Stop at perfection, pinyin: zh ǐ yú zh shà n, an idiom in China. It is in the most perfect state.
"Book of Rites University": "The way of a university is to be well-known and close to the people, and stop at perfection." Zheng Xuan's note: "Stop, you are still at home." Kong Ying Da's book: "Stop at the best, then talk about the way of university, stop at the best." Zhu said, "If you stop, you won't move." The best is the most natural thing. " ?
Lu Xun? "Yellow Flower Festival Miscellaneous Feeling": "The revolution is endless. If there is something in the world that really ends in perfection, then the world will also become solidified at the same time. " ?
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First of all, we must understand the meaning of "stop at the best". "Stop at the best", which Kong Ying Da interprets as "the way of university, stop at the best." (Justice in the Book of Rites) Zhu interprets "stop" as "stop without moving", which must reach this state and remain unchanged, and interprets "perfection" as "the extreme of things" (note in Four Books and University Articles), the highest principle of things, that is, perfection.
Wang Yangming interprets "supreme goodness" as "nature", that is, nature, and human beings are pure goodness who do all kinds of evil. Sex is not evil, so it is the best. "("Xue Ji "Quotations 1) Perfect nature is the inherent nature of human beings, so" stop "is to return to nature, and" stop "is only to return to nature. (ditto) Although there are different interpretations of history, the basic spirit is the same, that is, to realize and maintain the highest goodness of mankind through moral cultivation.
Secondly, we should understand "stop at perfection" in combination with the three programs of "University". How to achieve the state of "stop at the best" involves the methods and stages of moral attainment and perfection. University puts forward three cardinal guides and eight orders. The first is the "three cardinal principles": Mingde, being close to the people and stopping at perfection. Mingde and being close to the people are the ways to reach the state of perfection, and they are also two different stages.
"Mingde" refers to personal moral consciousness. The former "Ming" is a verb, which means to be clear and reach. "Mingde" refers to the best moral nature that people have. The "Ming" of "Mingde" means purity and perfection, and it is a description of goodness. After individuals reach moral consciousness, they should also spur themselves and others, help and educate others, and make them become moral people. This is called "being close to the people".
"Pro" means "pro", "love" and "near". Because I love others, I want to push myself and others. This is the way to forgive. Therefore, Confucius interpreted "being close to the people" as "loving the people" (Book of Rites Justice). Zhu interpreted "being close to the people" as "new people" and "new people, transforming the old". Words are self-evident, and you should pass them on to others, so that you can get rid of your old stain. "(Notes on Four Books and University Chapters) This interpretation is integrated into the Buddhist Tathagata-Tibetan thought.
Wang Yangming disagreed with Zhu's explanation, and thought that if he was a "new citizen", he should be a "reformed man", and he could be conscious without his teaching. And "being close to the people" means "educating people" and "being close to the people and loving the people". (Quotations from "On Practice" 1) emphasizes the restoration of the original meaning of "being close to the people". Wang Yangming's explanation is more in line with the original meaning of the university.
Another passage in the Book of Rites about the way of university can also help us understand the meaning of "Ming De" and "being close to the people" and highlight the role of education. We believe that ancient education, first of all, is to cultivate individuals, and it must take nine years to make great achievements. "Nine years, knowing the class, being strong but not opposing, is a great success."
(Book of Rites: Learning to Learn) "Knowing the category" refers to mastering the universal regularity, essence and noumenon, "access" refers to the universality of knowledge application, bypassing the category without any obstacles, and "not going against it" means not looking back, reaching the stability of the realm, and never returning to the situation of uneducated or low-level education.
This is the process of "showing virtue". On this basis, we should educate others with kindness, "then it will be enough to change customs, advise those who are near, and be pregnant those who are far away." (ditto) guide the people, make those who are near happy, and those who are far away will come. This is the way of "being close to the people".
After two stages, that is, showing virtue and being close to the people, it will achieve perfection. As a school motto, starting from simple requirements, it is enough to emphasize the highest stage or result and stop at the best. As a process and stage, the meaning of "showing virtue" and "being close to the people" has been included. ? [4]?
Third, we should understand "stop at the best" with eight eyes. The eight eyes are: style, sincerity, integrity, restoration, harmony, governance and peace. "The ancient desire to virtue in the world, must first rule the country. If you want to govern your country, you should unite your family first. If you want to keep your family together, you should trim your body first. If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first. If you want to be right, be sincere first. If you want to be sincere, let him know first. Know in the matter. "
(Book of Rites University) The core of these eight purposes lies in self-cultivation and the foundation lies in style. According to Zhu's explanation, discipline, dedication, honesty and integrity are the contents of moral cultivation, while neatness, governance and equality, as the functions of self-cultivation, are the contents of new people (being close to the people) (Notes on Four Books and University Articles). Therefore, Yagi is a further explanation of the "Mingde" plan and the "People-friendly" plan of the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members, and the ultimate goal is still the "stop at the best" plan.
There are two roads here, the road of inner saints and the road of outer kings. The inner sage is the path of integrity, and the outer king is the path of nourishing qi and peace. The starting point of both roads is "Wu Ge". In the traditional explanation, Zheng Xuan explained: "Wu Ge, Lai Ye; Things are still things. " (Note to the Book of Rites) The basic meaning is to get in touch with things and know things.
There are different interpretations of the object of the case, but basically there are two aspects, one is to look inward and the other is to look outward, both of which have a preset in epistemology and human nature. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism holds that knowledge is inherent in human nature, but it can only be acquired through knowledge.
Cheng Yi explained: "Ge You is poor, and things are reasonable. Still very poor. " (Volume 18 of Cheng Cheng's suicide note) Zhu interprets "things are things" as "things are poor in reason" (Notes on Four Books and University Chapters), and he studies that things are poor in reason. As for the specific methods, Cheng Yi thinks it needs to be accumulated bit by bit. "Today's things will be different tomorrow. Only with more accumulated habits can there be a breakthrough. "("Cheng Cheng's suicide note "Volume 18), including all objects in social life and nature.
Self-discipline is the viewpoint of Lu Wang's psychology, which holds that people are born with conscience, that is, moral perfection and cognitive instinct. Wang Yangming interprets "Ji" as "righteousness". "Ji is just right, but it is not right." (University Question) The concrete way to be positive is to do good and eliminate evil in moral practice. ?
"Knowing knowledge" is the process of knowing and mastering knowledge and wisdom from things, and there must be one thing to know, which is called "knowing after the event" (Book of Rites University). Southeast University has a "knowledge hall", which is the reason. Wang Yangming's theory of mind interprets "knowledge" as the realization of conscience, and "knowing by things" is the realization of conscience. Wang Yangming's four teachings: "There is no body of good and evil, there is action of good and evil, knowing good and evil is conscience, and eliminating evil for good is the realization of" knowing by things "in the mind.
"Sincerity" and "University" are interpreted as "Don't deceive yourself. If it stinks, if it's lewd, it's called modesty. Therefore, a gentleman must be cautious. " In other words, the motivation of the heart should be true and honest, its value orientation is good, and ideology is based on goodness. Stay away from evil as you hate stench, and pursue beauty as you love beautiful scenery. Modesty means satisfaction. We should be satisfied with this.
To achieve this true innocence, the most important thing is to be cautious and independent. When individuals are alone and there is no restriction of social relations, they should still be self-disciplined and abide by moral norms. This is the hardest part. The premise of sincerity is knowledge, which is the so-called "sincerity after knowing" (Book of Rites University). And sincerity is the condition to achieve "right", the so-called "sincerity before right" (ibid.). "Righteousness" requires that the mind does not fall evil.
At this point, the inner sainthood that constitutes the way of university is to seek the virtue of inner sainthood. On this basis, through the stage of self-cultivation and self-cultivation, we will open up the realm of being king abroad and governing the country. In this way, self-cultivation is the core, the inner sage is the content of self-cultivation, and the outer king is the function of self-cultivation, which realizes the value of life from oneself and others, from near to far, from inside to outside.
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