The first page of modern China's opposition to foreign aggression

65438+Before 1930s, China was always in a position of transcendence in foreign trade. Take Sino-British trade as an example.

Before 1827, Britain mainly imported cotton wool and metal products (such as knives and watches) from China, and then exported them from China.

In Britain, tea is the main product, followed by raw silk, home-made cloth, ceramics, sugar, camphor, rhubarb and mercury. Due to the middle

China's social economy is dominated by self-sufficient natural economy, which combines small-scale peasant economy with cottage industry.

Imported goods have strong resistance, so British textiles can't be sold in China. Britain must buy it.

China's famous tea, raw silk and ceramics. In this way, the trade between China and Britain has maintained an annual turnover of more than 23 million taels of silver.

Advantage. In order to reverse this situation, the British bourgeoisie, out of its predatory nature, attacked China's trade with opium.

Market, in order to obtain a generous ill-gotten gains.

The British bourgeoisie first exported textiles to India, then exported Indian opium to China, and then exported tea from China.

Leaves, raw silk, etc. Being exported to Britain, the British benefited a lot from this triangle trade. Except that Britain imported crows to China in large quantities.

In addition to the film, the United States also imported opium from Turkey to China, and Russia imported opium from Central Asia to northern China.

Due to the sharp increase in opium imports, the trade status between China and Britain has completely changed. Britain has changed from initial entry to super change.

On the other hand, China created a large outflow of silver. According to statistics, during the period of 1820- 1840, the outflow of silver in China was about.

At around 1 100 million taels, which is equivalent to 1C5 of silver coins in circulation. The continuous outflow of silver caused by a large number of imported opium has started.

At first, it disturbed the circulation of the treasury and currency in the Qing Dynasty, and brought the economy of the Qing Dynasty to the brink of collapse.

More seriously, the spread of opium has greatly damaged the physical and mental health of smokers. If left unchecked, it will certainly

Put the Chinese nation in disaster.

The working people, mainly farmers, suffer the most from the spread of opium.

Therefore, they are extremely indignant at opium smuggling, and the call for banning smoking is getting stronger and stronger. Patriotic taxis are big.

Dave also asked for a ban on smoking. Since 1836, there has been a fierce debate between banning smoking and relaxing in the ruling class of Qing Dynasty.

Represented by Zhang Mu, minister of military affairs, Qishan, a university student and governor of Zhili, strongly opposed smoking ban.

Xu Naiji, a banned drummer, even played Daoguang Emperor in June 1836, preaching that opium is harmless.

In theory, if we want to ban it, we only need to ban "civil and military officers and soldiers", and the folk cigarette trafficking can be "undifferentiated".

Among the officials of the Qing court, Zhu Shen, a bachelor of cabinet, assistant minister of rites and military engineer, was the first to refute Xu Naiji's theory of relaxing the ban.

Xu Qiu, they advocate that those who sell and smoke opium should be severely punished.

1on June 2nd, 838, Huang Jue, secretary of crack hon temple who advocated smoking ban, wrote to Daoguang Emperor, proposing "strict treatment of smoking".

According to the prohibition plan, people who smoke opium must quit within 1 year, and ordinary people will be sentenced to death if they fail to quit after the deadline.

If an official commits one more crime, he will be put to death, and future generations will not be allowed to take part in the imperial examination. Governor Lin Zexu of Huguang and Governor Tao of Liangjiang

Shu and others support Huang Jue's idea. 1838 From July to September, Lin Zexu repeated his message three times, in favor of Huang Juezi.

Advocate. He pointedly pointed out that if smoking is not effectively banned, decades later, the army will be weak and the Ministry of Finance will be weak.

Empty, there are not many soldiers who can defend the enemy in the central plains, and the country has no silver to pay.

Pay was the lifeblood of the ruling clique in Qing Dynasty. Lin Zexu's words hit home. Daoguang maintained the feudal system

From the interests of the ruling class, from the previous noncommittal temporarily inclined to ban smoking, and later decided to adopt the smoking ban of Huang Juezi and Lin Zexu.

125 October, 1838, 1838 issued imperial edicts, demanding that all provinces "make concerted efforts to seize it regardless of territory,

Not relaxed at all. On the same day, Zhuang, who smoked opium, was moved to be the monarch and assisted lord protector.

The punishment should be to support money and food for two years. Three days later, Xu Naiji, who put forward the theory of lifting the ban two years ago, was demoted as an example. Then, call Lin.

Then Xu went to Beijing to discuss smoking ban.

1838 65438+On February 29th, Lin Zexu came to Beijing on the orders of Governor Huguang. Daoguang lasted for 8 days.

He summoned Lin Zexu eight times to listen to his specific opinions and measures on smoking ban, and rewarded Lin Zexu for riding horses in the Forbidden City.

Yu Jian also appointed Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy, added a minister of the Ministry of War, controlled the Guangdong navy and went to Guangdong to strictly ban smoking.

Lin Zexu left Beijing in the winter when the north wind roared, and embarked on the journey of/kloc-0 to the south on June 8, 839. Arrive on March 10.

Guangzhou, the front line against smoking.

After Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, he immediately cooperated with Deng Tingzhen, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and stepped up unannounced visits to investigate cigarette dealers.

At the same time, we waged a resolute struggle against foreign opium dealers. /kloc-In March of 0/8, on the eighth day after Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou, he decided resolutely.

Issue an order to confiscate foreign opium. Lin Zexu went to Yuan Yue with Deng Tingzhen, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Yiliang, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.

China Academy of Sciences summoned thirteen foreign businessmen and said in public:

"If opium lasts for a day, this minister will stay with this matter for a day, and there is no end to it." And will pay

Wu Shaorong, the main leader of the tobacco transportation company, handed over all the opium on his barge to foreign tobacco dealers within three days.

If the payment is not made at the due date, the engine room will be closed and the port will be closed. They are also required to issue a certificate (guarantee) to ensure that "future ships will never dare to carry crows."

Once the film, if any, is found out, the goods are all official and people will be punished and willing to plead guilty. 」

Seeing Lin Zexu's determination and courage to ban smoking, the broad masses of people in Guangzhou took active actions to support Lin Zexu.

I ordered a cigarette to pay the bill. Outside the pavilion, people patrol day and night; Fishermen also took the initiative to assist naval officers and soldiers to monitor the zero point.

Opium barge on the Ding Yang.

British opium dealers are unwilling to hand over opium. They manipulated foreign chambers of commerce in Guangzhou and undermined the smoking ban. On March 22,

Lin Zexu ordered the arrest of the British opium dealer. This categorical decision shocked the British representative hiding in Macao.

China Commercial Supervision Law. On the 24th, Yi Law arrived in Guangzhou from Macau by clipper, personally directed the Merchant Pavilion to boycott paying cigarettes, and

Arrange a warship outside the Pearl River estuary to intimidate the war. That night, Yi Fa ordered him to make up and escape, and he was sold.

China workers in the museum intercepted it.

In order to urge foreign businessmen to hand over opium, Lin Zexu ordered to stop Sino-British trade, and sent troops to strictly investigate the business museum, cutting off the business museum and

The traffic in Macau and the evacuation of China employees in the Commercial Pavilion finally forced Yifa to agree to pay for cigarettes.

Lin Zexu and Deng Tingzhen led the civil and military officials and ordered the British and American cigarette sellers moored on the Lingdingyangyang barge to pay cigarettes.

From April of 12 to May of February1year, more than 20,000 boxes of opium were collected (of which 1540 boxes belonged to American cigarette dealers), accounting for 237.6%.

More than ten thousand catties. This is the first time in the history of smoking ban in Qing Dynasty. This victory exploded like thunder outside the Pearl River Estuary.

Enemy ships in the ocean, those who trafficked in opium, escaped one after another.

1June 3, 839, which is a memorable day for the people of China. Humen set up a ceremony platform and hung a unicorn account.

Covered with a red carpet. There is a long yellow silk banner in front of the podium, which reads: "An imperial envoy has ordered an investigation into Haikou City, Guangdong Province."

The minister of state controls the forest of the governor's office in the amphibious battalion, which is magnificent and fluttering in the wind. On this day, it was sunny and sunny after the rain.

Hang up, people came from all directions to watch, a sea of people. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon, Lin Zexu, who lived in Kyrgyzstan for a long time and looked resolute,

Accompanied by Guangdong Governor Yi Liang and others, he boarded the viewing platform. Looking at the south sky, Lin Zexu was filled with emotion, in a buzzing tiger.

Door, he solemnly ordered to sell cigarettes. Suddenly, the rumble of the salute was awesome, standing in two smoke pools (each 15 feet square,

The bottom of the pool is paved with stone strips, piled with nails on all sides, with culverts in front and ditches behind.

Get up. First, introduce water from the back ditch into the tobacco selling pool, sprinkle salt to turn the pool water into brine, and then put another one.

Boxes of opium are transported to the edge of the pool, the box cover is opened, the opium is cut and mashed, put into the pool, soaked for a period of time, and then sprinkled.

Lime. In an instant, the brine boiled and the smoke rolled into the sky. The soldiers stood on the springboard with hoes in their hands.

The wooden rake stirred back and forth to completely dissolve opium. When the sea ebbs, the culvert in front of the tobacco selling pool opens, allowing opium to dissolve completely.

Opium washed into the sea with the waves. A screen is also installed on the culvert to prevent large undissolved opium from flowing out. All crows

After the pin is dissolved, wash the bottom of the pool with clear water, without leaving a drop of ash. Seeing this proud scene, the crowd broke out.

Thunderous cheers broke out. The first relief on the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square is "The Battle of Opium in Humen".

At the scene, people praised this magnificent scene and could not help but think that the first national hero in China's modern history was great.

Patriot Lin Zexu.

In order to let foreigners "* * * see * * smell", on June 13, Lin Zexu issued a notice allowing foreigners to go to the cigarette sales site.

Visit. After the visit, some foreign businessmen and missionaries marveled at the "care and loyalty" of cigarette sales, which far exceeded their expectations.

Their "imagination" From June 3 to 25, more than 2 million Jin of opium was seized, except for 8 boxes reserved for samples to be sent to Beijing.

The Ministry of Magic was destroyed.

The feat of destroying opium in Humen shocked the world under the auspices of Lin Zexu, and washed away corruption and incompetence like the sea washed away smoke ointment.

The humiliation imposed on the Chinese nation by the Qing Dynasty showed the world the determination of China people to ban smoking and resist foreign aggression.

Strong will has written the first page of the glorious chapter of China people's opposition to foreign aggression in modern history.