Imperial College is the highest educational institution in China, located in Shi Jing, which appeared in the Han Dynasty. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the study of Huang Lao prevailed, with only private lectures and no government schools to teach academics. After Emperor Wu deposed hundreds of Confucian scholars, he adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and started to establish imperial academy in Chang 'an. At first, imperial academy had only five doctors of Confucian classics and 50 doctoral disciples. From Liang Wudi to Xin Mang, imperial academy's subjects and students gradually increased, and courses such as The Book of Changes, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites, The Biography of the Ram, The Biography of Gu Liang, Zuo Zhuan, Zhou Guan and Er Ya were opened. The number of doctoral students reached 1000 in the Han and Yuan Dynasties, and increased to 3,000 in the Han Dynasty. Wang Mang is in charge of politics. In order to establish his prestige and win over the vast number of Confucian scholars, he built Biyong and Tang Ming in the south of Chang 'an, and built a million districts for scholars. There are more than 10,000 doctoral students, and the scale of imperial academy is unprecedented. Emperor Wu to Wang Mang, 18 years old or a doctoral student. Those who are elected can be supplemented by officials. In the fifth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 29), Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, built the imperial academy outside Kaiyang Gate in the southeast of Luoyang City. Later, Emperor Liu Zhuang went to imperial academy to give lectures. In the first year of Shun Di Yongjian (A.D. 126), imperial academy was rebuilt and expanded. It took a year to build 240 rooms and 1850 rooms with12000 workers. The enrolled students are called Thai students. Since then, the number of students in Taiwan Province has reached 30,000. In the fourth year of Emperor Gaozu Xiping (AD 175), in order to publish serious books and characters, the famous Xiping Shijing was carved and set up outside imperial academy. People from all over the country come to watch and copy scriptures. Imperial College in Han Dynasty played a certain role in cultivating talents and promoting cultural development. But with the corruption of politics, Taiwan Province students began to participate in politics. When the Western Han Dynasty mourned for the Emperor, Wang Xian, a doctoral disciple, gathered more than a thousand students to rescue Bao Xuan, a captain who was lax in law enforcement. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chen Fan and others opposed the dark rule of eunuchs and got the support and response of Imperial College, so Imperial College also became the target of eunuch's attack (see Party History), and many people implicated in the Party were imprisoned. In the first year of Xiping, more than a thousand business students were arrested and imprisoned by eunuchs.
Cao Junior Middle School resumed Luoyang Imperial College with 9 doctors/kloc-0. When they were in Wei Mingdi, too many students increased to more than one thousand. According to the Han system, the method of strategic examination of the five classics is set up, and those who succeed in the examination can make up their stories, such as giving up the prince and doctors. There were 3,000 students (7,000 words) in the Western Jin Dynasty. According to the regulations of Jin Order, those who pass the exam can visit a doctor. The great change of the education system in the Western Jin Dynasty was the establishment of Guo Zi school for the children of bureaucrats above grade five, which formed a dual-track system of separate education for nobles and lower-class scholars, and coexistence of Guo Zi school and imperial academy. School education declined in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and revived in the Southern Dynasties. Most of the students in Guo Zi are the children of gentry officials known as "Zhou Guo" or "Zhou Shi". They can enter the official position through the Ming Dynasty, while in imperial academy, there are often only doctors and no students.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms period, some ethnic minority regimes also set up imperial academy, four schools, county Chinese studies and law, with limited student status, generally limited to ministers or their children. But the rise and fall of political power is uncertain, and schools should set their own time. By the time of Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a school called Guo Zi imperial academy was established. Don't run a business school again. Guozixue was renamed China Calligraphy, and later it was changed back. The county school is also called imperial academy. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowen and Xuan Wudi, four primary schools were added, forming a system of three schools: Guo Zi School, imperial academy School and four primary schools. From the late Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, three schools of thought, namely, learning law, calligraphy and arithmetic, were gradually formed. There were Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Schools, Fa, Shu and Shu in imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty. Differences between schools are related to students' educational status (that is, their fathers and grandfathers). Learning, imperial academy and Sihui are for the children of bureaucrats in grade three, grade five and above grade seven respectively, while law, calligraphy and arithmetic are for the children of 8th grade and below. In addition, students of Guo Zi, Prince Edward and Sihui learn Confucian classics, while students of law, calligraphy and arithmetic learn specialized techniques. There are 300 students from Guo Zi, 500 from Imperial College of Technology, four subjects 1300, 50 from Law, and 30 from Calligraphy and Arithmetic. The school age is 14 to 19, and the legal age is 18 to 25. In the second year of Emperor Longshuo's reign (AD 662), imperial academy was established in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and was called "two prisons" with Chang 'an imperial academy.
Imperial College, Chief Executive, offers wine to the country and presides over government affairs. The branch consists of deputy director, Cheng (supervisor), main book (handprint) and clerk. There are doctors, teaching assistants, classical scholars, direct teaching and other academic officials in charge of teaching. After students from Guo Zi, Imperial College and No.4 School enter the school, they should study in different subjects according to whether they will be admitted to Jinshi or Mingming Jing in the future. Confucian classics are divided into three categories: The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan are great classics, The Book of Songs, Zhou Li and Yi Li are classics, and The Book of Changes, Shangshu, Biography of the Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are minor classics. Those who pass the three classics, one for each of them; Those who pass the five classics, all the great classics pass, and the rest are one; The Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius should be mastered. This is basically consistent with the examination requirements of Jinshi and Mingjing. Every year, the school recommends people who take the imperial examination to the Ministry of Rites. If you don't do well in school, you can't be recommended for many years, or you fall behind for many years after being recommended, you will often be expelled from school.
Most of the scholars and people who enjoyed fame in the early Tang Dynasty were second-class supervisors. In the selection, the examiner also intends to be reborn. It's a shame that the two supervisors of Jinshi were not born. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, once ordered that all juren in the world should take make-up exams. However, after the Anshi Rebellion, due to political chaos and financial difficulties, the school turned from prosperity to decline, and the number of students was less than one-third or one-quarter of that of the old society. The entrance qualifications of imperial academy and the four subjects had to be lowered, and the proportion of students and apprentices who applied for the imperial examinations was greatly reduced. Imperial academy in Song Dynasty was still the highest institution of higher learning, and later transferred to imperial academy. In the early Song Dynasty, only imperial academy was set up, and the enrollment was very small, and only children of officials with more than seven grades were accepted. In the fourth year of Li Qing, Song Renzong (1044), Fan Zhongyan carried out the New Deal (see Qingli New Deal), and began to co-establish a university with Xiqingyuan in Kaifengfu, Tokyo, enrolling 200 students in Neifu, and adopted Hu Yuan's method of lake study to formulate the "imperial academy Order". When Zhao Zhuan was in Song Shenzong, Imperial College London was expanded, the number of students increased to 2,400, and 80 schools were established. The imperial academy system was revised and the Three-She Law was implemented. In Zhao's time, Biyong was a foreign school, and imperial academy (including Biyong) enrolled 3,800 students. At the same time, the imperial examination was abolished and all talents were selected by the school. Imperial College reached its peak. In the 12th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 142), imperial academy was rebuilt in Lin 'an Prefecture, and by the end of the Song Dynasty, there were more than 700 students 1700. During Injong's tenure, Ouyang style was used instead of imperial academy style, and then it was restored.
Imperial academy formed a relatively complete academic system in Song Dynasty. Thai students are recruited from the children of officials below grade 8 and outstanding civilian children. During the period of Li Qing (104 1 ~ 1048), the students in the dormitory were supported by imperial academy. From the fifth year of Xining in Song Shenzong (1072), students living outside were also supported by imperial academy. In the Southern Song Dynasty, students living off campus had to pay "fast money" to eat in official kitchens. Half of the poor; Neshesheng, Aauto Quicker's chief executive and Aauto Quicker's instructions were all waived. Once students have learned every lesson, they will be taught by their academic officials. Students are divided into three classes, namely upper dormitory, inner dormitory and outer dormitory. The system of evaluating students' grades and promotion is called "Miyake Law", which stipulates that new students should study abroad, pass public and private examinations, refer to daily skills and be promoted to the inner residence. The students in the dormitory take the exam once every two years, and the exam results and the public and private exam results of that year are excellent. If you are the first-class student in the dormitory, you will be awarded an official position. The first class is a middle school student, and it is allowed to be exempted from the test; Two grades or one excellent and one excellent are inferior students, and they are allowed to be exempted from the test. Business students no longer take public examinations. Private exams are held once a month, and students are taught by academic officials. The public examination is held once a year and presided over by the court. Students study in different lent periods, with 30 students in each lent period. A five-room and one-stove pavilion in the house is used as a place for reading and gathering, with one lent director and one lent director, who is responsible for supervising and inspecting students' performances. Scholars in the Song Dynasty are similar to those in the Tang Dynasty, except that there is no teaching assistant and they speak directly. In addition, scholars are added to correct, record learning, supervise stacks and chefs. Staff are called academic posts or ministers, including front porch records, academic oracles, direct research, etc. And most of them are students in the upper or inner courts and get a salary every month. Workers call themselves servants, paste food, etc And also receive "monthly money".
In Song Dynasty, imperial academy trained a large number of officials and scholars for the rulers. With the gradual formation of Neo-Confucianism and the ups and downs of political struggle, imperial academy has also become a place to spread Neo-Confucianism and compete with various political forces. Some students, such as Chen Dong and others, wrote words, which promoted the struggle against gold. The imperial examination education system in Song Dynasty had a great influence on later generations.