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Let China early warning aircraft soar in the blue sky.
-Army, chief scientist of China Electronics Technology Corporation and chief designer of early warning command machine.
Time goes back to 10, the 60th anniversary military parade in 2009 10/.
An early warning aircraft with a "mushroom cloud" on its back took off. As the vanguard of the air formation, it led a huge fleet and flew over Tiananmen Square in a few seconds, which made the whole country jubilant. This early warning aircraft is the first domestic early warning aircraft independently developed by China-Air Police 2000.
Air Police 2000 not only sees far, but also adopts phased array technology for the first time. It is an advanced early warning aircraft. Its successful development has broken the blockade of foreign countries, which indicates that China has the ability to independently develop early warning aircraft, and also marks a breakthrough in the process of equipment informatization construction in China.
Air Police 2000 is a "national brand project" that integrates national strength. Lu Jun, chief scientist of China Electronics Technology Corporation and chief designer of early warning command machine, led an excellent team and completed this task with the active cooperation of all parties.
Today, the early warning aircraft made in China has also gone abroad, becoming the fourth largest exporter of early warning aircraft in the world after the United States, Israel and Sweden. It is reported that China provided four early warning aircraft to a country from 20 1 1 to 20 14. Interestingly, the Army is also the chief designer of China's first export early warning aircraft.
It's hard work to interview the army. I don't know that the chief engineer of the early warning aircraft rarely accepts media interviews. Under repeated "harassment", the self-disciplined and rigorous chief designer of early warning aircraft finally began to tell the story behind the appearance of early warning aircraft in China and his growing memory, touching feelings and surging passion.
a surname
Determined to serve the country
When I was a child, the army once had a dream-to be a person who contributed to the motherland.
Now, as the chief designer of the early warning aircraft, the army has undoubtedly fulfilled its childhood dream. Behind the dream, it is the efforts of the troops and team members for several years, and it is the unremitting efforts and dedication of generations in the field of electronic information in China.
During the period of 1964, Dajun was born in an ordinary intellectual family in Suzhou. His father is a demobilized soldier and his mother is a teacher.
"There is heaven above and Suzhou and Hangzhou below". Suzhou has been a famous land of plenty since ancient times.
This soldier, who grew up in the beautiful ancient county of Wu State, received rigorous and meticulous family education from his parents. Parents' words and deeds made him understand the truth that "everything needs self-reliance and self-reliance" from an early age.
From the mouth of his father, a demobilized soldier, the army learned about China's history of being invaded and enslaved in modern times, and the struggle from suffering to self-reliance experienced by the Chinese nation deeply infected him at a young age.
Therefore, "studying for the rise of China" has since become his unswerving goal in life.
"Not a talented person, but a hardworking person." This is a general evaluation of the army by teachers in their youth, and the army itself often encourages itself with the phrase "diligence can make up for mistakes, and stupid birds fly first."
This kind of hard work has won the recognition of teachers with excellent results.
From 65438 to 0978, with the spring thunder of reform and opening-up, China's education and scientific and technological undertakings ushered in a leap-forward development opportunity. With the full recovery of the college entrance examination, there is an upsurge of learning and respecting science all over the country.
In the face of this booming era, the Army, which was originally interested in learning, passed the "College Entrance Examination Single-plank Bridge" with excellent results of 198 1 and was successfully admitted to Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University).
When choosing a major, because my father was engaged in the work related to the electronic field and held the idea of "inheriting his father's business", the army filled in the electronic major without much hesitation. And this choice has made the army's lifelong career.
The army recalled that Nanjing Institute of Technology advocated the motto of "stop at perfection" at that time. At that time, many of his classmates felt that this life was very bitter. However, due to his father's "family militarization management" since childhood, the army not only did not feel bitter but enjoyed it.
The army was poor since childhood, so it was not in good health. However, the semi-military management of Nanjing Institute of Technology not only laid the foundation for him to develop good living habits, but also opened the door for him to exercise. Up to now, the army still maintains the good habit of insisting on exercise.
In such a strict environment, the army not only improved his physical fitness, but also made great progress in his professional study, which laid a solid foundation for his long-term research in electronic science.
1985, the outstanding army successfully got the long-awaited admission notice from China University of Science and Technology. At this time, the army met an important mentor on his life path-that is, the person who later led him to the research of radar and early warning aircraft, that is, Academician Wang, then director of the 38 th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Corporation.
Wang, president of China University of Science and Technology, is eager for talents. He spent 400,000 yuan to recruit and train seven orientation students. After graduation, he needs to work in 38 universities. This army was fortunate to be selected for its outstanding performance. This accidental choice changed the life track of the army.
"There will be all kinds of opportunities in one's life. Meeting Academician Wang is the luckiest thing in my life. " The army said with emotion.
Looking back on his years of study and growth experience, the army believes: "People should have long-term ambitions, not always yearning." Over the years, his original intention of "studying for the rise of China" has never changed. "We must find the right direction and go on unswervingly."
Be a novice
From 65438 to 0988, after graduating from China University of Science and Technology, the 24-year-old army set foot on the road to 38 universities in Guizhou according to the agreement of directional training.
At that time, 38 of them were located in Daping Town, Duyun, Guizhou Province, with blocked traffic and harsh environment. The army took the train from Shanghai for three days and nights, then backed up and walked to see 38 factories.
At that time, it was really hard for him to imagine how Director Wang took thousands of people to study and find the radar of the plane in such a ravine where even the plane could not be seen.
"At that time, the' third-line' Daping Town was the kind of place where I could deeply understand how hard Academician Wang worked." The army said.
Everyone who has experienced that era knows the hardships of "third-line" life. Although winter in Guizhou is not as cold as that in the north, it is even more difficult to get wet and cold.
Troops, new to the 38 th Army, are not afraid of hardship. His idea is simple: "work hard, do what you want to do, and love what you do!" "
Considering Wang's long-term strategic layout, although 38 institutes are located in remote areas, they are gathering excellent national resources to do some strategic research projects through introducing talents and cooperation.
During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, 38 undertook 1 1 projects. After the newcomers arrived, Wang added them to the exercise program.
"I am the most courageous and dare to fight. I am a pioneer." This is Wang's first evaluation of the army. At that time, the army participated in two projects and served as the head of one of them. The leaders gave the army the greatest trust and help, so that the army put down all the burdens and devoted itself wholeheartedly to the projects it was responsible for.
The more wit, the less courage. As soon as they took office, the army showed the characteristics of "dare to think, dare to do and dare to fight" to the fullest.
It is this spirit, with the help of leaders and team members, and with scientific methods, that enabled the army to achieve results-in the 1 1 project, he participated in and led two projects respectively, and completed them at the fastest speed.
"Opportunities are always reserved for those who are prepared." Through the excellent performance of the newcomers, the army ushered in new opportunities for itself.
199 1 year, Wang officially appointed him as the chief designer of a key new target indication radar of an artillery. This is also the first time that the 27-year-old Army has served as the chief designer. He has only graduated from the master's degree for three years and has not yet obtained the title of engineer.
"Can a little boy shoulder the heavy responsibility of the class teacher?" At that time, the appointment of Wang was constantly raised in the team and in all aspects. However, Wang has confidence in the ability of the army, and this army has not been timid because of its junior qualifications, but has resolutely accepted this important task.
In order to successfully complete mean time between failure's 400-hour arduous task, on the one hand, the army made great efforts to digest the relevant technologies accumulated by its predecessors, on the other hand, it actively mobilized all parties to cooperate, and gnawed this hard bone in five years.
Nowadays, in many military information training fields, you can often see this kind of radar developed by the army scientific research team. At the same time, this kind of radar is also exported to foreign countries and favored by buyers.
The future of T-50
A fighter plane will always give people a series of stories, from the frequent good news at the beginning of design, to the constant variation in the development stage, to the frequent risks and climaxes in the flight test stage, and until the official installation is late. However, for the fifth-generation Russian T-50, although the foreseeable assembly date is still uncertain, the story behind it is rich enough, and it is even difficult for people to sort out a clear logical context for the continuous change of its technology. Compared with the ill-fated T- 10 (Su -27), the development of the Russian fifth-generation aircraft is confusing. Although the final version of the T-50 is not beyond people's imagination as a whole, it is far from the original design of the Russian fifth-generation machine.
The ever-changing fifth-generation machine plan
Russia's fifth-generation military aircraft plan is the last nightmare of the former Soviet Union's aviation power game. The pursuit of American and Soviet military aircraft technology from the late 1940s finally decided to compete with the third generation aircraft. When the Russians were still addicted to the dispute between speed and altitude, the Americans were suddenly inspired and put forward a brand-new concept of third-generation aircraft technology in the 1960s. With the advent of F- 15 and F- 16 in the early 1970s, the Soviets were left far behind by the Americans for the first time, although the Soviets realized the first flight of two "Lamin" aircraft in the late 1970s (western code) The final version and prototype are very big, but with the first flight of the first generation stealth fighter F- 1 17 in the early 1980s, the aviation technology gap between the United States and the Soviet Union is getting wider and wider. By the time the Americans put forward the fourth-generation aircraft scheme in the mid-1980s, the Soviets were already a little confused, so they started the final madness-the disorderly competition of technology in full bloom. This is I-44, 1.
In fact, in the early stage of the whole Russian fifth-generation aircraft exploration, while Americans firmly took the road of invisibility, informationization and multifunction, Russians were still obsessed with the pursuit of mobility. The difference is that mikoyan is more obsessed with speed and maneuverability, while Sukhoi has a soft spot for the new aerodynamic shape. Russia's aimless technological exploration has dissipated its seriously insufficient national defense investment, leading to stop-and-go research and development of various models. However, they are not without any gains. The constant pursuit of maneuverability has made them gain unexpected gains in vector thrust and aerodynamic shape design. This harvest was finally fermented at 20 13, and Su -35 and T-50 made great achievements at two air shows in Paris and Moscow, winning the victory for Aeroflot.
In fact, looking back on the R&D process of Russian military aircraft in the last 10 year of the 20th century, it is not so much the technological integration of the fifth generation aircraft as the exploratory research on new technologies. Russia's unique R&D system makes it impossible for them to invest a lot of money in exploratory research on technology in the next 20 years, like NASA in the United States. They can only use various types of prototypes to modify and constantly add new technical elements. This technical trajectory can be learned from the Soviet Union-although the blind exploration in 10 was not reflected in the final version of the T-50, we can still see the technical entanglement of Russians from these exploratory models. And this 10 year is the 10 year when mikoyan and Su Huoyi changed. Mikoyan Company finally paid the price for their conceptual mistakes, while Su Huoyi found the feeling step by step in a small technical climb.
In the mid-1980s, when the Soviets put forward the plan of the next generation fighter, mikoyan was still the industry leader. MiG 1.42, as the next generation fighter of Russians, did not copy the F-22 too much, but from the aerodynamic appearance, it was nothing new. Mikoyan abandoned the aerodynamic features of MiG -29 and Su -27. Although its technology research and development process has been in a state of high-profile appearance, due to a serious shortage of funds, the verification machine is almost at a standstill after its first flight. It can be said that this technically reborn product is out of date. Compared with mikoyan's conceit and recklessness, Sukhoi Company is much more realistic. On the basis of fine-tuning the technology of Su -27 series aircraft, they tried to improve the performance by optimizing and modifying the mature models, from the functional expansion of Su -30 and 32 (from air-to-air type to aerial terrain and naval type) to the continuous innovation of aerodynamic shapes of Su -35, 37 and 47.
1992 with the first flight of the fourth generation verification machine YF-22, Americans basically adjusted the technical polishing of the next generation fighter, and 4S gradually became the core concept of the next generation fighter, which was widely recognized by people. At this time, the Russians had to stop the directionless technical exploration of the fifth-generation aircraft and begin to solidify the basic positioning and technical indicators of the next-generation fighters. In order to inherit its technical advantages and shorten the development cycle, they positioned the next generation fighter as outstanding maneuverability, stealth and inheritance. At this point, the foggy Russian fifth-generation aircraft plan finally surfaced. With the commercial success brought by Su -27 series aircraft, Sukhoi naturally won this big cake with its huge economic strength and technological advantages.
Judging from all the information that has been revealed, the T-50 plan was launched at the beginning of 2 1 century. For Su Huoyi, the design of the T-50 is not difficult from a technical point of view. Many modifications of Su -27 series aircraft have accumulated rich experience for its aerodynamic shape design. In the research and development of flight control technology and engine vector thrust technology, the technology of Russians is no less than that of Americans. Even in the relatively backward avionics technology, Russians have made great progress. They have reason to believe the first flight of the T-50. So the news that the T-50 will fly for the first time in 2005 comes from Russia. However, the first flight of the T-50 did not arrive as scheduled. From 2007 to 2008, until 2009, even the nodes at the end of 2009 were not saved. The reason why the T-50 delayed its first flight was not that they encountered obstacles in key technologies, but another long-standing technical problem-the engine.
When can the heart disease of the fifth generation machine be cured?
Just like the third-generation aircraft in Russia, from the development and flight test of the fifth-generation aircraft, the engine is the one that hears the most negative news. Because the United States and western countries have no technical cooperation mechanism in engine research and development, Russians have been fighting alone in engine technology exploration. Although with its powerful intelligence system, Russians can always find technical inspiration from western advanced engines, aero-engines are a delicate job. Only by constantly polishing technical details can we create products with superior performance, durability, reliability and ease of use. What the Russians are poor in engine technology is precisely the meticulous attention to details. Its thrust is comparable to that of American and European engines, but its maintainability and reliability are far from each other, and its service life is even worse.
With the technical success of the Su -27 fighter, the third-generation engine AL-3 1F made in Russia is becoming more and more mature. The thrust of 14 ton may be considered as a strong power for the third generation fighter, but for the fifth generation fighter, to achieve supersonic cruise and super maneuverability, the thrust of this order is obviously far from enough. The Russian must design more thrust for his next generation fighter. It is not too late to start the AL-4 1 series engine developed for MIG 1.42, but the engine development cycle will take about 20 years. Due to technical and financial problems, the early technical exploration of the AL-4 1 engine program, which was launched in the late 1980s, faltered. With the disintegration of MIG 1.42 plan, the situation is even worse. By the first flight of T-50, the engine was still unusable, only the improved version of the over-developed product AL-3 1 was used, and the mature vector thrust technology was not used in the first flight of 20 10.
In 2008, when the T-50 fighter plane was about to fly for the first time, Russians were full of confidence in the first installation of the T-50, because all technologies had been basically positioned. From the design bureau to Russian government officials, the news of the first installation of 20 13 was released. Such confidence is rare, which not only reflects the determination of Russians to catch up with the fifth-generation aircraft in the United States, but also shows their great progress in related technologies. However, the engine of AL-4 1 obviously went wrong at the last moment. Until the Moscow air show of 20 1 1, although the T-50 made a high-profile appearance and was equipped with two engines, the ground accident undoubtedly exposed the problems of AL-4 1, and the first installation of the T-50 was postponed from 20 13.
However, at this year's Moscow Air Show, the amazing performance of the T-50 seems to reveal some information. There are indications that the Russians seem to have made a substantial breakthrough in engine technology. With the help of super vector thrust technology, the performance of the T-50 can be described as shocking. Its super-maneuverability not only surpasses the upgraded version of the third-generation Su -35, but also some classic super-maneuverability, which is difficult for even the F-22 to complete. The T-50 has become the most powerful in the world.
How to interpret the technical characteristics of T-50
The biggest technical highlight of Russian fifth-generation aircraft is vector thrust technology. How important is an engine control technology to modern fighters? Many people don't really understand. Not many people really understand the super maneuverability of the fifth-generation machine with direct force as the key control technology. Therefore, it is not surprising that some people still use the term Bugachov maneuver when the T-50 demonstrated its maneuverability at this year's Moscow Air Show.
To truly understand the super-mobility of the T-50, we must also start with the basic principles of super-mobility. Different from the high maneuverability of the third-generation aircraft, the so-called super-maneuverability refers to that modern fighters directly change the longitudinal axis direction of the aircraft by means of direct force control such as vector thrust and small aerodynamic force to realize high angular velocity maneuverability. The maneuver of the third generation aircraft is actually to change the trajectory of the aircraft through centripetal force with the help of aerodynamic force formed by speed, thus realizing the change of the aircraft state. In the super-maneuvering process of the fifth generation aircraft, the trajectory change can be very small, even almost in the same place, but the change of the nose direction is instantaneous, which is completely different from the supercritical maneuvering principle of the third generation aircraft. The cobra maneuver, Bell maneuver and tail collision maneuver completed by Su -27 and other third-generation aircraft, the upward motion of the nose is still completed under the action of aerodynamic force, while the downward maneuver is completed under the action of stable torque, in which the contribution of pilot control is actually very small, so the supercritical maneuver is not a strictly controlled maneuver, but a spontaneous and predictable maneuver, which is completely different from the principle that the super maneuver is completely controlled by the initiative.
The appearance of vector thrust technology can be traced back to the American technical verification machine X-3 1 in the 1980s. The test machine realizes the vector control of thrust in the form of jet control surface. In the flight test of the aircraft, Americans verified the possibility of stability in any state and the effectiveness of active control of maneuver under the condition of low speed and high angle of attack. Although the vector thrust technology of X-3 1 is still primary, its verified technology reveals the basic principles of modern fighter super-maneuver: stability and active control. The so-called stability refers to the angular velocity stability of the aircraft in any state by controlling the rudder surface and engine vector thrust, but not the stability of the aircraft, while the so-called active control means that the aircraft pointing control is realized by direct force rather than aerodynamic force.
Just as some people questioned the practical significance of the high mobility of the third-generation aircraft in those years, there are still people who doubt the tactical significance of the super mobility of the fifth-generation aircraft today. In fact, the contribution of super-maneuver to the maneuverability in the speed range above medium speed is not obvious. Its significance is that when the aircraft enters the small speed range, that is, the maneuverability of the aircraft is seriously attenuated, the super maneuver ensures the flexibility and safety of the aircraft. However, it is possible to fight at high angle of attack and low speed in close air combat. Once the speed advantage is lost, if there is no super maneuverability, the plane will almost become the target of public criticism. At this time, super mobility is decisive. For over-the-horizon attack, the super nose pointing ability provided by super maneuver is of great significance to missile locking and attack envelope expansion. In the modern air combat of finding and destroying targets, whoever can lock the target first means the victory of air combat. In this sense, super-maneuver is not only a gesture of showing off, but also a secret of killing. In a sense, Russia's technological advantages in the field of super-mobility make up for the shortcomings of its fifth-generation stealth technology.
In the exploration of vector thrust technology, the Russians did not follow the American technical model, but adopted the nozzle steering technology in a unique way. The advantages of this technology are self-evident. Because of the directionality, control strength and accuracy of nozzle vector thrust, its vector thrust efficiency is much higher than that of jet control surface. However, the vector control technology of nozzle also has its complexity. Because the vector thrust control efficiency of the engine is too strong, it is very difficult to cross-link with the flight control system from the perspective of software design. Its outstanding problem is the difficulty of stability control. The control torque formed by the steering of the engine nozzle is too large to be balanced by the control surface. Through the technical exploration of Su -30, 35, 37 and MIG -29OVT, Russians have accumulated very mature vector thrust technology. The successful application of this technology in the new Su -35 and T-50 is shocking. It can be said that no other country in the world can master the integrated control technology of vector thrust and takeoff as skillfully as the Russians.
The fifth generation Russian T-50 not only performs well in vector thrust technology, but also maintains the traditional advantages of Su Huoyi in aerodynamic shape design. Different from the concept of stealth priority of F-22 fighter, T-50 embodies the design concept of aerodynamic performance priority. Although the appearance is to reflect stealth, its basic design continues the tradition of Su -27 series aircraft. Its fuselage is thinner, its wing loading is smaller, and its speed characteristics and maneuverability will definitely be better than that of the F-22. From the stealth point of view, there seems to be obvious defects in the shape design of the T-50, but the Russians will make up for them with their special plasma technology. Once the performance and reliability of AL-4 1 engine reach the design index, its supersonic cruise capability should be self-evident. Therefore, from a comprehensive analysis, from a technical point of view, the T-50 and the F-22 have their own advantages, and each reflects the technological advantages of the two countries. Especially from the perspective of super mobility, it seems difficult for Americans to surpass Russia in a short time.
When will the T-50 be installed?
In my opinion, if the technical problems of AL-4 1 engine are solved, the time period of T-50 assembly is not a problem. Although it is only three years before the first flight, T-50 has adopted a lot of mature technologies in aerodynamic shape and flight control system, and what needs to be solved is the problem of technology integration. It is possible to complete the whole project test flight cycle within five years, that is to say, according to the Russian official report 2065438.
I think the biggest variable in the future of the T-50 is not how long the first installation will be delayed, but what is the total purchase volume of this aircraft. If the procurement scale of T-50 is only 200~300 like the F-22 in the United States, then the cost will be unbearable for Russia. Although the replacement window of Russian military aircraft has been frozen since 1992, with the elimination of the old Su -27 and MiG -29, the procurement scale of T-50 should be very large. The problem is that Russia cannot be fully equipped with stealth aircraft in the future, because there is no high-low fighter like the F-35. If Russia completely replaces the T-50, it will be disastrous to form a single-machine large-scale assembly situation in the future. Therefore, four generations and a half fighters like the Su -35 will also fight against the T-50 * *, and the performance of the four generations and a half fighters has made a qualitative leap on the basis of the three generations, and the operational effectiveness has not been tested in actual combat compared with the five generations. In addition, from the perspective of Russia's national strength, it is unbearable to equip T-50 on a large scale. If there is no foreign trade export, it is difficult to produce more than 500 T50 aircraft. We can see that with the rapid development of China's fifth-generation aircraft, the pattern of China, the United States and Russia competing for the export market of foreign military aircraft has begun to take shape, and it is difficult to predict whether the T-50 can succeed in foreign trade by virtue of its technological advantages and appropriate cost advantages. In short, the future fate of the T-50 is still full of variables, and with the rapid development of drones and adjacent spacecraft, the military application space of the fifth-generation aircraft is still unknown.
The 9th issue of Sino-China Defense Review 20 13, a Canadian military review magazine, commented on Navy's overseas activities in recent years. According to the article, China's three naval fleets made frequent visits, accumulated rich experience in ocean cruises, and replenished in several ports, but it seems not feasible for China to build overseas bases in a short time. The article also mentioned that in recent years, China's navy frequently entered and exited Tsugaru Strait, Miyako Strait and Okinawa Trough. In fact, there is no so-called "island chain".
According to the article, it has long been said that China's navy may establish a military base overseas, but so far, no country has seen a naval base in China.
The article holds that the so-called "naval base" not only has the right to supply, but also must have complete administrative jurisdiction within the base. Militarily, in addition to the basic supply capacity of food and fresh water, it is also necessary to have certain ammunition reserves, otherwise the argument of military bases will not be fully established.
In fact, regarding the previous statement that "China will build overseas bases", Geng Feast, a spokesman for the Ministry of National Defense, once said that China's army has no overseas bases at present. It is a common practice for navies of various countries to replenish ships in ports of coastal countries when carrying out long-distance missions.
Han He also believes that from the analysis of the basic principles of China's current foreign policy, there are many difficulties in establishing overseas military bases immediately, which seems not so feasible in the short term. At the same time, it is also true that China's three naval fleets frequently visit five continents and four oceans, and have accumulated rich experience in ocean cruises, and made supplies at several ports. It is very important to study the nature of these supply ports and visiting countries and their relationship with China. It can be said that China has entered the era of using the navy to safeguard maritime energy security.
According to the article, in recent years, China's navy has frequently entered and exited Tsugaru Strait, Miyako Strait and Okinawa Trough. In fact, there is no so-called "island chain". The article also exaggerates that the concept of "East China Sea" has covered the vast western Pacific and even the Pacific Ocean such as South America and Australia. Many escorts in the Gulf of Aden have broadened the horizon of China Navy's voyage. It has been replenished in Yemen and the United Arab Emirates more than once, and has also sailed to Israel, Bulgaria and other places. China's navy also visited Chile in South America and Tanzania in Africa.