Heinrich heine (also translated by Henrich Heine, 1797 65438+ February 13-65438+ February 085617)1797 65438+February 03. Childhood and adolescence experienced the Napoleonic Wars. Heine was born in a poor Jewish merchant family in Dü sseldorf on the Rhine. 1795, Napoleon's army marched into the Rhine valley and carried out some democratic reforms on the feudal system in Germany. As Engels pointed out, Napoleon was "the representative of the German revolution, the disseminator of revolutionary principles and the destroyer of the old feudal society". These reforms of the French army comprehensively improved the social status of the discriminated Jews, so Heine was influenced by the French bourgeois revolutionary thought since childhood. From 18 19 to 1823, Heine studied law and philosophy at Bonn University and Berlin University. He has heard lectures by the romantic writer august wilhelm Schlaege and the idealistic philosopher Hegel. Heine began his literary creation as early as 20 years old. His early poems, such as The Distress of Youth, Lyric Episode, The Return of the Native, Beihai Collection, etc., mainly focus on personal experience and love distress, reflecting the depression of personality and the distress of not finding a way out under feudal autocracy. In the winter semester of 1820, he came to the University of G? ttingen and joined a student organization. However, only in June 182 1 1, he was forced to leave the school and the organization. Still in G? ttingen, Heine received his doctorate in law at 1825. "Like some people, I feel the same pain in Germany. If I say the most uncomfortable pain, I will say my pain. " The personal feelings expressed in these poems have certain social significance. When 1827 was collected and published, these poems were labeled as poetry lines. They show distinctive romantic style, simple and sincere feelings, and rich folk songs, which are welcomed by readers. Many of them have been set to music by composers, which are widely circulated in Germany and are excellent works of German lyric poetry. From 1824 to 1828, Heine traveled to many places in the motherland, Britain, Italy and other countries. Because of his extensive contact with the society, he deepened his understanding of the real society and wrote four prose travel notes. In the first part of Travel Notes on Mount Hatz, Heine described the suffocating situation in Germany in the 1920s with a humorous and lively style, satirizing feudal reactionary rulers, stale universities, vulgar philistines, reactionary nationalists and passive romantics. It depicts the magnificent natural scenery of the motherland with a strong lyrical style, and at the same time depicts the working life of miners in mountainous areas with deep sympathy. In the second book "Thoughts-Collected Works of Le Grunter", Heine described the scene of the French army entering his hometown, portrayed the image of Napoleon, and showed the author's longing for the French Revolution and his hatred of German feudal rule. In the third Italian travelogue, A Passage from Munich to Genoa, it describes the scenery and social life of Italy, exposes the reactionary nature of aristocratic Catholicism, and criticizes the tendency of aristocratic writers to be divorced from reality. In the fourth English fragment, the writer depicts the sharp opposition between the wealthy aristocrats and the bourgeoisie and the working people, and exposes the greed and plunder of the big bourgeoisie. The main tendency of these four notes is to attack the feudal reactionary rule of Germany and expect a more thorough bourgeois revolution in Germany. The creation of these four travel notes shows that Heine has grown into a revolutionary Democrat in thought, and in art, Heine has turned from describing his personal experiences and feelings in his youth to exploring social reality and moving towards realism. Heine's ideological contradictions and doubts in his later years are manifested in his belief and understanding of productism. His ideological contradiction is the product of that era. As Lenin said in memory of herzen, "it is the product and reflection of an era with world historical significance. In this era, the bourgeois-democratic revolution is dying, and the socialist proletarian revolution is not yet mature". At the same time, it also reflects the limitations of Heine's own bourgeois worldview. 1856 On February 27th, Heine passed away.
This period of editor's literary career
Heine was born in a Jewish merchant family in Dü sseldorf, Germany. His father, samson Heine, failed to run the wool spinning business and was rich; Mother Betty Heine is the daughter of a doctor, with high moral character, good education and love for literature and art. Under her influence, the poet became interested in literature very early. He wrote his first poem when he was still in middle school at the age of fifteen, but he had to obey his father's orders and embark on the road of business. At the age of eighteen, he went to a bank in Frankfurt as an intern, and the next year he transferred to the bank opened by his uncle Solomon Heine in Hamburg to continue his internship. In the rich uncle's home, Heine not only tasted the taste of relying on others (the poem "Humiliation Mansion" reflected his experience at that time), but also suffered from the pain of falling in love and lovelorn, because he fell in love with his cousin Amalie, a charming lady who he described in the poem as "smiling at people and having sly breasts". 18 19 autumn, Harry Heine Textile Company, which was founded with the support of his uncle the year before, went bankrupt, and his father who was doing business in Dü sseldorf also went bankrupt. Young Heine completely lost his interest and courage in business, so he accepted his uncle's advice and entered Bonn University to study law, preparing to become a lawyer in the future. However, he was not interested in studying law since he was a child, but he often went to august wilhelm Schlaege's literature class. Schlaege is an outstanding theorist, linguist and Shakespeare translator in The Romantic Period. Heine regarded him as a "great mentor", and his early literary creation was encouraged and guided by him. In addition, from the collection of German folk songs "Boy's Strange Horn" compiled and published by romantic poets Anim and brentano, and from the works of romantic poets such as plante and william miller, young poets have gained a lot of inspiration and absorbed a lot of nutrition; He worships Goethe and honestly reads Goethe's works at the suggestion of "mentor" Schlaege. Taking Byron, an English romantic poet as his confidant, he not only translated Byron's poems into German, but also imitated Byron's dress etiquette and accepted Byron's influence in creation, so that he was once called "Byron of Germany" in11920s. It is no wonder that Heine's early poetry creation shows many romantic characteristics, such as often describing dreams, liking to take folklore as the theme, and his style is close to folk songs. But that's all, because he didn't belong to this literary school that was gradually outdated in Germany at that time. Later, in 1846, in the preface of the long poem "Ata Troll ―― A Midsummer Night's Dream", Heine summed up his relationship with romantics: "… I spent my happiest youth among romantics, but in the end I gave my teacher a good beating …" Because in his1.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/820, Heine transferred to the University of G? ttingen. As in Bonn, he has no intention of studying, but he often participates in some student club activities. Later, due to a duel with a classmate, he was suspended from school and had to transfer to Berlin University the next year. During his stay in Berlin, Heine not only had the opportunity to listen to Hegel's lectures, but also learned all the problems concerned by philosophy at that time and mastered dialectics initially. He also frequented some local literary salons and met many famous writers at that time, such as Enhagen Feng Enze and his wife Sameso and Foucault, which greatly broadened his horizons and laid an important foundation for him to become a thoughtful and agile critic in the future. At the same time, he also participated in the cultural and political activities of the Jewish community, expressing sympathy and concern for the cause of social justice and the fate of the Jews.
1824, the poet returned to the University of G? ttingen, and persisted in his studies until he graduated from the university in the second year, and received his doctorate in law on July 20th. Less than a month before that, he had been baptized and converted to Christianity and became a Lutheran Protestant.
In his personal life, the poet suffered great mental pain because his first love, Amalie, married a rich landlord in August of 182 1. More than a year later, in May of 1823, he met Amalie's sister Teresa in Hamburg, and fell in love again, after love and lovelorn. This unfortunate experience was clearly reflected in his early lyric poems.
However, with the growth of experience and the improvement of knowledge, Heine's literary creation began to mature, not only the theme and genre became rich and colorful, but also his thoughts became more profound. In particular, in 1824, he set out from the University Town of G? ttingen and roamed the Harz Mountain and its surrounding areas on foot, enjoying the natural scenery along the way and carefully observing the world and people's feelings. On this basis, he wrote Travel Notes of Harz Mountain, which opened up a new way for his own creation. In the following four or five years, he wrote a lot of travel notes and prose works. In the11920s, Heine actually put more energy into the writing of travel notes, because in his view, the Collection of Poems, which collected his beautiful and sentimental love poems in his early years, was just a "harmless merchant ship", while the travel notes in "Travels of Harz Mountain" were actually "warships" equipped with many cannons (see 1827/. During the period from 182 1 to 1830, Heine traveled all over Germany and Poland, Britain and Italy. /kloc-published the first book of poetry in 0/822, and published Tragedy-Lyric Interlude the following year. 1827 collected early lyric poems and published them with the title of songji, which caused a sensation and established his position in the literary world. During this period, he also created prose works such as "Travels of Harz Mountain", which also caused great repercussions. Heine's lyric poems and travel notes in this period mostly describe personal experiences, feelings and longings, with sincere feelings, beautiful language and obvious romanticism.
1830 The July Revolution broke out in France. Heine was encouraged and decided to go to Paris. Here, he met writers such as Dumas, Bellevue, george sand, Balzac, Hugo and musicians such as Liszt and Chopin, and interacted with followers of Utopia Saint-Simon, which was also influenced by this. During this period, he wrote On the History of Religious Harmony in Germany (1835) and Romanticism (1836). In order to resist the radical poet's empty "inclination poem", he wrote a long poem "Ata Troll, A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1843). 1At the end of 843, Heine and Marx met in Paris. During this period, his poetry creation reached a new peak. Published "New Poetry Collection" (1844), including some political poems named "Poetry of the Times" and the long poem "Germany, Winter Fairy Tales" (1844). These poems have made great achievements in ideological content and art, becoming the strongest voice in the pre-revolutionary era of 1848.
1848 After the failure of the revolution, Heine endured the pain of paralysis and wrote many excellent poems in the mattress grave, including Romance (185 1) and Poems from 1853 to 1854. Although some of these works are sad, most of them are full of fighting pride and have firm confidence in the future of the motherland and mankind. 1856 February, Heine died in Paris and was buried in Montmartre cemetery. In the revolutionary center and the international cultural metropolis, Heine met great French writers such as Balzac, Dumas, victor hugo and george sand, as well as famous musicians and artists such as Chopin, Liszt and Berlioz. He often has the opportunity to participate in various literary evenings, watch performances, visit art exhibitions, lead a tense and full life, further broaden his horizons and further enliven his thoughts. In the following ten years, although he continued to write poems, he spent more time and energy writing newsletters and current affairs reviews for German domestic newspapers, reporting all aspects of France and Paris in a timely and on-the-spot manner, hoping that the bright sunshine of the French Revolution would dispel the thick darkness hanging over the feudal divided German Empire, and the influence of bourgeois progressive thoughts would dilute the stale air that permeated there, thus resulting in the present situation of France and its influence on French painters. At the same time, he also introduced the religion, history, culture, philosophy and social and political situation in Germany to French readers, and wrote important works such as On Romanticism and the History of German Religious Philosophy, which helped the French people understand all aspects of German spiritual life more deeply. In this way, Heine began the third stage of his writing career, which is more closely related to reality and full of revolutionary spirit. At this stage, in addition to criticism and literary criticism, Heine also published the novels Memoirs of Schnabo Lovas, Night in Florence and The Law Teacher in bacharach. Unfortunately, these works are fragments, and poetry creation is almost at a standstill. This is probably because current events are too turbulent for poets to settle down and engage in the creation of pure literature. In the words of Franz Merlin, a famous German Marxist literary critic, "Heine took his duties as an apostle and tribune very seriously in the 1930s, so his poetry creation was relegated to a very secondary position." This means that Heine regards his duties as a revolutionary soldier as more important than the achievements and honors of his poets. But it is precisely because of this that he can fully display the talents of social observers and critics who have emerged in his travel works, and let future generations see his profound thinkers and brave and unyielding soldiers.
1844, Heine met Marx in Paris, and under the influence of proletarian ideals, he forged close friendship with the young revolutionary and comrades around him. This year 1 1 month, after three years in exile1month, the poet visited his mother for the first time in a short time. He was very excited. When he reached the border, his heart "beat harder and tears began to drop". When Germany was found to be feudal and backward, the poet was even more indignant, so he wrote a long poem "Germany, a fairy tale in winter" with deep affection. In his poems, he not only denounced and flogged all kinds of reactionary forces, but also issued a call for "establishing a kingdom of heaven on earth". This work, together with the new collection of poems published together, has the same characteristics as mentioned above, such as close contact with social reality, strong criticism of current disadvantages and revolutionary spirit. No wonder Engels declared excitedly that "Henrich Heine, the most outstanding contemporary German poet, has joined our team" and openly admitted that he was a revolutionary fighter.
1In the 1940s, especially after the successful writing of A Winter Fairy Tale-Germany, Heine's fountain of poetry flowed rapidly and violently after nearly ten years of drying up, thus starting the fourth stage of his literary career. At this stage, he wrote a large number of "current affairs poems" as sharp as spears and daggers, such as "Textile Workers in Silesia", which is known as the "Marseillaise of the German working class", and mercilessly exposed and satirized various reactionary forces. That is to say, compared with the lyric poems in his early years, the poet's works at this time have undergone a qualitative change. Instead of singing softly to express personal joys and sorrows, it has become a thrilling drum cry on the battlefield. Unfortunately, when the February Revolution broke out in France in 1848, and the whole of Europe set off a revolutionary climax, Heine's poetry creation was interrupted for another year or two. The reason is that the poet suffered from spinal tuberculosis many years ago, 1848 was bedridden and struggled with death.
After entering the 1950 s, his condition eased slightly. Heine wrote many melancholy and cynical lyrics while writing "current affairs poems", lamenting his unfortunate fate and experience. As a Jew, he was inclined to progress and revolution, so he was persecuted by the German government for a long time. Since 1835, his works have been listed in the official German banned book list, ranking first. It is even more difficult to publish his new book in China, and the source of manuscript fees is almost exhausted. At the same time, his uncle Solomon Heine had already cut off his financial resources. The exiled poet was so poor that he had to accept relief from the French government. This incident was known by domestic opponents in 1848, and Heine was viciously attacked. Coupled with the hard life and other reasons, his spinal tuberculosis is further aggravated. 185 1 year, accompanied by his wife Mathilde, Heine finally propped himself up and went out to visit the Louvre Museum for the last time. Since then, he has struggled for many years in what he called the "mattress grave". However, despite this, the poet continued to write like a dying soldier until1February 856 17. One year before his death, he wrote a preface for the French version of his prose collection "Lu Taiziya", which showed that the military poet never regretted his death and was always loyal to his proletarian beliefs and revolutionary ideals.
The stage and characteristics of editing this poem
Heine's birth, experience, communication and ideological development naturally influenced his literary creation, which was also reflected in his works, especially in his poems. Heine's poetry creation includes lyric poems, current affairs poems, narrative poems and long poems, which can be described as rich and colorful; Especially the lyrics, regardless of conception, thinking and language style, have distinctive personality and unique style. Throughout the history of German poetry, Heine is the most outstanding singer after Goethe. In the field of poetry, Heine's achievements and influence are comparable to Byron and Shelley in Britain, Pushkin in Russia and petofi in Hungary. Most of his lyric poems, with the theme of love, have been composed into songs by great composers from all over the world, such as Schumann, Schubert, Mendelssohn and Tchaikovsky, reaching more than 3,000, even surpassing Goethe, who was praised as "the king of poetry" by him and Byron, and ranking first in the world. Among them, Lorelei, you are like a flower, there is a pine tree in the north with singing wings, and I once cried in my dream. , favored by composers from all over the world, has been repeatedly composed for at least sixty or seventy times, and the most "You are like a flower" has reached 160 times, probably the highest in the world. All these well-known songs, as well as many similar beautiful and touching lyric poems, have been widely circulated all over the world for more than a century, especially by young people who are in adolescence and wandering in a foreign land.
Most of the lyric poems mentioned above were written in the early 1920s and 1930s, and some poems lamenting their fate were produced in the 1950s. Of course, they are sincere, beautiful and touching, but they often linger, sad and sad. In sharp contrast, Heine wrote a large number of so-called current affairs poems in the 1930s and 1940s of the revolution, as well as rhymes produced by 1825 and 1826.
The most famous current affairs poems, such as Ode, Doctrine, Tendency, Waiting, and Silesia's Textile Workers, are deeply loved by readers because of their sonorous tone and heroic momentum, and thus become the reserved programs of the poetry recital. In fact, these so-called current affairs poems are also excellent lyric poems, but what they express is not limited to one's own joys and sorrows, but the revolutionary pride generated by his deep concern for the times and the public, so they also have touching power and great and profound social significance, and have won more extensive praise. They are the cry of battle and the horn of charge. The so-called current affairs poems should be said to be poems of the times, because they are the strongest sounds of the times issued by the soldier Heine in that revolutionary era.
Those two groups of rhyming poems describe the vastness of the sea, rough and heroic, turbulent and changeable, that is to say, they are not purely objective descriptions of natural scenery, but the products of poets expressing their feelings through scenery, which is only implicit. Obviously, although they are all rhyming poems, their feelings are varied and their techniques have changed accordingly. For example, three poems, Confession, Nocturne in the Boat and Phantom of the Sea, all involve the same love theme, but our feelings after reading them are quite different. Among them, confession, in particular, is much more powerful than Heine's early frivolous love poems.
To sum up, Heine began to write his first poem at the age of fifteen, and two weeks before his death, he wrote his last poem "Flower of Suffering", which almost accompanied his life, and literary creation, especially poetry creation, almost became his whole life. His poetry creation can be roughly divided into three stages:
First, he was "bound by gentle fetters" in his early years, mainly expressing his admiration for his cousins, Mary and Teresa, and the pain of lovelorn. In addition, he also created a group of magnificent poems about the sea. In other poems, he expressed sympathy for the French Revolution and resentment and dissatisfaction with the social reality in Germany. Heine's works in this period, especially his love poems, are mostly full of melancholy and sadness, but they are sad without resentment, and even make people feel funny and playful from time to time. The whole style is fresh, gentle and elegant, simple and simple, natural and warm, full of folk songs. Guo Moruo appreciated Heine's poems very much in "Three Leaves Collection" published in 1920, calling it "beautiful but not male", which should be used to evaluate Heine's early poetry creation. The most representative works in this period are: Lorelei, There is a pine tree in the north, You are like a flower, and Proclamation.
Second, in 1830, the French Revolution broke out in July, and Heine quickly "joined the great fighting ranks of the times", and his poetry creation entered a mature middle stage. Inspired by the European revolutionary situation in the 1940s, and with the help of Marx, his poetry creation reached an unprecedented brilliant peak. At this time, the roses and nightingales in his poems have been replaced by swords and shadows, and the poet has fully demonstrated his "thunder power". At various stages, Heine wrote many poems about political current affairs, including many bold and unconstrained works, and the sound of horns can be heard from time to time. At this stage, he wrote such combative poems as Ode, Doctrine, Tendency, and Silesia's Textile Workers, and the long poem Germany-A Fairy Tale in Winter, especially Silesia's Textile Workers (1844), which is also known as the "Marseillaise of the German working class". Thirdly, after 1845, especially after 1848, influenced by the failure of the Great Revolution and the rapid deterioration of health, Heine's poetry creation changed from high-spirited and passionate in the middle period to profound and tragic in the later period. Reading his nostalgic and cynical chapters, we seem to see the poet tossing and turning in the "mattress grave", gritting his teeth, enduring indescribable physical and mental pain, and fighting tenaciously and finally with the enemy, fate and society that led to this fate. Although his works in this period are inevitably disappointed and hesitant, and his style tends to be sad, he has always maintained the fighting spirit of Lotte, and his style is still so natural, simple and sincere, with humor and humor between the lines from time to time. Where Are We Going Now, Desperate Sentinel, Will and other works all show the poet's unyielding warrior feelings. It may be emphasized here that Heine's wit and humor run through his whole creation, which should be said to be the most prominent talent characteristic that distinguishes him from all other lyric poets. It is it that reveals Heine's true colors as a sharp-eyed thinker, and makes his poems richer and more intriguing. In different works in different periods, this humor is either a self-mockery of unfortunate experiences, a kind mockery of peers, or a sharp satire of enemies ... In essence, this humor is the embodiment of Heine's positive and optimistic nature and indomitable fighting spirit.
Since the 20th century, Heine has become a foreign poet that our readers are very familiar with and love through the translation of predecessors such as Lu Xun, Guo Moruo, Duan Keqing, Feng Zhi and Lin Lin. Yang reprinted a translation in 1999. In the process of retranslating his lyric poems and current affairs poems, Yang borrowed the old versions of his predecessors, especially his teacher Professor Feng Zhi, to make the new versions more perfect, readable, catchy and poetic. This episode mainly refers to the translation of the first volume of Heine Five Volumes published by Berlin and Weimar Construction Publishing House in 1978. In the process of compilation, reference was made to Selected Poems of Heine (People's Literature Publishing House, 1957) which was greatly influenced by Feng Zhi, and the Selected Poems of Heine which were translated by Mr. Qian Chunkun and Mr. Zhang Yushu.
In the history of modern German literature, Heine is the most outstanding poet, essayist and thinker after Lessing, Goethe and Schiller. He was not only good at writing poems, travel notes and essays, but also wrote many works of literary criticism with profound thoughts, unique styles and rich literary beauty, which left a rich, huge, brilliant and precious spiritual wealth for future generations. Heine is good at writing poems, essays and travel notes. No matter his personal temperament and temperament, or his achievements and influence, we can first respect him as an excellent lyric poet and a great singer of the times.