First, the evolution of the employment system for college students
(A) the employment system for college students under the planned economy
Under the planned economy mode, the task of economic construction is completed as a political task.
College graduates, as a fresh force in economic construction, are "fresh blood" centrally allocated and uniformly distributed by the state for industrial fields and other industries that the country needs to develop most.
1, from the early days of the People's Republic of China to the mid-1960s:
1950 the state proposes to implement planned overall distribution for college graduates.
195 1 The Decision on Reforming the Academic System clearly stipulates that "the jobs of college graduates are allocated by the government".
The basic principle of postgraduate distribution in this period is "centralized use, ensuring key points and taking care of the general". The system that the state is responsible for distribution according to the plan has taken shape.
Since 1963, the distribution of college graduates in China has been arranged as a whole. On the basis of understanding the needs of employers and the actual situation of graduates, the graduate distribution department has made a distribution plan in advance in a planned and focused manner.
2. During the "Cultural Revolution":
1972 ~ 1979 graduates were recommended for admission during the cultural revolution. According to the relevant regulations of the Central Committee and the State Council, all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government basically assign graduates back to their source areas or units to arrange work according to their source of students, which is called "Xiashe" (referring to students recommended by rural people's communes. After graduation,
3. After the college entrance examination system is restored:
1977 the national unified examination system was restored, and the unified distribution system was re-implemented from this session.
198 1 approved by the State Council 198 1 Report of the State Planning Commission, the Ministry of Education and the State Personnel Bureau on Improving the Distribution of Graduates in Colleges and Universities, which determines the distribution of graduates under the unified national plan and implements the method of "planning, transferring and grading arrangements";
1) Colleges and universities directly under the Ministry of Education train talents for the whole country, and their graduates are distributed from the state to the whole country, mainly for strengthening key points and adjusting quality.
2) Universities headed by the central business department mainly cultivate talents for their own industries and systems, and their graduates are assigned to their own systems and industries by the central business department in principle.
3) College graduates in charge of provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions are mainly responsible for local distribution.
(B) the employment system for college students after the deepening of reform and opening up
1985 in may, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China promulgated the "regulations on reforming the education system", and put forward the requirements for reforming the university enrollment plan system and the graduate distribution system. Starting from 1986, the preparation of the graduate distribution plan, which is under the responsibility of the State Planning Commission, was handed over to the State Education Commission, which promoted the further reform of the graduate distribution work. Details are as follows:
1. Change the way that the distribution plan was compiled by a few people in government departments in the past, and adopt the method of combining the competent departments with institutions of higher learning to prepare the distribution plan.
2, gradually change the method of implementing the plan, to carry out the "supply and demand meeting" activities. 1986, 80% of graduates from institutions directly under the State Education Commission put forward the number of graduates assigned to departments and regions by the school, that is, the "slicing plan", and put forward the allocation scheme of different majors and different employers through the way of "meeting supply and demand". For the remaining 20% of graduates, the school will also propose a distribution plan according to social needs.
3. "Two-way choice" and "self-employment"
Since 1986, the State Education Commission has gradually put forward a reform plan for the distribution system of college graduates, and 1989 has been implemented. In this plan, the goal of the reform of college graduates' distribution system is to gradually implement the "two-way choice" system of graduates choosing their own jobs and employers selecting the best ones under the guidance of the national employment policy. Gradually introduce competition mechanism into colleges and universities.
1993, the Central Committee of China and the State Council promulgated the "Outline of Education Reform and Development in China", which set the goal of the reform of the graduate employment system: to reform the employment system of "combining unification with separation" and "getting more for one job" for college graduates, and to implement the employment system in which a few graduates are arranged by the state and most students choose their own jobs. As the intermediary of employment, colleges and universities mainly provide services for graduates who choose their own jobs.
Second, career development trends and employment concepts
Changes in employment patterns
(A) career changes and development trends
1. There are more and more social occupations:
With the development of social division of labor and the differentiation of occupations, occupations have far exceeded the "360 line". According to relevant data, in the 1970s, there were more than 42,000 occupations in the world, and now there are more.
2. The social and professional structure is changing faster and faster:
From the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution, it has gone through thousands of years, and from the industrial revolution to the new industrial revolution, it is only more than 200 years. In the past 200 years, new industries have emerged constantly, and the primary and secondary status of industries has changed faster and faster. During the industrial revolution, mainly the textile industry; In the 20th century, steel, automobile and construction industry successively surpassed textile industry. It took only a few decades for the electronics industry to develop into a major industry.
3. The proportion of the positions of mental workers in the total social positions is increasing:
According to relevant data, the number of mental workers in the United States accounted for 43.3% of the total employment in 1960, and rose to 5 1.4% in 1997. In China, the proportion of mental workers and professional technicians is also increasing.
(B) the characteristics of career development
Occupations are constantly divided and reorganized, and new occupations emerge one after another, while traditional occupations are facing extinction.
The social occupations of the primary and secondary industries are mainly extinction, change and reorganization; The tertiary industry has developed rapidly, such as transportation, post and telecommunications, commerce, services, finance and insurance, information consulting, rental advertising and information industry.
Career development makes college students face some new situations when they are employed;
1) The proportion of physical and mental mixing and manual labor in labor posts is getting less and less;
2) There are fewer and fewer jobs that absolutely correspond to traditional majors;
3) The geographical space of labor posts is getting smaller and smaller, and the industry characteristics are not as distinct as in the past;
4) The renewal cycle of professional knowledge and skills required for the post is accelerated, and the degree of integration is improved.
Compound and general talents have more room for job hunting.
The requirements for non-professional comprehensive quality are unprecedented.
(C) changes in employment concepts and employment methods
1. The change of employment concept
The traditional career concept is to engage in a stable career for life and strive for perfection until retirement. This professional concept has not adapted to the requirements of the development of market economy.
"There is no career stability, only the stability and renewal of skills.
2. Changes in employment patterns
For a long time, people's regular employment methods are almost full-time. Judging from the future employment trend, in addition to full-time work, various flexible employment methods will develop rapidly.
The World Congress of Higher Education put forward a new concept that college graduates are not only "job seekers" but also "entrepreneurs", reflecting the new trend of career mobility and employment personalization in the era of knowledge economy.
Section 2 Employment Environment of College Students in China
And the current situation of the employment system.
First, the social environment for the employment of college students in China
(A) fierce competition in the market economy
In the operation of market economy, survival of the fittest and fierce competition exist. The quality of workers should be measured by their contribution to the economy and society. Therefore, it is an unavoidable choice for everyone to stand the test of fierce competition in the market economy.
(2) Diversification develops together.
It is a basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism in China that public ownership is the mainstay and various ownership economies develop together.
(3) Modernization has a long way to go.
In the 20th century, we took two steps to achieve food and clothing and a well-off life, and then took another step in the 20th century to reach the level of moderately developed countries in 30-50 years. From now until 20 10, it is a crucial period for China to achieve the third-step strategic goal.
(d) A knowledge-based economy began to take shape.
The social cells of knowledge economy have emerged and are developing, and it is not far away for mankind to enter the era of knowledge economy. Therefore, contemporary young students must be fully prepared to meet the arrival of the era of knowledge economy.
Second, the student employment management system and division of responsibilities
1, the main responsibilities of the Ministry of Education
2. The main responsibilities of the competent departments of relevant ministries and commissions in the State Council.
3, the main responsibilities of the competent departments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government
4, the main responsibilities of colleges and universities
Third, the current employment system in China
The employment system refers to the fundamental provisions of the state for people to legally obtain employment opportunities and maintain social employment behavior.
(a) National civil service
The basic principles of the national civil service system are:
1. The principle of fair competition
2. The principle of performance system
3. The principle of party management of cadres
4. The principle of management according to law
(B) the labor contract system
1983 the former Ministry of labor and personnel issued the notice on actively trying out the labor contract system, proposing to recruit people to sign labor contracts.
From 65438 to 0986, the State Council issued a series of documents aimed at establishing the employment system of "labor contract system".
From 65438 to 0994, the Eighth Session of the Standing Committee of the Eighth NPC deliberated and passed the Labor Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), and decided to implement it from 65438 to 0995.
(3) Market employment system
With the deepening of reform and opening up, talents began to "flow".
Since 1995, China has implemented the market employment system.
Section III Current Situation of the Employment Market for College Students in China
The employment market for college students is gradually established with the establishment of the socialist market economic system and the deepening of the reform of the employment system for college graduates.
The operation result of college students' employment market is employment agreement. Ensuring the legal status of employment agreement is the key to ensure the normal operation of college students' employment market.
An employment agreement must go through two procedures: authentication and approval. The verification of the employment agreement includes two aspects, namely, the student's identity certificate and the rationality and legality of the employment agreement.
Student identity certification is the certification of graduates' rights by the employment department of the school. For example, targeted students and entrusted students have no right to participate in independent entrepreneurial activities, and the school cannot verify them. On the basis of student appraisal, the rationality and legality of the employment agreement can be verified.
The employment agreement ultimately needs to be approved by the administrative department in charge of college students' employment (such as the provincial education commission), which is a necessary administrative means to ensure the smooth employment of graduates. Especially in the case that the current social personnel and household registration system are not reformed, it is necessary to use administrative means to ensure the implementation of employment agreements in order to maintain the results of market operation.
First, the types of college students' employment market:
1) College Students' Employment Market
2) College students' inter-school joint employment market
3) The local college students' employment market established by the departments in charge of graduate employment in provinces, cities and districts.
4) Employment market for college students in institutions directly under the central government.
5) Regional employment market for college students in major economic zones.
6) The national employment market for college students established by the Ministry of Education.
Second, the characteristics of college students' employment market
1. major, a specialized talent market.
2. First sex, first job market.
3. Due to time constraints, the employment of college students is seasonal.
4. Groups, millions of graduates are employed every year in the country.
Thirdly, the intermediary organization of college students' employment market.
Mainly includes two forms:
1, national, provincial and municipal employment guidance centers for college students.
2. Career Guidance Center for College Students
Fourth, the current situation of college students' employment market
The current employment market for college students mainly includes the following aspects:
1. Unbalanced demand:
1) between disciplines and majors
2) Between academic qualifications
3) Between regions
4) Between institutions and employers
2. The society has put forward higher requirements for the quality of graduates.
At present, the employment of graduates has formed a "buyer's market", and the employment competition is becoming more and more obvious. Employers demand higher and higher quality of graduates, and their choice of graduates is more rational. Many employers have regarded the comprehensive quality as the main basis and selection criteria for evaluating the "strength" of graduates.
Based on the recruitment conditions of many employers, we can see that graduates with the following qualities and conditions are welcomed by employers.
1) High political and ideological quality, high moral character: excellent graduates, excellent student cadres, three excellent students, graduated from party member, honest and trustworthy.
2) Strong enterprising spirit and sense of responsibility: The employer especially welcomes people with strong enterprising spirit, broad vision, broad mind, strong sense of mission and social responsibility. Those who pursue personal value the most, or who "jump ship" when they first arrive at the employment unit, are extremely dissatisfied.
3) Have a hard-working entrepreneurial spirit: Employers attach great importance to whether graduates have a hard-working entrepreneurial spirit.
4) Solid basic knowledge and wide knowledge: In the job market, graduates with excellent academic performance, wide knowledge and strong comprehensive ability are generally welcome. CET-4 (CET-6), CET-2 and above have become the basic requirements for many employers and some cities to accept graduates.
5) Strong hands-on ability and entrepreneurial awareness: Many employers always hope that graduates have strong hands-on ability and certain work ability and experience when recruiting graduates.
6) Team spirit of unity and cooperation: Modern society needs to rely on collective wisdom and strength more and more, and it needs to play team spirit more and more.
7) Physical and mental health: Physical and mental health is the requirement of modern enterprises for the basic quality of talents.
3. The increasingly fierce employment competition:
Reasons for increasingly fierce employment competition:
On the one hand, college students' career choice is influenced by the relatively concentrated graduation time and short career choice time.
On the other hand, in recent years, with the popularization of higher education, the number of graduates is increasing, and the effective demand of society is limited in a short time, so the number of jobs is limited and the employment pressure is increasing.
4. The employment market for graduates based on schools has basically taken shape:
The employment market with schools as the main body, because of the close contact between schools and employers all the year round, the matching of professional supply and demand, and giving full play to the intermediary role of schools, makes the employment market of schools have a high signing rate and good market benefits, and is widely welcomed by graduates and employers because of its efficiency, reliability, truthfulness and standardization.
5. Further standardize and improve employment management:
1) has established a school-based graduate employment market and employment guidance service system, providing various help, guidance and services for graduates and employers.
2) The role of market mechanism in graduate employment is becoming more and more obvious. Fair competition, the survival of the fittest can be fully reflected, and an open, fair and just job competition atmosphere is taking shape.
3) The graduate employment market is changing from traditional management to modern management mode based on information technology. The means of employment guidance are moving towards informationization and networking. Relying on the national graduate employment information website, colleges and universities actively create conditions to provide online information exchange and services for graduates.
4) Contract employment relationship. In other words, enterprises, institutions, state organs and social organizations must sign employment agreements as long as they hire graduates, which objectively reflects that the employment of graduates has entered the track of standardization and legalization.