Large-scale topographic map is an important topographic data for all kinds of engineering planning, design and construction. Especially in the planning and design stage, not only the topographic map should be used as the base map of the general layout, but also some surveying work should be carried out on the topographic map according to the needs, so as to carry out reasonable planning and design according to local conditions. In order to apply topographic map correctly, we must first understand topographic map.
Question 2: How can I read the building plan? It is impossible for me to learn by just a few words. I need to use formal teaching materials to guide myself. I once made architectural renderings when I was an undergraduate, so I know you better because I am an architectural major.
Give you a website, recommend this book is more suitable for you, welan/1341335 _ clearhistory/
This consultation? Dark tomb? What's the difference in rhyme rate?
(1) Understand the nature of the project, drawing scale and text description, and be familiar with common legends.
(2) Layout of buildings (new, original, planned and demolished), surrounding environment and roads within the land use area.
(3) Understanding the landform: We can know the slope direction and drainage direction of the ground from the ups and downs.
(4) Understand the indoor and outdoor height difference, road elevation and slope of the new house.
(5) Check the relationship between the house and the pipeline and the location where the pipeline is introduced into the building.
(6) Find the positioning basis of the new house.
To make renderings, you don't need to pay attention to the dense marks on the drawings, just pay attention to the positions and heights of walls, doors and windows, the dimensions and practices of decorative components, close unnecessary layers in CAD, import 3D, and model the parts needed for appearance or interior decoration according to the dimensions.
How to look at the building plan?
The plan of the building is the horizontal section of the building. Suppose a horizontal plane is used to cut off the part above the window sill of the building, and the horizontal projection of the part below the section is called a plan.
The floor plan of a house mainly shows: the size of the house area, the size of each room, the position and size of steps, stairs, doors and windows, the thickness of the wall structure, etc. Some building plans also reflect the plane shape and location of indoor fixed equipment, such as stoves, toilets, kitchen cabinets, sewage pools, bathtubs and other facilities. For property buyers, this map is enough to fully understand the area and pattern of the real estate they have purchased, as well as the index data within the daily living space. When looking at pictures, we should focus on the following issues:
1. Calculate the total length, total width and construction area of the house through the peripheral line (that is, the wall line). At the same time, understand the shape, orientation, stairs, steps, the location of external doors and windows, and the dividing line with the surrounding houses.
2. Look at the picture to find out the location of the interior wall of the house, find out the location of the bedroom, living room, living room, kitchen, bathroom, storage room and wardrobe, and calculate their areas respectively.
3. Through the scale standard, analyze and understand the indoor height, apartment size, floor space and daily use of balcony, door, window, heating, sewer, flue and other inherent equipment and facilities.
4. Analyze and understand the size, shape, location and reasonable use degree of adjustable facilities such as indoor stove, washbasin, bathroom, kitchen cabinet, sewage pool and bathtub in detail.
5. Check the adjacent public building areas related to the house, such as stairwells, floor corridors, elevators, power distribution rooms and other public building areas.
The above five items, in order to see the house, in order to see the building plan of the house, we should pay attention to several aspects. It is very necessary and important for buyers to learn and understand the building plan. Because this will not only let you know the real area (including building area and usable area) and length, width and size of the purchased property at a glance, but also let you decide what furniture to buy, design the reasonable placement of indoor furniture and daily necessities, and consider what kind of decoration and transformation to make before moving in. For example, according to the clear height of the house, you can choose whether to make a ceiling; According to the location of heating and windows, it can be decided whether to outsource curtain boxes, heating covers, etc.
Generally, building plans are drawn according to a certain scale, and the scale standards are marked below the drawings, and long scales are often used, such as: 1: 100, 1: 50. According to the different floors of the house, the floor plan is divided into the first floor plan and the standard floor plan (if the pattern of two or more floors is the same, it is called the standard floor). After the buyers get the drawings, if they buy an existing house, they should measure it on the spot and compare it with the architectural drawings to see if it is consistent.
For the allocation of public area, the seller shall be consulted in time to know the usable area and construction area of the purchased house respectively. & gt
Question 3: How to read the geological topographic map to participate in orienteering? First, learn to read the topographic map.
Topographic map (hereinafter referred to as map) is a projection map that represents the plane position and elevation of landforms and features in a certain scale.
Topography: it is a general term for landforms and features.
Geomorphology: the natural state of the flat and undulating surface. Such as mountains, hills and plains.
Ground features: artificial or natural fixed objects distributed on the ground. Such as rivers, lakes, roads and villages.
The map used in orienteering consists of five elements: map scale, characteristic symbol, landform symbol, northbound line and legend annotation.
(1) map scale
The ratio of the length of a line segment on the map to the horizontal distance of the corresponding field is called the map scale. Namely:
Map scale = map length: corresponding field horizontal distance.
For example, the length of a map is 1cm, which is equivalent to the horizontal distance in the field is 10000cm, then the scale of this map is 1: 10000.
1, the size of the map scale
The scale of a map is usually measured by the ratio, and the larger the ratio, the larger the scale. If 1: 10000 is greater than 1: 15000.
The larger the map scale of the same map area, the smaller the field scope of the map, and the more detailed the content displayed on the map. For example, 1:1square centimeter on the map of 10000 is equivalent to10000 square meter in the wild, and 1: 100000 is equivalent to 100000 square meter in the wild.
According to FISU, orienteering generally uses 1: 15000 scale maps, and other scale maps can be used for special terrain needs. According to the existing conditions in China, it is appropriate to use 1: 10000 scale map.
2. Representation of map scale
The scale on the orienteering map is generally expressed by digital scale, such as 1: 10000. Individual maps are not only represented by digital scale, but also drawn by graphic scale.
3. Measure the distance of the site on the map
(1). Measure with a ruler: first measure the length of two points on the map with a ruler, and then calculate according to the map scale according to the formula.
The calculation formula is: field distance = length on the map × denominator of scale.
If the length of two points is 1: 10000 map, then
Horizontal distance of the site =1.2×10000 =120m.
(2) Visual estimation method: first estimate the length of two points on the map, and then calculate according to the formula.
In the directional movement, the distance is generally more realistic in the movement, and the visual method is mainly used. The longer the distance on the map, the greater the estimation error, so segmented eye estimation can be used.
The distance measured on the map is horizontal, but the field is always uneven, and the actual distance is often greater than the horizontal distance. Therefore, it is necessary to correct the distance measured on the map when calculating the field distance. Orienteering is usually modified according to terrain fluctuation and empirical data (see table). Terrain type correction coefficient
Hilly area 10%- 15%
Mountain 15%-20%
Generally 20%-30% in mountainous areas.
The calculation formula is: field distance = horizontal distance+horizontal distance × correction coefficient.
(2), characteristic symbols
All kinds of ground objects on the map are represented by symbols, and the symbols of ground objects are composed of graphics and colors.
1, characteristic symbol classification
① Symbols expressed in scale (outline symbols). For large-scale features, such as towns, forests, lakes, rivers, etc. The external outline of their symbol graphics is drawn according to the scale, and its distribution shape can be known on the map, and the corresponding field length, field width and field area can be measured according to the scale. The turning point of the contour line can be used for athletes to determine the direction of movement and the standing point. Figure 1 symbol display ratio->;
② Symbols expressed by half scale (linear symbols). Site linear features, such as roads, ditches, wires, fences, etc. The length of this characteristic symbol is scaled down, but the width is not. On the map, energy can only take the length, not the width. The turning point and intersection point of linear objects can also be used for athletes to determine the direction of movement and the standing point.
& gt
Question 4: How to read the road plan? The highway plan mainly includes the general plan of the highway and the plan of the route, which mainly shows the outline of the route and the positions of the structures along the route (fill and excavation side slopes, bridges and culverts, tunnels, etc.). ), topography, etc. In the plan of the line, in addition to the structure, topography and features along the line indicated in the overall design, the conductor is the center line of the line, which mainly controls the piles (intersection point, straight slow point, slow point, curve midpoint, circular slow point, slow straight point, 100 m pile, kilometer pile, long broken chain pile, bridge and culvert tunnel pile, etc. ) and a list of curve elements.
Question 5: How to read the general plan? What should I pay attention to when reading the general plan? The general construction plan is referred to as the general plan for short. It is assumed that the construction site plan is a horizontal projection plan projected downward to the construction area. Then understand the general plan (2) understand the general plan and the function of the general plan. The general plan reflects the relationship between the new building and the original building in terms of plane shape, number of floors, location, elevation, orientation, surrounding roads, greening layout, topography and so on. It is an important basis for new building positioning, construction setting-out, earthwork construction and construction general layout design. The general plan mainly expresses the position and orientation of the proposed house. (3) General plan and graphic content 1. There are three ways to locate the new building: one is to locate the new building by using the distance between the new building and the original building or the road centerline; The second is to use building coordinates to determine the location of new buildings; The third is to determine the location of the new building by using geodetic coordinates. 2. Location and shape of new buildings and original buildings In the general plan, buildings are divided into five situations, namely, new buildings, original buildings, reserved areas or planned expansion buildings, demolished buildings and new underground buildings or structures. When we look at the general plan, we should distinguish between new buildings and original buildings. In the design, in order to clearly show the overall situation of the building, the number of floors in the upper right corner of the building is generally represented by dots or numbers in the general plan. 3. The terrain nearby. It is generally expressed by contour lines, from which the ups and downs of the terrain can be analyzed. 4. Roads mainly indicate the location, direction and connection with new buildings. 5. Rose chart of wind direction frequency. The wind rose chart is used to reflect the perennial dominant wind direction in the construction site and the dominant wind direction in June, July and August (indicated by dotted lines). * * * There are 16 directions. In the figure, the solid line indicates the annual wind direction frequency, and the dotted line indicates the summer (June, July and August) wind direction frequency. The direction in which the wind blows through the center of the construction area from the outside is called the wind direction. The frequency of wind direction refers to the percentage of times that the wind direction appears in a certain direction in a certain period of time. 6, trees, flowers and other green layout. 7. Layout of fountains, pavilions and sculptures. (4) Line type of general plan 1, DD thick solid line 2 for new building, DD thin solid line 3 for original building, DD dotted line 4 for planned reserved land, and DD thin solid line with cross for demolition building (5) In order to be familiar with the construction general plan and legend symbols in the general plan, you must be familiar with the common legend symbols of the construction general plan, such as the construction general plan. (VI) Reading the general plan Take Figure 50 as an example to explain the steps of reading the general plan. (7) Basic content of general plan: (1) Drawing name and scale: Drawing name is general plan; Scale: 1: 500 (2) near terrain (contour) (roads, ditches, ponds, slopes, etc. (3) New building: The new building is drawn with thick solid lines. There are three new buildings in this painting. The new building is located in the coordinate grid; The name of the new building is student apartment building; 7 floors of the new building; (4) Original buildings: buildings drawn with thin solid lines. Such as: canteen, office building, etc. (5) Visible contours such as roads and fences, greening, compass, dimension line and pipeline layout are also drawn with thin solid lines. (6) The location or scope of adjacent original buildings and demolished buildings. Related reading: The master plan of flowing water villa presents the highest realm of nature and human survival. What are the commonly used master plan legends? How to draw? What is the general construction plan? What is its classification and content? General plan of flowing water villa
Question 6: How to read the drawings as follows. 1. Prepare a set of drawings: the drawings include: general plan of outdoor pipe network, elevation (or section) and site topographic map (these three drawings are generally missing); Architectural applications, structural applications, water rotation, general applications and electrical applications. It should be noted that there are several drawings that need special attention: building energy-saving design description, fire protection design description and foundation design description. Attachments to drawings: drawing review opinions, drawing revisions, change orders, records of joint review of drawings, bidding questions and answers, contact sheets of construction teams' drawings, and even calculation sheets. If there are design changes during the design process, it is better to have old drawings. (These are conducive to finding defects in drawings and understanding changes. Very useful for on-site supervision. Generally speaking, calculation books are not distributed to engineers, but my recent experience is that engineers should have one. Contract, bill of quantities and other contract attachments. Others: geological survey report, red line map, municipal pipe network map (water supply, drainage, sewage, power supply and communication), road traffic map, etc. Personally, I don't think it is appropriate for this construction unit to make the construction drawings into a thick and large book, which is not convenient for reading pictures. 2. Read the general design instructions and compile the corresponding standards, specifications, procedures and standard atlas. 3. Look at the general plan of architectural design to understand the overall planning of the project. 4. Mark all kinds of drawing changes, modifications, drawing review, the blue prints.the design and drawing problems of the construction team on the drawings. 5. Look at the floor plan of a building, compare the structural construction drawing (including beam slab and wall column) with the professional construction drawing, calculate the distance between adjacent axes and mark it in the beam slab drawing of construction, and mark the positions of building accessories, professional pipelines and risers with important professional configuration in the beam slab drawing with red pen. 6. Look at the pile foundation part and foundation part in the infrastructure construction drawing. And the basement part. 8. Look at the construction: ① Find the code of the wall column beam in turn; (2) in the corresponding plan marked wall column beam reinforcement; (3) mark the different reinforcement and section size of symmetrical parts in the same plane, so as to pay special attention to the inspection; ④ Find out and mark the design changes of different floors; ⑤ Check whether the axis, components and structures are bulging according to the construction drawing and professional construction drawing. 9. Look at the floor plan, elevation, section construction drawing, door and window table of the building comprehensively, and mark the change of elevation on the floor plan. 10. It is very important to take the drawings to the construction site for comparison, inspection and acceptance. The general engineer will not take the drawings to the scene for comparison, which is irresponsible for his work. They will indicate the modifications made by the construction team after making mistakes on the drawings, and mark and record the construction defects and difficulties. I kept looking at the drawings during the construction process, all the construction drawings of various professions. I need to consult the corresponding standards, specifications, procedures and standard atlas in time and mark them on the corresponding drawings. Record the drawing problems found every day, whether it is the construction party, Party A, supervision or design. Any discrepancy with the construction drawing should be recorded, including corrections. Remember the questions and disputes about the construction team? Attention should also be paid to the disputes of subcontracting cooperation. If there are omissions and mistakes in the design, remember whether there are written documents. After the construction is completed, it is best to write a drawing summary.
Question 7: How to read architectural drawings quickly? It is impossible to learn architecture by just a few words. You need to use formal teaching materials to guide yourself. I once made architectural renderings when I was an undergraduate, so I know you better because I am an architectural major.
Give you a website, recommend this book is more suitable for you, welan/1341335 _ clearhistory/
This consultation? Dark tomb? What's the difference in rhyme rate?
(1) Understand the nature of the project, drawing scale and text description, and be familiar with common legends.
(2) Layout of buildings (new, original, planned and demolished), surrounding environment and roads within the land use area.
(3) Understanding the landform: We can know the slope direction and drainage direction of the ground from the ups and downs.
(4) Understand the indoor and outdoor height difference, road elevation and slope of the new house.
(5) Check the relationship between the house and the pipeline and the location where the pipeline is introduced into the building.
(6) Find the positioning basis of the new house.
To make renderings, you don't need to pay attention to the dense marks on the drawings, just pay attention to the positions and heights of walls, doors and windows, the dimensions and practices of decorative components, close unnecessary layers in CAD, import 3D, and model the parts needed for appearance or interior decoration according to the dimensions.
How to look at the building plan?
The plan of the building is the horizontal section of the building. Suppose a horizontal plane is used to cut off the part above the window sill of the building, and the horizontal projection of the part below the section is called a plan.
The floor plan of a house mainly shows: the size of the house area, the size of each room, the position and size of steps, stairs, doors and windows, the thickness of the wall structure, etc. Some building plans also reflect the plane shape and location of indoor fixed equipment, such as stoves, toilets, kitchen cabinets, sewage pools, bathtubs and other facilities. For property buyers, this map is enough to fully understand the area and pattern of the real estate they have purchased, as well as the index data within the daily living space. When looking at pictures, we should focus on the following issues:
1. Calculate the total length, total width and construction area of the house through the peripheral line (that is, the wall line). At the same time, understand the shape, orientation, stairs, steps, the location of external doors and windows, and the dividing line with the surrounding houses.
2. Look at the picture to find out the location of the interior wall of the house, find out the location of the bedroom, living room, living room, kitchen, bathroom, storage room and wardrobe, and calculate their areas respectively.
3. Through the scale standard, analyze and understand the indoor height, apartment size, floor space and daily use of balcony, door, window, heating, sewer, flue and other inherent equipment and facilities.
4. Analyze and understand the size, shape, location and reasonable use degree of adjustable facilities such as indoor stove, washbasin, bathroom, kitchen cabinet, sewage pool and bathtub in detail.
5. Check the adjacent public building areas related to the house, such as stairwells, floor corridors, elevators, power distribution rooms and other public building areas.
The above five items, in order to see the house, in order to see the building plan of the house, we should pay attention to several aspects. It is very necessary and important for buyers to learn and understand the building plan. Because this will not only let you know the real area (including building area and usable area) and length, width and size of the purchased property at a glance, but also let you decide what furniture to buy, design the reasonable placement of indoor furniture and daily necessities, and consider what kind of decoration and transformation to make before moving in. For example, according to the clear height of the house, you can choose whether to make a ceiling; According to the location of heating and windows, it can be decided whether to outsource curtain boxes, heating covers, etc.
Generally, building plans are drawn according to a certain scale, and the scale standards are marked below the drawings, and long scales are often used, such as: 1: 100, 1: 50. According to the different floors of the house, the floor plan is divided into the first floor plan and the standard floor plan (if the pattern of two or more floors is the same, it is called the standard floor). After the buyers get the drawings, if they buy an existing house, they should measure it on the spot and compare it with the architectural drawings to see if it is consistent.
For the allocation of public area, the seller shall be consulted in time to know the usable area and construction area of the purchased house respectively. & gt