure the property rights income of private capital

And encourage private investment. A large number of empirical studies also show that: citation

After the diversification of human property rights subjects, the supply of quasi-public goods in rural areas has been induced.

The change of degree has greatly alleviated the poor supply of public goods closely related to farmers' production and life.

The foot problem has also reduced the financial pressure of local governments, especially farmers and governments.

Win-win measures for government and private capital owners. 14 1

4. Establish a sound rural social security system.

Under the condition of market economy and internationalization of agricultural production and management, the development of agriculture needs

We need a perfect social security system. Governments at all levels should increase investment in rural social security.

At the same time, due to the limited state funds, the construction of rural social security system still needs.

We need the joint efforts of all sectors of society. In this regard, we can take part in national and local governments.

Part of the government, part of the rural collective, and finally part of the farmers themselves.

Ways to advance this process. For relatively backward places, due to the need for key protection

In many cases, it is easy for the government to "take care of everything and ignore everything", which

This requires us to determine the priority of public finance covering rural areas and limit the limited government.

The government's financial resources are used where they are urgently needed. Therefore, attention should be paid to the emission sequence in stages and regions.

First, ensure the social stability in rural areas and the basic needs of farmers, and then create conditions to promote rural areas.

Development; Ensure pure public products first, and then provide quasi-public products and mixed products.

5. Adjust the rural industrial structure.

The process of rural industrial structure adjustment is the process of gradually realizing agricultural modernization.

To do a good job in the adjustment of agricultural structure, we must adhere to the principle of taking the potential market as the guide and adapting to local conditions.

Appropriate measures, give full play to the advantages of local resources, give full play to the role of agricultural science and technology, and vigorously develop.

Rural industrialization, promoting "companies plus farmers" and "order agriculture".

Gradually form an integrated management of agricultural products production, processing and sales. In view of farmers' opposition to production at present

The investment ability of industrial structure adjustment is low, and farmers have low education level, thus obtaining

The outstanding problems of low market information ability and low agricultural science and technology development ability, at all levels

The government should plan rationally and form a systematic thinking path to make it more in line with the rural reality.

Policy, scientifically guide farmers to adjust the industrial structure.

In short, promoting institutional innovation is the key to building a new countryside, and it is also the key.

In the long-term and gradual process, the government should give full play to its role.

Guiding function. The central government pays attention to formulating a scientific institutional framework that conforms to the actual situation in rural areas.

Framework and construction objectives to provide macro guidance for rural system construction; Local and grass-roots governments

The government should actively implement the higher-level policies, combine local conditions, adjust measures to local conditions, and create

Work creatively and vigorously promote the rapid development of local new rural construction.