During the formation of the Three Kingdoms, in the 13th year of Jian 'an of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty (2008), Sun Quan and Liu Bei joined forces to defeat Cao Cao's army in Chibi of the Yangtze River (now northwest of Chibi, Hubei), laying the foundation for the Three Kingdoms.
After Cao Cao basically unified the north, he trained sailors in Xuanwu Pool and took measures against the Guanzhong area where unrest might occur. Then, in July of the 13th year of Jian 'an, in order to unify the north and south, he sent more than 100,000 troops to conquer Jingzhou (now Hubei and Hunan). He led more than 200,000 troops (so-called 800,000) south. At this time, Sun Quan has conquered Xiakou (now Wuhan) from Jiangdong, opened the gateway to Jingzhou in the west, annexed Jing and Yizhou (governing Chengdu) and then developed northward; Liu Bei, who was attached to Liu Biao in Jingzhou, took Zhuge Liang as his counselor and made a strategy of taking advantage of Jing and Yi, uniting with Sun Quan and marching into the Central Plains, and practiced the water army in Fancheng. Cao's weaknesses, such as hard work, acclimatization, being shorter than water war and lack of food, strengthened Sun Quan's determination to resist Cao Cao. Sun Quan, regardless of the main opposition Zhang Zhao, appointed Zhou Yu as the viceroy, Cheng Pu as the deputy viceroy, and Lu Su as the commander of the praise army. He led 30,000 elite sailors, joined forces with Liu Bei for about 50,000, and went up the river and entered Xiakou.
After Cao Cao captured Jiangling, he took Wen Pin, the general of Liu Biao, as the satrap of Jiangxia, and still unified his own army to guard Hanchuan (now Jianghan Plain). Liu Zhang, an animal husbandry in Yizhou, also sent troops to supplement Cao Cao's army and began to pay tribute to the court. Cao Cao is proud and underestimates his enemy. He didn't listen to Jia Xu, the counselor, and sent a letter to intimidate Sun Quan, claiming to fight Wu. In winter, the pro-unification army goes hand in hand along the Yangtze River.
Sun and Liu joined forces behind the gorge, and then they went back to the river to meet Cao Jun and meet at Chibi. Cao Jun last stand, who lost his prestige, was readmitted and returned to Jingzhou. His fighting capacity was poor and all diseases prevailed, so that he lost the first battle. He hurriedly retreated to the north shore, stationed in Wulin (now Honghu, Hubei) and confronted the allies across the river.
Cao Cao ordered the warships to be connected, which reduced the turbulence and facilitated the boarding of northern soldiers. They want to step up their training and attack by standing by. In view of the long-term disadvantage of being outnumbered, Zhou Yu is determined to find a chance to make a quick decision. According to the weakness of Cao Jun's "serial ship", Huang Gai suggested fire attack, which was well received. Huang Gai immediately sent someone to send Cao Cao a fake surrender letter, and then set off with dozens of ships. The front 10 boat is full of dry firewood soaked in oil, covered with cloth, planted with the flag agreed with Cao Cao, tied with a canoe and headed for Wulin along the southeast wind. When approaching the other side, Cao Jun, who let his guard down, rushed over and watched Huang Gai come down. At this point, Huang Gai ordered the firewood to be lit, and each boat was changed to retreat. Fireboat broke into Cao Jun's fleet in the wind, and suddenly it was ablaze, and the fire quickly spread to the shore camp. The allied forces took advantage of the situation to attack, and Cao Jun suffered heavy casualties. Knowing that the defeat was irreversible, Cao Cao ordered the burning of the remaining ships and led the army to retreat.
The allied forces inscribed on Chibi Mountain in Chibi City went hand in hand with the water and pursued Cao Jun. Cao Cao led his troops away from the riverbank, took a shortcut to Jiangling, crossed Huarong Road (now diving in the south of the Yangtze River), met with mud, rode grass and ran away. Cao Cao left Coss guarding Jiangling, while Man Chong stayed in Dangyang and returned to the north.
Zhou Yu and others confronted Coss across the river and sent Gan Ning to attack Yiling (now Yichang). Coss divided his troops around Ganning. Zhou Yu led the army to rescue and defeated Cao Jun, then crossed the north bank of Jiangtun and continued to confront Coss. After Liu Bei returned to Xiakou from Jiangling, he returned to Hanshui and went around behind Coss. Coss knew it was difficult to continue the stalemate, and he was forced to retreat the following year.
Battle of Red Cliffs and Cao Cao were conceited, underestimating their enemies, making mistakes in command, having a weak water army and a plague in the army, which eventually led to defeat. Sun Quan and Liu Bei calmly analyzed the situation in the face of strong enemies, formed an alliance to resist the Japanese war, enhanced the strength of water warfare, and skillfully attacked with fire, thus creating a famous war example in China's military history.
[Edit this paragraph] Comments
Before Chibi, Cao Cao's advantages were very great: first, Cao Cao's "serving the son of heaven to make him not a minister" (opponents of Cao Cao called it "relying on heaven to make him a vassal"), and it was naturally difficult for other vassals to contend with political correctness; Second, Cao Cao went south with the army he had just won, and his spirit was self-sufficient; Third, Cao Cao's strength is several times that of Sun and Liu. And the defeat of Cao Cao in Chibi, traditional historians emphasize his pride in underestimating his enemy. For example, Zhang Zuoyao's Biography of Cao Cao said: "Cao Cao is extremely excited and easily carried away by victory." Cao Cao didn't take advantage of the victory to completely defeat Liu Bei and missed the fighter plane.
Pei Songzhi, who annotated the reflection, disagreed. He believes: "Cao Caochu came to Jianghan, which not only deterred YueYang; The water warfare tool endowed with Liu Biao, taking advantage of Jingchu, will be a good opportunity to shock and outline; If you don't take this opportunity to take Wu, will you be safe? " Pei Songzhi also commented: "As for the defeat of Chibi, there is luck. In fact, it is vigorously promoting the peak of disease damage, and the wind comes from the south and is used as a burning potential. This is true, very embarrassing? " In his view, Cao Cao's timing in Battle of Red Cliffs was correct, and the victory of Sun Liu's allied forces also had an element of luck.
However, since Cao Cao has such an advantage, the record of Sun Liu's joint army is even more brilliant. In this battle, Sun Da praised the power of water warfare and skillfully attacked it with fire, which is a famous example in the history of China.
Traditional comments generally ignore the popular factors. Cao Cao blamed the failure on illness. He wrote to Sun Quan, saying, "Battle of Red Cliffs, who is seriously ill, burned his boat alone and settled for the second best, making Zhou Yuxi famous all over the world." Chen Shou also mentioned many times that Cao Jun had an epidemic.
Li Yousong's article "Discussion on the Relationship between Cao Cao's defeat in Chibi and Schistosomiasis" points out that the reason for Cao Cao's defeat in Battle of Red Cliffs is "disease"-acute schistosomiasis. The battlefield in Battle of Red Cliffs was precisely the area where schistosomiasis was seriously prevalent at that time, and it was the infection season of schistosomiasis at that time. Battle of Red Cliffs starts in winter, but Cao Jun migrates and trains in autumn. Cao Cao's water army was infected with schistosomiasis before the Middle War in Battle of Red Cliffs, and it took more than a month to get sick, which made it exhausted and vulnerable in the war. However, Liu and Sun's troops have been engaged in production and life in schistosomiasis endemic areas for a long time, and the soldiers have more or less developed certain immunity. However, this view is also flawed. Cao Cao's water army mainly comes from Jingzhou water army. The immunity of these soldiers to schistosomiasis should be similar to that of Sun Liu Lianjun, so it should be other diseases.
The book History of Cao Cao's Hegemony, published and written by Chen, analyzes the reasons for Cao Cao's defeat. He blamed the main failure on the southeast wind.
Cao Cao used soldiers like gods. As the saying goes, "Speak of the devil, and he will arrive", that is, Cao Cao fought like wind and invaded like fire. Liu Bei abandoned the army in Xuzhou because he was unprepared, and a similar situation occurred before the Chibi War in Jingzhou. Due to Cao Cao's cautious use of military force, the reason for Battle of Red Cliffs's defeat was not only Zhou Yu's own analysis, but also Zhou Yu's concealment of a climatic fact. In Dongting Lake area, due to the topographic wind, when the weather clears up, southeast wind may blow to confront it. This is unexpected for Cao Cao, who grew up in the north, and it is an advantage for people who grow up near the Yangtze River.
[Edit this paragraph] Cao Cao went south to pursue Nagano.
In the autumn and July of the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao began to travel south. He asked Yu Xun for advice. Yu Xun said, "Now that you have unified China (the Yellow River Basin), the south has shaken. You should take advantage of the situation to get out of the leaf and bay quickly, make Jingxiang afraid and calm Jingzhou. " (Note 2)
In August, Liu Biao died. Sure enough, Liu Bei heard that Cao Cao went to Wancheng to abandon Xinye and went to Xiangyang. Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao. At this time, everything is so smooth that Cao Cao has basically reached the strategy of going south.
There is only one old enemy left, Liu Bei. At the moment, he is fleeing to Dangyang with "100,000 people" and is about to go to Jiangling, a military town. Therefore, Cao Cao sent his own elite troops "Tiger and Leopard Ride" with 5,000 men, "traveling for more than 300 miles a day and one night", catching up with Liu Bei in Changban, defeating Liu Jun's main force, "seizing the trench of his second daughter and collecting his scattered troops". (Note 3)
Liu Bei Biography of the Three Kingdoms said: "My late master abandoned his wife and rode with Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, and Cao Gong was highly valued by others."
"Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhang Fei" records: "Cao Gong chased him, one day and one night, in Dangyang, Osaka. When my late Lord heard of Cao Gong's death, he left his wife and made Fei ride twenty horses. Fly away according to the water, the bridge broke, he slammed a spear and said, "I'm from Zhang Yide, but I can come to die!"! "Invincible dare to approach, so avoid it."
Zhao Yunzhuan, the History of the Three Kingdoms, records: "My late master was chased by Tsao Gong in Changban, Dangyang, leaving his wife to go south. The weak son, the Queen Mother, protected Mrs. Gan, the Queen Mother."
In a word, there are many similarities between its form and the description in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, except that Cao Cao did not have 830,000 troops. It should be said that this pursuit war shows the powerful fighting capacity of Cao Jun elite cavalry, and also shows Liu Bei's military career all his life. Judging from the strength comparison, the two sides can be said to be invincible.
The water army led by Guan Yu met Liu Bei in the Han and Jin Dynasties, so that he did not suffer from extinction, and Liu Bei fled to Xiakou. The attempt to occupy Jiangling against Cao Cao failed.
Cao Cao led the troops to occupy Jiangling and obtained a large number of strategic materials for warships, which made Cao Cao decide to go further south and completely destroy Liu Bei and Sun Quan.
As early as Cao Cao's southern expedition, Sun Quan dispatched troops to Chaisang and sent Lu Su to Jingzhou to explore the reality (Note 4). As a result, Liu Biao died and met Liu Bei. The two sides decided to form an alliance, and Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang as a special envoy to Soochow.
[Edit this paragraph] Cao Cao's continued southward movement and Sun Quan's determination to break the enemy.
After Cao Cao occupied Jiangling, he crossed the river to destroy Liu Bei. At the same time, with 300 soldiers and miscellaneous things, I sent a letter to Cao Gong, who worshipped Su as the satrap of Guanghan.
A Liu Bei's strength in this period can refer to Zhuge Liang's words recorded in the "History of the Three Kingdoms": "Today, Guan Yu has a water army of 10,000 people, and Liu Qibing has no fewer than 10,000 people in Jiangxia."
However, this statement is obviously put forward for the sake of improving the status of the alliance and obtaining equal treatment, so its moisture is not small.
Lu Su's Biography of the Three Kingdoms (which should be a joint biography of Zhou Yu, Lu Su, Monroe and others, the same below) quotes Lu Su's language from Wu Shu: at first, the people in Yuzhou were not the same.
Even the "one school" soldiers were not enough, which shows that Liu Bei was really at the end of his tether.
"Biography of Jiangbiao" records: Liu Bei "had 2,000 soldiers with feathers and flies, but Cao Cao had to withdraw his troops in December of the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, and failed to continue south.
So it can be seen that although Battle of Red Cliffs suffered a lot, the overall strength of Cao Jun is still far greater than that of Sun Liu, but it is not enough to continue crossing the river for the time being. You know, two years later, Cao Cao also defeated Xiliang.
Therefore, although Cao Cao burned his navy warship, Cao Cao's army still maintained a considerable number, and the elite troops basically did not lose. Only because of the failure of the navy, Cao Cao could not cross the river, and with the plague, Cao Cao had to give up his attempt to land at Chibi.
Most of these lost warships were left by the former Jingzhou, and their water army was also a local soldier in Jingzhou. This is where Battle of Red Cliffs Cao Cao's direct losses came from, and although the troops indirectly lost due to the plague were not small (note 10), they were not too many compared with Jingzhou Water Army, which shows that it has always been a "clique"!
B During this period, Liu Beijun's strength began to increase. According to Biography of the River Table, Zhou Yu was the prefect of Nanjun and was assigned to the South Bank as a backup. Beibie camped in Youjiangkou and changed its name to Public Security. When Liu Biao's officials saw that they belonged to the North Army, they rebelled and prepared.
It can be seen that Liu Bei has not been idle in Jingzhou these years.
Then Liu Bei took over the counties in Jingnan to further strengthen his own strength. Only two years later, Liu Bei can fight on two fronts. Biography of the Three Kingdoms: "The ancestors left Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others in Jingzhou and sent tens of thousands of people into Yizhou. ..... The late leader joined the army with more than 30,000 people, and his armored equipment was very rich. "
Liu Bei is really not simple, but he succeeded a little late. According to the biography of the reflection of Lu Su, the reserve army wanted to see the influence of Beijing, asked the governor of Jingzhou, and Sue persuaded him to borrow it, but * * * refused Tso. Cao Gong heard the right to prepare the land industry before writing a book.
C As for the strength of Wu Jun, there has been little change. Although some northern soldiers were collected and many horses were obtained during the attack on Coss (note 1 1), they also suffered casualties.
Should still maintain the original strength.
[Edit this paragraph] Battle of Red Cliffs Cao Cao's deployment
Cao Cao bought Jiangling from Cao Cao before October of the 13th year of Jian 'an, and the number reached hundreds of thousands. At the same time, he appointed Wen Pin as a general, and "formulated the northern army code" to guard the Jiangxia border. At the same time, the army continued to go south to Wulin, ready to land in Chibi.
So did Cao Cao arrange an absolute main force on the Wulin line? The answer is yes.
The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Cao Incheon records that from Pingjingzhou, he recruited the southern generals with benevolence and stayed in Jiangling, rejecting Zhou Yu, the general of Wu.
"The Story of the Three Kingdoms Cao Chunchuan" records that Liu Bei was chased in Nagano after taking Jingzhou, and his second daughter was dismissed as a trench. Into Jiangling.
According to the biography of the Three Kingdoms and Yue Jin, he left Jingzhou and stayed in Xiangyang.
"The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Huang Xuchuan" records: Starting from Jingzhou, don't be a model.
The biography of the reflection of Man Chong records that in the 13th year of Jian 'an, Jingzhou was collected from Mao. The army came back, leaving a pet for General Wei Fen to bask in the sun.
Zhao Yan's Biography of the Three Kingdoms records: Taizu took Jingzhou as the prefect, moved the commander to protect the army, and protected the seven armies of Ban, Zhang Liao, Zhang He, Li Dian and Feng Jie.
It can be seen that almost all Cao Cao's generals have arrived. Didn't these generals go to Wulin and stay in Jingzhou? The answer is no.
The so-called "staying in the chariot" means that it is not the deployment before the final battle of Wulin, but the deployment after the final battle.
Want to know the reflection is based on wei, Battle of Red Cliffs is the stain of jun, naturally not much to write, there would be no concrete deeds of them. For example, your first physical surname will be banned, and his biography doesn't even have the words "from Pingjingzhou". If he is not mentioned in Biography of Zhao Yan, we have no evidence that he arrived in Jingzhou.
Another example is Zhang Liao, who mentioned in Yu Xin's "Ode to the South of the Yangtze River": "Zhang Liao fought against Chibi and Wang Jun fought against Baqiu".
It can be seen that Cao Cao's main forces have all gone to Chibi. He hoped to take Jingzhou Water Army as the main force, and then take advantage of the absolute strength to cross the river, but he overestimated Jingzhou Water Army and underestimated Wu Jun and the Yangtze River.
[Edit this paragraph] Cao Cao Battle of Red Cliffs's mistake
In fact, Zhou Yu has made an incisive exposition on this issue, and the four points he analyzed should be said to be the fatal injury of Cao Cao.
(1) Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Kansai, which is Cao Cao's future trouble.
The Kansai Army has always been a threat to Cao Cao.
(2) Give up the pommel horse, compete for the boat and compete with wuyue. This is not directed by China;
Cao Cao also understands this truth. He hoped to use Jingzhou Water Army against Wu Jun, but he was wrong. The contact war before Battle of Red Cliffs proved everything. This is why Cao Cao locked the warship, but it was only because of this that he was attacked by the enemy. In the final analysis, it is caused by the poor water army.
(3) It's cold now, and the horse has no grass;
"The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Sun Quanzhuan" records that the soldiers were hungry and most of them died. It can be seen that horses have no forage and people are not much better. Hunger and plague are two major problems that plague Cao Jun. Even if there are many such troops, it is difficult to win.
(4) Driving China scholars to travel far and wide in rivers and lakes, if they are not used to the water and soil, they will be ill.
Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Cao Cao: Going to Chibi is not conducive to preparing for war. So there was a great epidemic, many officials died, and they led the troops back. There are Jingzhou and Jiangnan County.
Biography of Jiangbiao records: (Cao Cao) Hou Shu and Quan Yue said, "Battle of Red Cliffs was ill, and his boat burned out alone, which made Zhou so famous." Plague has become a key factor in war.
(5) Liu Biao's new audience has not returned to their hearts.
[Edit this paragraph] Cao Cao's marching route
1. Attack route:
"The History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi" records that in autumn and July, Liu represented the south, and in August, he was a pawn. Zi Cong Dai transferred Xiangyang and Liu Bei transferred the model. In September, I surrendered to Xinye and prepared to leave Xiakou. Gong Chang drove straight into Jiangling. ..... From Jiangling, to Baqiu ... From Chibi, it is not good to prepare for it.
"The Story of the Three Kingdoms, Huang Xuchuan" records: Starting from Jingzhou, don't be a model.
"The Story of the Three Kingdoms Cao Chunchuan" records that Liu Bei was chased in Nagano after taking Jingzhou, and his second daughter was dismissed as a trench. Into Jiangling.
Zhao Yan's Biography of the Three Kingdoms records: Taizu took Jingzhou, took it as the prefect, moved the governor to protect the army, and guarded the seven armies of Ban, Zhang Liao, Zhang He, Li Dian and Feng Jie.
It can be seen that Cao Cao attacked from Xuchang on all fronts, basically attacking Jingzhou in a repressive way. It was this situation that frightened Liu Bei and frightened Liu Cong.
And Cao Cao's attack route is basically as follows:
Xu-Xinye (Fan)-Xiangyang (guarding Jiangxia)-Dangyang-Jiangling-Baqiu-Chibi.
2. Failure route:
"Purple Tongzhi Sword" records that Cao Cao led his troops to walk along Huarong Road, but encountered mud, impassable roads and windy. He knew that soldiers were forced to fill grass on it, but rode too many horses. The soldiers were beaten into the mud and many people died.
Legend of Heroes at the End of Han Dynasty records that Cao Gong suffered a crushing defeat in Chibi and realized osawa's dream. He was lost in the fog.
If the two records are consistent, then "Huarong Road" and "Yunmeng Ozawa" should be one place. Huarong Road in the Three Kingdoms Period was located in Jianghan Plain, south of Qianjiang and north of Jianli. Yunmeng osawa should be understood as including large swamps and sporadic lakes reaching Dongting Lake and Jiangling in the south.
However, there is a saying in the biography of the Three Kingdoms and Guo Family: "Taizu levied Jingzhou to return, and Baqiu was infected with the epidemic and burned his ship."
So are the records in Zi Tong Zhi Jian and Qun Ying Hui completely wrong?
I think so, too. Cao Cao passed Huarong Road from Wulin. Although the middle road was difficult or even lost, they finally reached Baqiu and retreated to Jiangling.
"Tongdian" records: "There is Cao Youzhou in the Sanjiangkou of Dongting Lake, and Cao Gong was defeated here." "Expanding Geography" records: "There is Cao Youzhou in Baqiu Lake, and Cao Gong was defeated by Sun Quan."
It is worth noting that there are two places in Baqiu: one is Yueyang today and the other is Chongren in Jiangxi today. Baqiu of Cao Cao's burning ship should be Baqiu of Yueyang; According to the Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhou Yu, Baqiu, which is recorded as "Zhang Yu, Luling and Baqiu Town", should be Chongren, Jiangxi.
To sum up, all Cao Cao's trips can be summarized as follows: Xu-Xinye (Fan)-Xiangyang-Dangyang (Chasing in Changban)-Jiangling-Baqiu-Chibi (Defeated)-Huarong Road (Yunmeng osawa)-Baqiu (Burning Ships)-Nanjun-Qiaocheng.
[Edit this paragraph] Sun Liu United military action line
Liu Bei's Biography of the Three Kingdoms records: "Cao Gong took Jiangling as the army, fearing to follow it first, so he released the trench and ignored the army and went to Xiangyang. I heard that my late master passed away ... and it was in Changsaka, Dangyang ... My late master tended to Han Jin, adapted to the badminton club and was freed. When I met my eldest son Jiangxia, the satrap of Zhong Qi, I went to Xiakou with him ... I sent Zhou Yu and other tens of thousands of water troops to fight Tsao Kung in Chibi with my late Lord, breaking it and burning his ship. My ancestors went hand in hand with Wujun and went straight to Nanjun. "
This record is already very detailed:
Xinye-Xiangyang-Dangyang (defeated)-Hanjin-Xiakou (stationed with Zhou Yu)-Chibi (victorious)-Huarong Road-Nanjun.
According to the Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang, as for Xiakou ... the ancestors were in Chaisang, waiting to see if they could succeed.
According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms and Biography of Zhou Yu, Yu and others were all sent to unite against Tsao Gong. When he met Chibi ... the public army was defeated and led to Jiangbei. Yu and others are on the south bank ... the army was defeated and the Confederate army was protected. Prepare to launch a * * * chase with Yu et al. Tsao Gong left Coss and others to guard Jiangling City and went back to the north.
It is also clear:
Chaisang-Xiakou-Chibi-Wulin-Jiangling.
The two armies should meet at the gorge or near the estuary.
[Edit this paragraph] The time when Battle of Red Cliffs occurred.
In July of the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao began to explore the south and occupied Jiangling in October. So in which month did Battle of Red Cliffs happen?
The History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi records: "In December ... the public collected it from Jiangling ..."
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty records that the sun will be eroded in the late October of the winter solstice. At noon in December, former general Ma Teng was called Wei Yan. In September, Cao Cao and Zhou Yu fought in Chibi, and Cao Cao's army was defeated.
It seems to have happened in Battle of Red Cliffs in the 13th year of Jian 'an.
However, Zi Jian and Hou both recorded October (note 12).
Otherwise the Romance of the Three Kingdoms said in November:
Zhuge Liang said, "On the 20th, Jia Zi offered sacrifices to the wind, and on the 22nd, Bing Yin cleared the way. How about it? " ..... Kong Ming said, "After November 20th, you can teach Zilong to wait on the south bank by boat." .
In fact, all three statements have some truth. First of all, according to October, Battle of Red Cliffs can actually be said to be an encounter, because Cao Cao only occupied Jiangling in October, and the battle in the same month ended; Secondly, according to 1 1 month, it seems neither too early nor too late, but unfortunately, this view is based on novels, and its credibility naturally cannot be compared with official history; According to the most authoritative statement in the History of the Three Kingdoms, Battle of Red Cliffs broke out in the winter of the 13th year of Jian 'an, but this view is somewhat contradictory to other records.
"The Story of the Three Kingdoms and Jiang Ji" records: "In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Sun Quan led a crowd to surround Hefei ... He believed, burned it, surrounded it and used it all. It can be seen that the Battle of Hefei ended in the 13th year of Jian 'an, so if Battle of Red Cliffs happened in December, Cao Cao could still run from Jingzhou to Hefei during this time, and he was too nervous to explain the time at all.
However, there is a record in "Calendar Day 3,500": "Five sons in the thirteenth year of Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In December, the new moon at noon, the slight cold in Shen Bing in the 15th and the great cold in the 31st. Leap in December, Renzi new, fifteen for beginning of spring. "
In other words, the thirteenth year of Jian 'an is a leap in December, so all the tense time is natural.
As for October 1st, it is quite contradictory with other records in the History of the Three Kingdoms.
The History of the Three Kingdoms and Emperor Wudi records that people marched into Jiangling and ordered Jingzhou officials and people to join in and start over. On the merits and demerits of Jingzhou's submission, fifteen people took Wen Pin, the general of Liu Biao, as Jiangxia's satrap, ordered him to unify his troops, and cited Han Song, Yi Deng and other Jingzhou celebrities.
It shows that Cao Cao occupied Jiangling for a long time to stabilize the situation.
The biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhou Yuchuan records that it is cold now, and the horse has no grass.
"Severe cold" should be interpreted as the dead of winter. October is hardly called the dead of winter, while December is the "great cold on November 31st".
In addition, the October theory is not clearly pointed out in Zi Zhi Tong Jian and The History of the Later Han Dynasty that Battle of Red Cliffs occurred in December, but it is vaguely recorded and has room for manoeuvre. It is estimated that the authors of the two books have doubts about this time, but they have not reached a conclusion.
To sum up,1February should be the most authoritative and reasonable explanation.
In the 13th year of Jian 'an, the whole month of winter and December was from 65438+February 25th in 2008 to 65438+1October 23rd in 2009. Battle of Red Cliffs happened in this period.
Summary language
History goes with the river, and the smoke clears. Many people say that Cao Cao won't fail after listening to Jia Xu's advice, but I think Cao Cao has his own opinion.
When lamenting Cao Cao, in fact, we should pay more attention to Zhou Yu, the "black silk scarf of feather fan", his chic "talking and laughing" and the earth-shattering fire in Wulin.
In 208, the first snow was so red. ...
The reflection of Battle of Red Cliffs's main first-hand historical data is the reflection of the three kingdoms written by Chen Shou.
There are many contradictions among Shu Wei, Shushu and Wu Shu in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. According to the above historical data, Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian lists the process of Battle of Red Cliffs (see Volumes 65 and 66).
In recent years, archaeological discoveries have begun to supplement official records. 1973 A bronze stirrup in the late Eastern Han Dynasty was unearthed, which was printed with a tile inkstone in the eighth year of Jian 'an (2003), as well as bronze mirrors, ceramics and arrows in the Eastern Han Dynasty. 1976, iron rings, nails and bronze mirrors of the Eastern Han Dynasty were found in the soil layer more than one meter below Chibi Mountain. In the same year, another hook made of copper, iron and jade was found on Chibi Mountain.
[Edit this paragraph] Where is Chibi?
Battle of Red Cliffs has been discussing the issue of "Red Cliff" for many years, and various theories have been called "New Red Cliff War" by modern media.
For hundreds of years, historians' discussion on the location of the "Chibi" war has been called "New Chibi War" by the media. Generally speaking, there are at least seven kinds of "Red Cliff Theory": Puyin Theory, Huangzhou Theory, Zhongxiang Theory, Wuchang Theory, Hanyang Theory, Hanchuan Theory and Jiayu Theory. From the modern and contemporary point of view, the focus of the debate is between Pu Yin's theory and Jiayu's theory, while historical publications and evidence of discovered cultural relics are more inclined to Pu Yin's theory.
Pu Yin said.
Yin Falu's Notes on the Translation of China's Ancient Literature: "The Red Cliff is in the northwest of Puyin County, Hubei Province, on the south bank of the Yangtze River." "Yuanhe County Records" also said: "Chibi Mountain is 120 miles west of Pu Xian County, facing the great river in the north, and its northern shore is Wulin, that is, Zhou Yu used Huang Gaice to burn Cao Gong's boat." Hu Sansheng's "Zi Tong Zhi Jian" and Tan Qixiang's "Atlas of Chinese History" also adopted this theory. Since 1970, a large number of cultural relics from the Eastern Han Dynasty have been unearthed from Chibi Mountain in Puyin and Wulin on the other side of the Yangtze River, including the bronze stirrup unearthed in 1973, the tile inkstone engraved with the words "Jian 'an Eight Years" (2003), and the sunken ship site in Chibi Mountain in 1976. On January 26, 2008, Puyin was officially renamed as chibi city .56666.666666689804
Jiayu said
Both Ancient Chinese edited by linguist Wang Li and Selected Works of China Literature edited by Zhu Dongrun believe that Chibi lies in the northeast of Jiayu County, Hubei Province. If we trace back to the source of this theory, there is evidence that the Draft of the Unified History of Qing Dynasty was quoted from Zhu. "Notes on Water Classics" said: "Chibi Mountain is in the south of Bairen Mountain, and it should be in the northeast of Jiayu County, at the junction with Jiangxia, and go to Wulin for 200 miles." This statement was later recognized by Yang Shoujing, a famous geographer in the late Qing Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] "Purple Tongzhi Sword" Battle of Red Cliffs
Sima guang
Original text:
At the beginning, Lu Su heard of Liu Biao's minions and said to Sun Quan, "Jingzhou is close to the country, with dangerous mountains and rivers, fertile soil in Wan Li and rich scholars. If there is evidence, the emperor's capital is also there. Now that Liu Biao is dead, the two sons are at odds. The generals in the army are different. Liu Bei is fierce in the world, and there is a gap with Cao Cao. If you are going to live in harmony with him, you should be calm and make a good alliance; If there is any deviation, it is advisable not to draw it to help the great event. Sue asked someone to hang the watch of her second son, and comforted those who used it in the army, and said that he would be prepared to care for the people all over the world and rule Cao Cao with one heart and one mind, and he would happily do as he said. If there is harmony, the world can be settled. If you don't leave soon today, you may be the first to do it. " On the right is the delivery line. When I arrived in Xiakou, I heard that Cao Cao had gone to Jingzhou, and he was on his way in the morning and evening. Compared with Nanjun, but the bush had already got off, and he was ready to go south and meet him in Changban, Dangyang. Su Xuan appeared in the newspaper, discussing the world's major events, showing his hospitality, and asked Bei, "What does Yuzhou want today?" Bei said, "I have an old friendship with Wu Ju, the satrap of Cangwu, and I want to vote for him." Su Su said: "Sun pursues intelligence, kindness and kindness, and respects wise and humble people. He once belonged to six counties, and his soldiers had enough refined food to make a difference. Today is your plan, so I will send my heart to the East to help the world. And if you want to vote for Wu Ju, giants are mortal, and in distant counties, they will be merged by others. Is it enough? " I am very happy. Sue called Zhuge Liang and said, "I am a good friend." That is, * * * fixed. Zi Yu, Ming Di Jin Ye, avoided chaos in Jiangdong, and became a long history of Sun Quan. I plan to live in the wall of Hubei county when I am idle.
Cao Cao went down the river from Jiangling, and Zhuge Liang said to Liu Bei, "It's urgent. Please order General Sun for help. " So both Lu Su and Sun Quan are interested in Sun Quan. When Liang saw that Chai Sang was in power, he said, "There was chaos at sea. The general set out for Jiangdong, and Liu Yuzhou took over Hannan to compete with Cao Cao for the world. Today, the defeat of barbarians is a great disaster, and it is a little flat, so Jingzhou is broken and the world is awesome. Heroes are useless, so Yuzhou fled here. May the general do what he can! If you can compete with China with the people of wuyue, it is better to give up early; If not, why not put armor on soldiers and do it in the north! Today, in the name of submission, the general is hesitant, and things are urgent, and it never rains but it pours! " Quan said, "In that case, why didn't Liu Yuzhou do it?" Liang Yue said, "Tian Heng, a strong man of Qi, still has his righteousness and does not humiliate him; In addition, Liu Yuzhou's royal family has outstanding talents and is admired by all the people. If things are not good, this is heaven and security can be restored! " Quan flew into a rage and said, "I can't support the whole land of Wu, and hundreds of thousands of people are subject to others." I'll decide! " You can't be Cao Cao unless you are Liu Yuzhou. However, after Yuzhou's new defeat, is it hard for Ann to resist this? "Liang said," Although the Yuzhou army was defeated by Nagano, there are still 10,000 troops in Guan Yu's water army, not less than 10,000 in Jiangxia's Liu Qibing. Cao Cao's men came from afar, exhausted. I heard that I was chasing Yuzhou, so I rode for more than 300 miles and spent one hundred and one nights. This so-called "a spent force cannot penetrate Lu" is also true, so the art of war is taboo, saying "you must be a general." Northerners don't learn to fight in water; Moreover, the people of Jingzhou are attached to the operators and are not convinced by the situation. Now, the general can lead tens of thousands of soldiers to form a brave army and defeat Cao Cao's army together with Yuzhou Xiegui. If Cao Cao is in Pojun, he will return to the north; In this way, Jing and Wu are strong and walk on their feet. The chance of success or failure is today! "QuanDaYue, conspiracy under its group.
At that time, Cao Cao wrote a telegram saying, "It's almost time to resign, and Liu Cong gave up. Today, there are 800 water conservancy troops, and Fang and the generals will hunt in Wu. " Under the strength of the group, it will be shocked and eclipsed. Zhang Zhao, a long history, and others said, "Cao Gong and Gou Hu also conquered all directions by relying on the emperor, using the imperial court as an excuse. Today, he refused, and things got worse. And the general trend can refuse to hold, the Yangtze River also; There are candidates in Jingzhou today, Liu Biao is in charge of water conservancy, and Meng Chong has thousands of warships. Cao Cao knew that they were drifting along the river, both infantry and land. This is the risk of the Yangtze River that has always been with me. And powerful. It is better to satisfy a stupid plan than to satisfy it. " Lu Su said nothing alone. Have the right to change clothes and pursue Yu Xia. Knowing his intention, Su Quan shook his hand and said, "What do you want to say?" Su Su said, "I just want to make ordinary mistakes, but I don't want to do anything important. Today, you can see Cao's ears, just like a general. Why is there still a long way to go? Nowadays, Cao Cao should repay the hard-working party with Su and enjoy its prestige. He is still not lost to Cao Cao, riding a calf, being a servant, making friends with literati and being tired of officials, so he is not lost to counties. The general welcomes Cao Cao. Do you want to go home safely? I hope to make a big plan early, don't use everyone's discussion! " Quan sighed and said, "The people all hold this proposal and are very disappointed. Today, you have a big plan, you are with me. "