The word "Huguang" originally refers to the "Huguang Province" established by the Yuan Dynasty, which is equivalent to parts of Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guangdong and Guizhou. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, due to years of war, Huguang area was deserted and its population decreased. The Ming government moved people from Jiangxi and other provinces to Huguang, allowing them to "plant flags and occupy land". In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Sichuan, which had experienced war, was desolate and sparsely populated.

Huguang filling Sichuan refers to two large-scale migration waves of residents from Hunan, Hubei (namely Huguang Province) and Guangdong (mainly Hakka) who moved into Sichuan at the end of Yuan Dynasty, early Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. According to research, there are also residents from more than a dozen provinces such as Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangxi. In the early years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Zhang Dedi, the governor of Sichuan, went to Luzhou via Chongqing. He patrolled along the way and traveled by boat for many days. Zhang Dedi doesn't see many people. It's strange: Where have all the locals gone? The waiter replied: they are all dead. It turns out that during the 30 years from the end of Ming Dynasty to the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Sichuan suffered from frequent wars, famines and plagues, which led to a sharp drop in the population of Sichuan. According to research, the population of Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty was only about 500,000, and there were only a few hundred households in Chongqing (now Chaotianmen to Qixinggang Tongyuanmen). There are only a dozen people left in the counties under the jurisdiction of Chongqing! Dedi Zhang promptly reported the situation to the court. Kangxi ordered to encourage large-scale immigration to Sichuan (including Chongqing), and the Qing government also promulgated a series of preferential immigration policies for this purpose. Immigrants from Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Henan and other provinces flooded into Sichuan, and the decades-long migration activity of "Huguang filling Sichuan" began. Sichuan Tongzhi: "Since the Han and Tang Dynasties, there have been many toothed fireworks in Shu. After the war in the late Ming Dynasty, Dingkou was as rare as the morning star. " According to the population statistics in the twenty-four years of Kangxi, the population of Sichuan Province, which experienced large-scale wars, was only over 90,000. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the Sichuan Basin after the war finally calmed down, and a number of new local officials began to take office. In the eyes of these ambitious officials, I don't know how rich Sichuan is. However, when they rode to the new official residence, they found that the legendary land of abundance was so desolate, broken and riddled with holes. Huguang fills Sichuan

In the seventh year of Kangxi, Dedi Zhang, the governor of Sichuan Province, played Emperor Kangxi with great anxiety, showing a strong sense of hardship. He said: "I am honored to be appointed as the highest local official in Sichuan by the emperor and come to this war-torn place to show my great ambition. But now, when I stand in the devastated past, I can't increase my income, and it's hard to collect taxes, which makes me feel embarrassed, unable to eat or sleep. I was sent by the emperor, but I am loyal to the country and the court. After a few days of thinking, I feel that there seems to be no other good way to attract immigrants to reclaim land and rebuild their homes. " Historical materials of Ming and Qing dynasties, title book of the Ministry of Housing. Governor Zhang also mentioned some immigration methods in his memorial. For example, local officials in neighboring provinces of Sichuan can be ordered to check those Sichuanese who left their homes because of the war and register them, and then Sichuan can "send officials to take over them" or the government can directly introduce immigration policies and move people from densely populated provinces to Sichuan through administrative means. Emperor Kangxi, sitting on the dragon chair in the Forbidden City, is also struggling with the taxation and reconstruction of the whole country. He received memorials from local officials in Sichuan, called relevant departments to listen to relevant reports, officially promulgated an imperial edict entitled "Recruiting People to Fill Sichuan in the Thirty-third Year of Kangxi", and ordered large-scale immigration from Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong and other places to Sichuan.

Huguang fills Sichuan

The historical background of "Huguang filling Sichuan" is in the Han area of Sichuan today. If you visit some old people and ask them where their ancestral home is, nine times out of ten you will get the same answer: "My ancestors moved in from Huguang to Sichuan. If you continue to ask, "Do you know why your ancestors had the action of filling Sichuan with Huguang?" Often the same answer: "The Eight Heavenly Kings suppressed Sichuan! "Thus, most Sichuanese believe that the ancestors of the Han people in China were not Sichuanese, but moved from Huguang. The reason for moving in was that Zhang (known as the Eight Kings shortly after Zhang Uprising) suppressed Sichuan during the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty. This statement has had a wide and far-reaching impact. The so-called "Huguang" refers to the provinces of Huguang. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, it belonged to Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and some parts of Sichuan. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it governed Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Hainan provinces and parts of Hubei, Sichuan and Guangdong. In the Ming Dynasty, it ruled Hubei and Hunan provinces. Bashu area in Tang Dynasty was at the forefront of national economic and cultural development. In the Song Dynasty, its economic and cultural development was still in the advanced ranks in the whole country, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty. The population of Bashu area accounts for 23.2% of the whole Southern Song Dynasty, but the fiscal revenue accounts for 1/3 of the whole Southern Song Dynasty, and the supply of military food also accounts for 1/3. It was the main economic basis for the Southern Song Dynasty to persist in the war of resistance against Japan, and there was even a sigh of "before Shu perished in the Song Dynasty". Sichuan has experienced seven great migrations in history. For the first time, after Qin destroyed Shu and Pakistan, thousands of Qin immigrants entered Shu, about 40,000 to 50,000. The second time, from the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the population of northern China moved southward. During this period, a large number of immigrants from Shaanxi, Gansu and other places adjacent to Sichuan entered Sichuan from Qinling. The third time, in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, northerners moved south all over the country. At this time, Shaanxi and Gansu immigrants entered Sichuan; The fourth time was at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, southern immigrants mainly from Hubei entered Sichuan. The fifth time, Yu Sheng immigrated to Sichuan in early Qing Dynasty. The largest number of immigrants this time were Hubei and Hunan (at that time, the administrative region was called "Huguang Province", and part of Guangxi was also under its jurisdiction), and the immigrant population reached more than 6.5438+0 million. Now the folklore "Huguang fills Sichuan" is a great migration when the blood and tears of Laochuan people are about to run out, which is a specific historical concept. The sixth time, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was liberated to the whole country in advance, and many people fled or "Nangan" settled in Sichuan; The seventh time was the Three Gorges immigrants from the end of 20th century to the beginning of 2nd/kloc-0th century, and many people settled in Sichuan. Huguang fills Sichuan

Then, why is there "Huguang filling Sichuan"?

Long-term large-scale war

Bashu soldiers and civilians tried their best to persist in the long-term resistance to gold, and finally won the great victory of preventing the gold soldiers from entering the Sichuan basin, and then persisted in the war of resistance against Mongolia for half a century. The war was basically fought inside the basin. Mongolian troops entered Chengdu three times, and Mongolian Khan Mongo was also wounded and died in the fishing city. The long-term tug-of-war has caused great losses to people's lives and property. From the whole Sichuan area, there is even a record that "Shu people suffered many disasters, countless deaths and injuries, and there was nothing in a thousand miles" ("Yu Ji: Epitaph of Lady Shi Shicheng", see Volume 20 of Daoyuan Xuegu). There are inevitably some exaggerated elements in these words, but there is no doubt that the economy is extremely broken and the population has dropped sharply. Because in the tug-of-war of nearly 50 years, in addition to the destruction of war, agricultural production has withered due to long-term war, and food is in serious shortage. "Woye thousands of miles, inaccessible, no fixed abode. If you don't plow, you can't harvest in autumn and plant in spring "(see Wu Changyi's introduction above), which was an inevitable reality at that time. In addition, in the Song Dynasty, many government troops took advantage of the fire to rob, or "plundered the people's wealth" or "burned in the official clan", so that "the chaos is worse than the enemy's disaster" ... Therefore, it is said that there are more enemies in the field than foreign enemies, and this disaster cannot last for one day "("Wu Changyi: On Four Things to Save Shu "). These records were written by Shu people at that time and should be credible. Due to the above reasons, the population of Bashu area in Yuan Dynasty dropped sharply to less than one tenth of that in Southern Song Dynasty. See the previous chapter "Nationalities and Population" for specific figures. In the face of such a serious broken situation in Bashu area between Song and Yuan Dynasties, the rulers of Yuan Dynasty did not take measures to organize immigration by the government except reclaiming land to ensure the basic needs of military food. Without labor, production cannot be resumed. Therefore, in the Yuan Dynasty, the economy of Bashu didn't get obvious recovery in recent 100 years. According to the book Statistics of Household Registration, Fields and Land Taxes in China in Past Dynasties written by Liang, the tax paid by Sichuan provinces to the central government in Yuan Dynasty was the third lowest among the non-ethnic minority provinces in China, accounting for only 0.96% of the national fiscal revenue. In addition, according to the data of Food Records of Yuan History, among all provinces and regions in Sichuan, wine tax accounts for the third lowest, vinegar tax accounts for the first lowest, and business tax accounts for the third lowest. Compared with the Southern Song Dynasty, which accounts for about one third of the total income of the Southern Song Dynasty, this situation can hardly be reduced. At the end of the yuan dynasty, the fire of the peasant uprising of the Red Scarf Army burned everywhere. Ming Yu Zhen, a subordinate of Xu Shouhui, led the army into Bashu, and later claimed to be the king of Gansu in Chongqing, and later changed his name to proclaimed himself emperor. Ming Yuzhen was a native of Suizhou, Huguang (now Suixian, Hubei), and his troops were basically farmers in Hubei. Ming Yuzhen not only brought hundreds of thousands of troops, but also brought a large number of farmers with less land and more people into Bashu area with less population and less land to cultivate agriculture. This should be the beginning of the famous "Huguang fills Sichuan". For example, in the Preface to Liu's Genealogy, it is said: "During the chaos of the Yuan Dynasty, Hunan people often came to Shu together" (see Volume 4 of Yi Weng's Family Collection). Yu Zhen's "Daxia" regime in the Ming Dynasty only existed for two generations and nine years, and was unified by the Ming Dynasty established by Zhu Yuanzhang. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Huguang immigrants continued to flow into Sichuan. In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (138 1), the population of Sichuan increased to1460,000, and foreign immigrants, especially Huguang immigrants, accounted for the main part of the population increase in this period. As Wang Weixian's "Nine Immortals Memorial" in Volume 5 of Guangxu's Tongchuan Official Records said: "Yuan Fa, wherever the army and horses come, only those who do something will be slaughtered. Shu people such as Yu Jie and Yang Li can't survive, and Sichuan suffers alone. Zhongjiang County was opened in the early Ming Dynasty, with seven or eight indigenous households and the rest from other provinces. " These immigrants will soon become Sichuanese. Huguang fills Sichuan

In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), Dedi Zhang, the governor of Sichuan, recorded a review of the elders in Sichuan in an essay: "Chachuan Province is a relic, and most of its ancestral homes are Huguang people. The old people who visited the countryside said that every time Sichuan was robbed in the past, there would be no soil, and mainlanders had no choice but to fill in the place. " (Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties 10 (Part II) Household Journal 2007 1 1 month 16) This is how the so-called large-scale migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" began and reached its first climax in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties. This is a long-term immigration movement that lasted until the end of Yuan Dynasty, the beginning of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty. Compared with historical truth, folklore has obvious expansion and rendering, and there are also some deviations. The historical event of "Zhang suppressed Sichuan" also happened. Compared with historical facts, folklore is somewhat wrong and distorted. See Yuan Tingdong: Biography of Zhang, Sichuan People's Publishing House, 198 1 edition. If these deviations or mistakes are excluded, we can see that the so-called "Huguang filling Sichuan" has been a great integration of population and culture for many years, which has a great influence on the development of Bashu history. Nine times out of ten Sichuanese are not from Laochuan, and most of them are descendants of Huguang immigrants. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Sichuan had a population of nearly 10 million. By 1234, when the Mongols invaded the Song Dynasty, the population consumption was reduced by more than half. 1282, there were only 600,000 people left in Sichuan. 1362, Suizhou Ming Yu Zhen established Xia State in Chongqing, and many Chu people entered Sichuan. 137 1 year, the Ming army destroyed Xia Hou and continued to emigrate in large numbers. It didn't come to an end until 140 1 There were about 4 million people in Sichuan in the late Ming Dynasty. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Sichuan suffered a catastrophe. This area has been in a state of large-scale war for a long time: peasant leader Zhang Yu 1639 launched an uprising in Sichuan at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and 1644 established the Daxi regime after entering Sichuan for the second time. The landlord armed forces, the Qing army and the Nanming army attacked the rebel army together. In November of the following year, Zhang was killed in Xichong, killing more than half of the people in Sichuan. 1647 to 650 years ago, the Ming army fought for power and profit, and the war continued; From 1650 to 1659, the rest Zhang entered Sichuan and fought fiercely with the Qing army in northern Sichuan. From 1660 to 1664, the Qing army suppressed the insurgents and searched for the remnants of the Ming army; 1673 to 1680, Wu Sangui, king of the Qing army, rebelled and invaded Sichuan. The "San Francisco Rebellion" between the rebel army and the Qing army lasted for seven years. These wars lasted for more than 30 years. The landlord killed the peasant uprising, the peasant killed the reactionary landlord, the Manchu killed the Han people, and the Han people killed the Manchu people, "leaving no chickens and dogs."

Plague and disaster followed.

In the large-scale war, people kept tearing at each other and there were bodies everywhere. Plague came with the war, and "big head plague", "horse eye plague", "horseshoe plague", plague and natural disasters followed. China's population has dropped sharply, and its cultivated land is barren. Under this specific historical condition, in order to solve the problems of labor force and grain production in Sichuan, the Qing Dynasty adopted the measures of "reclaiming land for wasteland", and ten immigrants from Yu Sheng, such as Hubei and Hunan, settled in Sichuan one after another, with Hubei and Hunan being the most. According to statistics, this migration lasted for more than 100 years, and the number of people entering Sichuan was about one million, of which Hubei and Hunan provinces each accounted for half. Among the immigrants in Hubei Province, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position.

The background of the implementation of the policy of "Huguang filling Sichuan"

In the immigration history of China, the "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty was a noteworthy historical event. Huguang fills Sichuan

The reason why Sichuan has to "fill in" is because the population is extremely sparse and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising and entered Sichuan. /kloc-proclaimed himself emperor and established political power in 0/2, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became the land of four wars: the Ming army killed indiscriminately, the Qing army killed indiscriminately, the local strongmen killed indiscriminately, the rural hooligans killed indiscriminately, and Zhang was also suspected of killing indiscriminately. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's war with the Qing army after anti-Qing. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000. After reunification, the Qing government implemented a series of "filling Sichuan" policies. Mainly to encourage immigrants from other provinces to enter Sichuan for reclamation. If it is stipulated that anyone who wishes to enter Sichuan will be given an acre of land as a permanent career. Poor people in all provinces who bring their wives to Sichuan can be naturalized. The preferential policies for recruiting people in Sichuan are closely related to the promotion of political achievements of officials at all levels and the encouragement of reclamation and recruitment. Implement additional preferential tax policies. Kangxi issued a letter to the mu of land reclaimed by immigrants, which stipulated that taxes would not be levied until five years later. And breeding populations will never be given. It also stipulates that the origin authorities of immigrants and people who have settled in Sichuan should cooperate with the transfer and verification, arrange household registration and be included in Jiabao. These policies have created a good environment and conditions for immigrants.

Conditions, Forms and Quantity of Macheng Immigrants Entering Sichuan

According to the data provided by Guangxu's New Records of Guang 'an Prefecture, the Huang and Ma nationalities in Hubei accounted for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an Prefecture. Hubei and Hunan together account for about 60%. The immigration of Huguang into Sichuan has greatly promoted China society. Among them, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position in Sichuan. Geographically speaking, Hubei Province is closest to Sichuan, and the Yangtze River flows into Sichuan Basin. In ancient times, it was the best route to enter Sichuan. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, migrants from Macheng, Hubei Province filled Sichuan, and the most people entered Sichuan and left their jobs. There are three immigration conditions in Macheng: first, Macheng is not far from Chongqing; Second, Macheng immigrants have a long history. In Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, a large number of Macheng immigrants entered Sichuan. Third, it is related to Zhang's peasant uprising. Zhang stayed in Hubei for a long time, and then moved to Huguang and Jiangxi, especially Macheng, where many farmers joined the army. So many of Zhang's men are Macheng people. After Zhang's defeat, some people stayed in Sichuan anonymously. The first form of immigration into Sichuan is to enter Sichuan by order. The immigrants in Nanchuan County, Sichuan Province are Huguang people, especially Goose Feet and Daqiu in Xiaogan Township, Macheng (Macheng set up four townships in the early Ming Dynasty, Xiaogan Township entered Xianju Township in the Chenghua year). At that time, when the imperial court issued the imperial edict "Biography of Chu Shimin", the grass-roots implementation departments used the method of binding villages by force, so the origin of immigrants was not only the same as place names, but also small place names. The ancestor of Ma Shitu, a famous writer, was from Macheng. During the Qianlong period, the four brothers Ma reclaimed land in Macheng. They went up the Yangtze River to Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian County) and left the curved hills and sandbars in Shi Baozhai for more than ten miles. Later, the small place names here were called Majiashan and majiawan. Ma's four people have multiplied more than a thousand people in Pingchu Village near the Yangtze River. The second is to survive and deposit in Shu. Ai Wu, a famous writer, was born in Xiaogan Township, Macheng, and made a living by farming. However, due to the loss of land, in the mid-Kangxi period, under the background of "Huguang filling Sichuan", he had to go to Xishu for survival, so he took his wife and belt and entered Sichuan from the Yangtze River waterway, and finally chose the plain at the junction of Xinfan County and Pengxian County in Chengdu, and cut in line with trenches to occupy agriculture. The third is to do business in Shu. In the early Qing Dynasty, the trade between Hubei and neighboring Sichuan was very convenient, and some of them settled in nearby Sichuan. For example, Liu Tingqi, who was originally from Macheng, Hubei Province, ordered his family Liu Junchen to settle in Zhongjiang "Xiangtu" in the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi, and then settled in Zhongjiang with his wife. The fourth is to settle down as an official. For example, Liang Guangyu, commander-in-chief of Sichuan Longying, was originally from Huguang Macheng. After entering Sichuan, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, and then he lived in Sanmuli, Quanmen Township and Jiangyou County, Wu Jia. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were more than one million immigrants from Macheng, half of whom came from Hubei and Hunan. There are about 300 thousand people in Hubei. Macheng undoubtedly occupies an important proportion. However, how many people went to Sichuan in Macheng? The author consulted the county annals of Macheng in Qing Dynasty, but did not record the great event of this immigration. According to the household registration records of Macheng County Annals printed in Guangxu 8 years of Qing Dynasty, the population of Macheng in Jiajing 35 years of Ming Dynasty was 148240. The population of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty in forty-seven years was 1 16234. The registered population in the early Qing Dynasty was 1 10287. Inferred from this figure, there may be 37,953 people who immigrated to Sichuan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Of course, there are also people who participated in the peasant uprising in Zhang. But it is estimated that the number of immigrants is around 30 thousand. If this figure is true, it accounts for 10% of the total number of immigrants in Hubei. There should be more at county level. This does not include the number of people who entered Sichuan in the early Ming Dynasty. If counted together, it is estimated that there are no fewer than 65,438+10,000 people. According to Hu Zhaoxi, a professor at Sichuan University, 58 genealogies of Chongqing, Hechuan, Nanxi and Guang 'an were studied many years ago. Before the Qing Dynasty 1 18 households entered Sichuan, of which 85 households were Huguang, and 65 of them were from Macheng. Huguang fills Sichuan

Management and Function of Immigrants in Macheng, Sichuan Province

First, relatively centralized management of Macheng immigrants. For example, Yunyang, "The city is divided into north and south banks. During the Hongwu period, people from the south bank migrated from Xiaogan, Macheng, Huguang and other places. People from the north bank were all expatriates in Kang Yong, but there were more people from Hubei and Hunan." (Xianfeng's Yunyang County Records) For naturalized immigrants, strengthen household registration management, print receipts, and incorporate them into Jiabao to make them feel at ease in farming. Second, introduce new crops and planting techniques. For example, crops and technologies such as sweet potato, sugarcane, sericulture and tobacco planting in Macheng were all introduced to Sichuan by immigrants. Third, promote business development. Macheng businessmen operate key industries such as mountain products and grain, and also trade in iron pots, cloth shops, hemp shops, wine shops, pig shops, porcelain, miscellaneous grains and other commodities. Fourth, population reproduction. For example, in the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (137 1), Gan Chengxian of Xiaogan Township in Macheng, Hubei Province led his family to move to Ganjiagou in Fusheng. Hundreds of years later, his descendants multiplied and developed into surnames with a large number of people near the water. Now it is mainly concentrated in Fu Sheng, Fenghe, Ba 'er, Shiyong and other places. Scattered throughout the county. "Fifth, spread culture. For example, Kan Changyan, a native of Macheng, was a scholar in the eighth year of Yongzheng, and served as the county magistrate of Deyang, Sichuan in the fifth year of Qianlong (1740). During his tenure, he "often visited Long Mu to persuade farmers to teach mulberry" and wrote a book "Family Affairs" according to the natural and economic conditions in Sichuan. In terms of weather, geographical location, people and harmony, the book tells many farming activities, such as grasping farming time, improving soil and paying attention to farming techniques. Sixth, immigrants keep in touch with Macheng. A famous writer, the ancestor of the Tang Dynasty, moved from Macheng to Xinfan, Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty, and came with the rhyme of "strong hope to inherit the ancestors and be virtuous", which was passed down from generation to generation. Ai Wu's father's generation is Kun. It was at the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the population doubled and there were not enough names, so people were sent to Macheng to visit their ancestors' families, and only many rhymes were brought back and printed on the genealogy. The first two sentences are "Tao is generous and benevolent, making contributions and showing courage to learn." Ai Wu took this poem as the word generation of "Tao" and was named Tang Daogeng by his father. Macheng

Some counties mainly live in Macheng.

1. Guang 'an House (Guang 'an) "Hunan and Hubei are full of affection, and jute is always abundant". According to the data provided by Guangxu's New Records of Guang 'an Prefecture, the Huang and Ma nationalities in Hubei accounted for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an Prefecture. Hubei and Hunan together account for about 60%. According to Mao Mao's My Father Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping's hometown is Guang 'an County. About one third of the people from Huang An and Macheng, Hubei Province were recorded in Guangxu Guang 'an County Records. Deng Xiaoping's ancestors may have migrated from Macheng. According to Mao Mao's book, "Many people who have studied my father's life have also studied our family and family history. Some people say that our family is an immigrant from Hubei. -Even my uncle said that when I was a child, I heard adults say that the Deng family moved from Hubei. " (My Father Deng Xiaoping, page 23) Mao Mao's uncle Duncan works in Wuhan. He has been to Macheng many times and thinks that Deng's ancestors are from Macheng. It can be seen that the ancestors of Comrade Deng Xiaoping probably immigrated from Macheng. Second, Linshui County. According to county records, there are as many as 65 kinds of immigrant surnames, of which "Hubei is the most, especially Macheng in this province." Among them, famous families, such as Gan Jiabin, Zhengqing, and the commander-in-chief Bao of Taiwan Province in Dali Temple in Qing Dynasty, were all Macheng people. Gump mentioned it before. Bao Jiaming's Hongwunian (137 1) moved to Lvdou Bay in Xingren Township with Bao from Xiaogan Township in Macheng, and now he is concentrated in Xingren, Neighborhood and Crossroads. Thirdly, in Xinning County (now Kaijiang), the most popular name of Macheng immigrants in Ming Dynasty was Zhang, who was originally from Macheng. In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was moved to Jielongqiao, Shashuwan and Zhangjiawan respectively, and passed to 18 generation. There were Zheng, Gao and Xue surnames in Macheng in Qing Dynasty. Fourth, Pengxian County. In the Ming Dynasty, the Zhou family in Macheng moved to Shu in the early Ming Dynasty, and lived in the Wild Duck River in Peng County, which is now the hometown of Wannian. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Huang moved from Macheng to Baziping in Shengping, Peng County. Fifth, Jintang County. Chang surnamed Zhang, moved from Macheng to Kanto in Jintang County in the early Ming Dynasty, and took several imperial examinations. Up to now 15 generations. Sixth, Xuanhan County. In the Yuan Dynasty, Xiang, Ran and Yuan moved in from Macheng. In the Ming Dynasty, 49 surnames moved in, of which Macheng accounted for 22. Moved into 18 Macheng, 3 Macheng in Qing Dynasty. Seventh, nanbu county. Wang Xing's branch moved from Macheng in the early Qing Dynasty, and it has been passed down for about 20 generations, with 120 celebrities living in the terrain. Many towns and villages have ancestral temples. Zhang entered the county from Macheng in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, and it has been passed down from generation to generation 16. Eighth, Yuechi County. Kang was born in Macheng, and moved to Sanxiang County in the 23rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi. Fan Zu was born in Macheng and also entered the four townships of the county at the same time; Fu surnamed Xiaogan, Macheng, Qingganlong 12 entered the county. In 2 1 year, Jiang moved Kangxi to six towns in Qing Dynasty. In addition, Nanchong County, Tongnan County, Xindu County and other Macheng immigrants are more. 5. Among the outstanding talents of Macheng immigrants, there are many officials and writers. Recently, the second series of "The Road to Economists" published by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Press included the article "Memories of the Spring and Autumn Period of 1980s" by Hu Daiguang, a famous economist of Peking University. The article said: My ancestors were originally from Macheng County, Hubei Province. Because the peasant revolutionary movement led by Zhang in the late Ming Dynasty was later suppressed by government forces, Sichuan aborigines were scarce, and most of the land was barren and uncultivated. Therefore, the Qing government adopted the policy of emigrating to Sichuan. It was in this situation that my ancestors moved to Sichuan from Macheng County, Hubei Province during the reign of Kangxi (now most Sichuanese moved from other provinces). According to the article Li Peng, son of Yanhe written by Kuen Yeung of Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, "According to Li's genealogy, Li's hometown was originally in Macheng County, Hubei Province, and later moved to Qingfu County, Sichuan Province. It is not known when it moved. " According to a survey sent by Macheng to Qingfu Town, Gaoxian County, Sichuan Province, 1936 "Rebuilding Genealogy" was found, and its preface reads: "Wuqing Li moved here from Macheng, Hubei Province for hundreds of years. I have been studying in this home for a generation. " The postscript to the genealogy says, "My family is a sect of Chu, and the third season is obviously a disaster, which cannot be tested." As mentioned earlier, famous writers such as Gan Jiabin, Dali Temple Zhengqing, and Taiwan military commander Bao, Bao, Bao and Bao all came from Macheng.

The influence of editing this paragraph

More than 300 years ago, "Huguang filling Sichuan" brought different regional cultures and lifestyles to Sichuan and injected fresh blood into Sichuan. Even Sichuan's unparalleled appeal and assimilation come from the rich immigrant culture, and these immigrants from other provinces have become the ancestors of most Sichuanese. However, not long ago, the Hakka Research Center of the Provincial Academy of Social Sciences submitted to the National Social Science Office the research results of "Huguang filling Sichuan and the ecological environment and social changes in western China", but it showed that "Huguang filling Sichuan" had a direct damage "trace" to Sichuan's ecological environment. Are these famous historical immigrants really the chief culprit in destroying the ecological environment in Sichuan?

Vegetation resources are seriously damaged.

Lan Yong, director of the Institute of Historical Geography of Southwest University, studied the ecological environment in Southwest China for many years and made a speculation about the situation at that time: "In the early Qing Dynasty, the vast Chengdu plain and shallow hills were once agricultural reclamation areas, but the coverage rate of shrubs, grasses and secondary forests has recovered to about 50%, and other long-term reclamation areas in the basin are mostly covered by shrubs and forests at this time. In the eight years of Shunzhi, the cultivated land in Sichuan was less than 1.2 million hectares. " Chen also introduced that from the post-war to the arrival of the immigration climax, forest vegetation had a short recovery. "The city is lush grass, and the countryside has become a jungle", and even the once prosperous Chengdufu has become a "miscellaneous forest in the city". In the early Qing Dynasty, mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests were mainly distributed in Bashan area in northern Sichuan. After immigrants entered Sichuan, the agricultural reclamation in Sichuan gradually advanced from the initial reclamation of plain wasteland to the middle of hilly and mountainous areas, and the scope of reclamation further reached the top of hilly and mountainous areas. At that time, mountain fields prevailed, terraces appeared, and soil erosion was serious. The total area of cultivated land is millions of hectares, and the forest vegetation is seriously damaged.

Species such as the South China Tiger gradually disappeared.

Experts agree that during the first year of Qianlong, expanding the scope of cultivated land to mountainous hills through immigration development was a sign of breaking through the traditional scope of farmland reclamation, but it was also the beginning of the gradual decline of ecological environment. In terms of forest species resources, some animal communities are decreasing, and the number of organisms and even species is disappearing. The disappearance of the South China Tiger in northern Sichuan in the Ming Dynasty is a good example. The record of the tiger disaster in the early Qing Dynasty is as follows: "Until the early Qing Dynasty, South China tigers were widely distributed in Sichuan, indicating that the reclamation rate was still relatively low and the forests were dense." "Xixiang County has deep mountains and dense forests, and tigers are often seen. Tigers eat people in Qingxi and Sangyuan. " Since Qianlong, tigers have been infested along the provincial roads of Shu, but they have dropped sharply since the early Qing Dynasty. Therefore, with the influx of immigrants, the process of species disappearance has obviously accelerated.

Droughts occur frequently.

It is found that geological and geomorphological disasters, droughts and floods have occurred more frequently in Sichuan since the great immigration. From16th century to17th century, drought disasters occurred most frequently in the whole Ming and Qing dynasties, especially in the eastern part of the basin in17th century. Chen and other related experts found that the great migration period is a dry year in the basin, which occurs once every three years on average. This is consistent with the statistical conclusions of Sichuan historical drought table:1once every 3.3 years in the 6th century,1once every 3 years in the 7th century,1once every 3.7 years in the 8th century, and1once every 0.2 years in the 9th century.