(Institute of Marine Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao 26607 1)

Most of the oil and natural gas found off the coast of China are produced in terrestrial Tertiary basins. Although a breakthrough has been made, the geological reserves of petroleum are still insufficient, especially the super-large oil and gas fields have not been discovered so far. Based on Zhu Xia's petroleum geology theory, this paper proposes to explore new exploration fields, strive to explore Mesozoic oil and gas, strengthen the study of marine basin-hydrocarbon generation-reservoir formation, and make a preliminary evaluation of oil and gas prospects.

Mesozoic oil and gas; Tethys residual basin; Prospective evaluation

This year marks the tenth anniversary of Mr Zhu Xia's death. He is a well-known geologist at home and abroad, and devoted his life to the development of petroleum geology in China. "Activity Theory" is the most classic academic thought that Zhu Xia persisted for a long time, which effectively guides and applies to the oil and gas exploration practice in China. In order to cherish the memory of Mr. Zhu Xia's great achievements, inherit and realize his unfinished legacy and scientifically predict the Mesozoic oil and gas geological research in the sea area, we made a preliminary assessment of Mesozoic oil and gas prospects in some sea areas of China for discussion (Figure 1).

1 North and South Yellow Sea Basin

As early as 1970s, when the oil and gas exploration in Subei Basin was under great pressure, people raised many questions about the structural attributes of the basin. The focus of discussion is mainly whether the basin is on the subsidence zone or the uplift background. This is related to the evaluation of oil and gas prospect in the basin. In this regard, Zhu Xia published "A Corner of Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin from the Perspective of Structural Analysis" in 1975, and considered it to be another subsidence zone belonging to Yanling in Bohai Bay Basin in North China. Later, with the discovery of a series of oil and gas fields such as Dai Nan, Chujialou, Zhenwu and Liu Zhuang in northern Jiangsu, Zhu Xia's assertion was proved correct from theory to practice.

1. 1 South Yellow Sea Basin

The basin is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic rift basin developed on the basis of the lower Yangtze platform, with a total area of about 8.5× 104km2, and consists of three structural units, namely, the northern basin south of Qianliyan uplift in the northern boundary (northern depression), the central uplift and the southern basin north of Wunansha uplift in the southern boundary (southern depression).

In addition to drilling to reveal the lower Yangtze Late Paleozoic strata, it is also confirmed that the basin basement and the Jiaodong block in the western margin belong to the lower Yangtze block according to [1].

The southern margin of Jiaodong block (1) is mylonite, eclogite and ultrabasic rock exposed in the border area with northern Jiangsu, which is the product of collision and nappe between the lower Yangtze plate and the North China plate and strong tectonic dynamic action. Its authenticity can be ascertained in the field geology of Zhubian, Junan.

(2) The eastern margin of Jiaodong Block-extending from Weihai, Rongcheng, Wendeng, Rushan, Jiaonan, Rizhao and Junan to northern Jiangsu, with a length of more than 400 kilometers, interspersed with ultra-high pressure metamorphic rock series between NE-trending shear faults, with a large number of eclogites and garnet peridotite. Especially, the coesite eclogite exposed in Rongcheng, which comes from 65,438+000 ~ 65,438+020 km underground, belongs to ultrahigh-pressure material rising in the upper mantle, and its age is determined to be 230 ~ 240 Ma, indicating that overpressure occurred immediately after the collision between two continents or the subduction of oceanic crust, which can be interpreted as important evidence of plate tectonic movement mechanism, Moho surface properties and continental nappe structure [3

Figure 1 Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin map of China sea area and its adjacent areas

1. Bohai Bay Basin; 2. North Yellow Sea Basin; 3. North basin of South Yellow Sea; 4. Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin; 5. East China Sea shelf basin; 6. Okinawa Trough Basin; 7. Southwest Taiwan Province Basin; 8. Taiwan Province Strait-Taixi Basin; 9. Pearl River Mouth Basin; 10. Qiongdongnan basin; 1 1. Beibu Gulf Basin; 12. Yinggehai Basin; 13. South Gaby Basin; 14. Wan 'an Basin; 15. Nanwei Basin; 16. Malay basin; 17. Zengmu Basin; 18. Brunei-Sabah basin; 19. Lille basin; 20. Northwest Palawan Basin; 2 1. Meigong Basin

(3) The middle part of Jiaodong Block-located in the area from Laiyang to Zhucheng, some foraminifera and fossils belonging to southern strata were found in the late Mesozoic sedimentary basin of Jiaolai on metamorphic basement and in the conglomerate layer at the bottom of Laiyang Formation. Their discovery challenges the traditional view that Jiaodong block belongs to North China block. There is no doubt that the existence of gravel is that molecules have moved to the lower Yangtze block and become mixed rock mass [4];

(4) Northern margin of Jiaodong Block —— In the southern area of Qixia, Yantai, a set of shallow metamorphic rock profiles are exposed on both sides of the steep canyon from Nanbao to Zaolin along the Fenzishan Group. 1958, the former Changchun Institute of Geology established "Penglai Group", with a regional scale of1:200,000, and the age was set as Sinian. The profile consists of Baoshan Kou Formation, Pukuang Formation, Nanzhuang Formation and Xiangkuang Formation, with a total exposed thickness of 50 18m. The Institute of Marine Geology conducted many field investigations and studies on this profile, and found brachiopod windowless shellfish fossils in Nanzhuang Formation, which were identified as Late Devonian-Carboniferous by Nanjing Institute of Paleontology and Professor Yang Zunyi [5]. 1In August, 1992, when Professor Xu Jinghua held a seminar on "Tectonic Facies" in Qingdao, he observed this section in the field, and combined with the geology of Jiaodong, he thought that the tectonic facies in Jiaodong had the characteristics of melange, which was the result of the nappe collision between the lower Yangtze plate and the North China plate, and could be connected with the Gyeonggi-do block on the Korean peninsula at the eastern edge of the basin. It is speculated that the strata originally planned to be Sinian (phyllite and silicified limestone have no fossil basis) drilled by Well Huang 2 in the northern depression may be the strata seen in Qixia, Jiaodong.

When the South Yellow Sea Basin was formed, the late Mesozoic strata were first deposited on the lower Yangtze basement. Taking Well Huang 7 as an example, the drilling thickness is 1065m, the lower member is mainly lacustrine deposits, and the upper member is equivalent to Taizhou Formation in northern Jiangsu. Its geological age is defined as Late Cretaceous, and it is covered by Paleocene Funing Formation. British Kraft Oil Company once drilled Taizhou Formation in Zhucheng 1-2- 1 well in North Austria, and found liquid crude oil and strong asphalt fluorescence in core fractures, which are the main source rocks in the basin.

The eastern part of North Australia is close to the South Korean sea, and deep Mesozoic stratigraphic deposits are observed from the seismic profile. It can be predicted that Mesozoic oil and gas in the South Yellow Sea Basin has a good exploration prospect [2].

1.2 North Yellow Sea Basin

The basin is located at 37 47 ′ ~ 39 02 ′ north latitude, east of the western boundary12150 ′, and connected with the West Sea of Korea. The basin area is about 5. 1× 104km2, and the basement is the North China Platform.

Due to the low degree of exploration, the basin structure has not been fully understood. According to incomplete statistics, from 1977 to 1994, North Korea has drilled 13 wells in the West Korean Bay Basin. Among them, the 6 10 well drilled by Australian Meridian Oil Company at 130km (about 124 east longitude) was tested in Cretaceous sandstone with a depth of 2,284 ~ 2,305m, and the 606 well was tested in Jurassic-Cretaceous, which is equivalent to a daily oil production of 310.

Offshore drilling did not drill through the complete Triassic and Lower Jurassic profiles. The Upper Jurassic is collectively called Longcheng Group, which is divided into Longsheng Formation and Zhou Xinyi Formation. The lithology is sand shale with thin coal, which is a good source rock. The maximum thickness of Cretaceous drilled 1536.4m (unperforated) is mainly sandstone, which is a good reservoir and can be compared with Anzhou Basin in South Korea and Jiaolai Basin in Jiaodong area.

Tertiary section with Oligocene as the bottom was drilled in Xihanwan Basin, but no Eocene strata were found, and Oligocene was covered by Paleocene volcanic rocks unconformity.

Under the background of regional uplift, a series of small depressions developed in the basin. In the late Mesozoic, the strata are generally 100 ~ 600 m thick, and only the central and southwestern depressions can reach 2000 m; Paleogene is a set of coal-bearing strata; The sedimentary thickness of Neogene and Quaternary is only 300 ~ 600 m [1].

According to comprehensive geophysical data, the North Yellow Sea Basin is a Mesozoic-Cenozoic intracontinental rift basin characterized by horsts, graben and tilting fault blocks, with island uplift in the north and Liu Gongdao uplift in the south.

The tectonic division of the North Yellow Sea Basin can be divided into three zones: the southern depression zone, with an area of 900km2, is the largest Paleogene depression in the basin, with a buried depth of 2700m at the bottom boundary and a stratum thickness of 2000m in the lower and late Mesozoic, including three secondary depressions; The central depression zone includes six sub-depressions, covering an area of 992km2, and the late Mesozoic strata are 3500m thick. The northern depression belt includes three secondary depressions, with an area of about 9 18km2, which is the sedimentary center of the late Mesozoic.

According to the recent earthquake investigation, it is further recognized that the North Yellow Sea Basin is a rift basin dominated by Mesozoic sediments. It can be confirmed that on the basis of breaking through the oil export barriers, Mesozoic commercial oil and gas is just around the corner. To sum up, the Mesozoic continental deposits in the South and North Yellow Sea basins have met the petroleum geological conditions for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation, especially in the North Yellow Sea basin.

Two shelf basins in the northern South China Sea and the East China Sea

When Zhu Xia was alive, he attached great importance to the formation of the regional tectonic pattern of the North-South Zoning of the East China Sea, the East-West Zoning of the South China Sea and the North-South Zoning. He believes that this special tectonic framework includes two different tectonic systems, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, reflecting the different tectonic background distribution of the South China Sea and the East China Sea.

During the period of 1986, under the leadership of Academician Liu Guangding, the series of geological-geophysical maps of China sea area were compiled, and at the same time, Zhu Xia's report on the structural evolution of the Chinese mainland margin was heard. He said: "I once imagined that there was an active continental margin extending from the river through the southern slope and continental shelf of Hainan Island before the Late Cretaceous." "Is the marine Triassic-Jurassic here an alien pushed to the South China block?" [4]。

The South China Sea is the largest of the four seas in China and belongs to one of the marginal seas in the northwest Pacific Ocean. The South China Sea is surrounded by South China Mainland, Indo-China Peninsula, Kalimantan, Palawan, Luzon and Taiwan Province Province, with an area of about 3.5× 106km2, belonging to the traditional coastline of China, with an area of about 1.98× 106km2, with a length of about 3000km from north to south and a width of about/kloc-0 from southeast.

The northern shelf of the South China Sea starts from the Beibu Gulf in the west and reaches the Taiwan Province Strait in the east, with a northeast trend, with a length of about 1650km, a width of 1 10 ~ 500 km, a width of 150 ~ 200 m in the west and a water depth of 150 ~ 200 m in the outer edge. The Beibu Gulf at the western end of the continental shelf is surrounded by land on three sides, with a longitudinal length of about 642km, and the seabed in the northeast and northwest is wide and gentle, which obviously reflects that the underwater topography is an extension of land and has the characteristics of an ancient delta. The section from the east of Lei Qiong to the Pearl River Estuary has the largest width, exceeding 200km, and the widest point can reach 300km. It narrows eastward, generally only about 200km, and the narrowest point is only 149km.

The northern continental slope of the South China Sea extends to the northeast, wide in the west and narrow in the east, depending on the northern continental shelf. The length is about 150~450m ~ 450 m, the slope is 50 times that of the continental shelf, and the water depth is 3400 ~ 3600m. Its greatest feature is that Dongsha, Xisha and Zhongsha plateaus are distributed on the continental slope. Dongshahai Taibei is adjacent to the continental shelf, with a flat surface and a depth of less than10000m, and there are Beiweitan, Nanweitan and Dongsha Island on the platform. Zhongsha Plateau is located on a lower slope, with a water depth of about 1000m at the top of the plateau, and a nearly east-west Zhongsha Beihai Mountain Group is distributed on the steps with a water depth of 25,003,000 m in the northeast [5].

From 65438 to 0985, the Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey of the Ministry of Geology and Minerals cooperated with the lamont-Dougherty Geological Observatory of Columbia University to study the tectonic evolution history of the continental margin. In the comprehensive geophysical survey at sea, it is observed from the profile that the seismic reflection characteristics of Mesozoic sediments are displayed under Cenozoic sediments. Compared with the earthquake sequence in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, it is considered that Mesozoic sediments on this continental slope may belong to marine strata. According to the ESP6 seismic profile located in the south of Dongsha Uplift, the water depth here is 800 ~ 1400 m, the seabed is on the south slope, and there are many gullies with a relative depth of100 ~ 500 m. These gullies are the result of modern submarine undercurrent scouring. The Cenozoic sedimentation on the profile is 1800 ~ 4000 m, which is divided into upper and lower structural layers by T6 (the top boundary of Eocene). The upper structural layer is from the seabed to T6, and the lower structural layer is from T6 to Tg. There is a set of reflected waves below Tg, which are inclined to the north. According to the velocity spectrum data, the seismic layer velocity of this group of reflected waves is 5.05km/s, and its thickness is 5 ~ 7.8 km, which has layered reflection. Although it has undergone structural deformation, the sedimentary interface is still very clear. In the lower half (south) of the profile, the top of this layer has been obviously eroded, showing residual strata, and its bottom boundary is Mesozoic basement, which is presumed to be Jurassic bottom boundary. The thickness of the middle crust in the Cenozoic depression on the left side of the profile is 23.5km, and the Cenozoic sedimentation is 3km (interval velocity 1.9 ~ 4.7 km/s). The upper crust is 7.5km thick (layer velocity is 5.2 ~ 6.3 km/s), of which 5.2km/s layer should be Mesozoic deposit; Lower crust thickness 13km (interval velocity 6.6 ~ 7.3 km/s). The thinning of the crust may be caused by Cenozoic extensional movement (Figure 2).

Fig. 2 Seismic reflection profile of the south uphill slope of Dongsha Uplift (Yao Bochu et al., 1995)

Fig. 3 is the seismic profile of line 1788 made by foreign oil companies in the east of the Pearl River Mouth Basin. On the profile, Tg is the basement of Cenozoic sedimentation, T6 is the top boundary of Eocene and T2 is the top boundary of Miocene. Below Tg, there is a group of reflected waves with chaotic performance and weak energy. Except for a few reflected waves which can be traced continuously, the others are short-axis discontinuous reflections. However, the reflection wave at the bottom of the profile can be traced continuously, suggesting that it may be Mesozoic deposition. To the south, the center of the depression is 3.5 kilometers thick. In this set of sediments, there is a reflection wave R with strong energy and continuous tracking, which is supposed to be an unconformity surface in Mesozoic, and the Jurassic bottom boundary should be below it, and the Cretaceous sediments may be above it.

To sum up, the Mesozoic sediments shown on the seismic profiles of the continental slope and the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin are presumed to be Tethys residual basins. In terms of regional distribution, Dongsha volcanic arc is the boundary. Although they belong to different pre-arc and post-arc basins, they all belong to marine sedimentary system.

Fig. 3 Seismic reflection profile of line 1788 in the east of Pearl River Mouth Basin.

According to the research of Su Nairong et al. (1995) on the geological characteristics of Mesozoic sag in the eastern part of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, and through the reprocessing of seismic data, combined with the comprehensive interpretation of regional geological data such as gravity, magnetism and drilling, we think that the large dip reflection layer under Tertiary in the eastern part of the Pearl River Mouth Basin belongs to the marine Mesozoic (Figure 4).

The seismic line profile from the eastern end of Rudong-Shoal Depression to Penghu Beigang Uplift shows that the seismic reflection characteristics of the upper structural layer are dense, high-frequency, continuous, inclined and compressional folds, which are presumed to be k 1-J 1 stratigraphic deposits. The seismic reflection characteristics of the lower structural layer are sparse, low frequency, intermittent, inclined and invaded by magma, showing the nature of the basement.

The A- 1B seismic profile of Chaoshan Depression-Dongsha Uplift-Southwest Taiwan Province Basin-Lianjing shows that there is a set of strata with large dip angle and continuous traceable wave groups in Chaoshan Depression in the southeast of Dongsha Uplift, which is presumed to belong to K 1-J 1, which is obviously unconformity with the overlying Tertiary. It can also be clearly seen that the upper part of k 1, together with K2 (if deposited), has been eroded, forming a "residual basin". From the perspective of sedimentology, Mesozoic and Cenozoic are not a complete superimposed basin, but a "metamorphosis movement" between the upper and lower parts.

From the B-B ′ seismic profile, we can see the internal structure of Chaoshan Depression, which is separated by the central uplift zone. If the uplift was formed in the late stage, then the prototype of the depression may be a late Mesozoic residual basin, and there is still deep deposition of K 1-J 1 (Figure 5).

Fig. 4 Structural zoning map of the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin and its adjacent areas (revised according to Su Nairong et al. 1995)

Chaoshan Depression is located in the southeast of Dongsha Uplift, connected with the southwest basin of Taiwan Province, with an area of more than 15000km2 and a thickness of more than 4000m ... It is worth our special attention that the lower structural layer is interpreted as Jurassic, and its seismic reflection characteristics are "unusual", showing the characteristics of marine sedimentation, that is, the wave group has good continuity, the basin shape is wider and the distribution range is far wider than that of the upper structural layer (k/kl).

Figure 5 B-B' seismic reflection profile

Chaoshan Depression is located at the front of continental shelf, close to continental slope, and its geological structure seems to be different from other depressions north of Dongsha Uplift, which reflects the origin of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, and its movement from late Indosinian to early Yanshan has regional imbalance. Chaoshan depression is located in Tethys sea to a great extent, and the Mesozoic marine sediments in Chaoshan depression are typical. In fact, there are extensive strata exposed around the Pearl River Mouth Basin, and reliable marine fossils are encountered during drilling.

Both the Upper Triassic Xiaoping Formation and the Lower Jurassic Jinji Formation in eastern Guangdong are shallow-sea clastic rocks. The gray-black layered siliceous shale found by the German research ship Susafeng near mischief reef can be compared with the Middle Triassic exposed in North palawan island and karami's Ansan Islands, which belongs to the deep-sea sedimentary environment. Late Jurassic limestone containing ammonites was also found when drilling in the coastal area of northern Palawan. Early Cretaceous clastic rocks containing coral fossils were also encountered in reef drilling in the south of Liletan, belonging to shallow sea sedimentary environment. According to relevant data, marine Cretaceous strata have been confirmed by drilling in basins in western and southwestern Taiwan.

To sum up, the interpretation of geological and geophysical data can prove that Zhu Xia's viewpoint about the active continental margin in the northern shelf slope of the South China Sea existed before the Late Cretaceous.

In the early Mesozoic, the Kula plate was located in the east of China, not the Pacific plate. At this time, the Hainan landmass separated from Gondwana first collided with South China. The basalt with pillow structure exposed in Hainan Island is the oceanic crust material extruded during collision. This period is mainly characterized by compressive uplift, crustal thickening and fold thrust. Large-scale magmatism followed, forming huge volcanic rocks and huge granite basement [6].

Geologists in China once put forward the theoretical concept of "Tethys tectonic domain", believing that it represents a Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic domain, starting from the Alps fold belt in North Africa and southern Europe in the west, entering the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China in the east longitude, and then going south to the Malaysian and Indonesian tectonic belts [7].

From this point of view, the Tethys tectonic domain not only extends southward away from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but also enters the South China Sea from the north side of the Himalayas from the southeast along the Red River suture zone in northern Vietnam via Yinggehai, then passes through the continental slope trough in the northern South China Sea and the eastern part of Dongsha and Pearl River Mouth Basin, and is delayed eastward and blocked by the uplift of Taiwan Province Province, which is divided into two branches: the south and the north. Its southern branch extends from the eastern part of the Pearl River Mouth Basin to the southwestern part of the Taiwan Province Basin and enters the Philippine Sea.

According to the recent research by Xia Yuyuan and others (2000), the analysis of seismic facies characteristics shows that the Mesozoic strata in Dongshan-Shoal Depression in the northern South China Sea are generally more than 4,000 meters thick, the Mesozoic strata in Chaoshan Depression are more than 5,000 meters thick, the Mesozoic strata in Hanjiang Depression are 3,000-4,500 meters thick, and the Mesozoic depressions in the three depressions have an area of about 25000km2. From the characteristics of fossils found in the surrounding areas, it has the characteristics of Pacific fauna, indicating that the Tethys Sea may be connected with the Pacific Ocean at that time.

Another Tethys water system enters Taibei sag in the East China Sea and its eastern waters through the Taiwan Province Strait.

During the period of 1984 ~ 1987, the former Shanghai Offshore Oil Bureau successively drilled Lingfeng 1 well, Shimentan 1 well and Mingyuefeng 1 well in the middle of Wendong structural belt in Oujiang Depression. Results Well Lingfeng 1 reveals a set of Paleocene and Eocene marine strata for the first time, which are rich in foraminifera, dinoflagellate and calcareous nannofossils, and can be compared with international standard fossil belts. Later, it was found again in Shimentan 1 well, and it was widely distributed in Oujiang sag, forming the Paleocene "Lingfeng Sea", which ended in Eocene [8].

1997, Donghai Oil Company of China Offshore Oil Corporation cooperated with British Overstandard Oil Company to explore wells in Lishui 36-11in Lishui sag, Wendong, and made a new breakthrough in Paleocene marine oil and gas, with a daily output of 27.96× 104m3 of natural gas and condensate oil1.

According to the seismic profile interpretation of the East China Sea Shelf recently completed by Shanghai Offshore Oil Bureau, an emerging oil company, a set of sedimentary layers was added under Tertiary and classified as Mesozoic strata. The profile passes through Taibei sag to Wendong, and its attribute is not directly confirmed as marine or land-sea interaction by drilling. According to the author's speculation, from the northern part of Taibei sag to the southern part of Kyubi no Youko-Yushan fault, the Mesozoic sedimentary facies will gradually change from marine facies to marine facies. Seismic survey shows that there is Mesozoic "residual Tethys" deposit in this area, which intrudes eastward into Keelung Depression and becomes a hot spot in the new field of oil and gas exploration in the future.

3 Conclusion

According to different sedimentary facies and geological environment, Mesozoic oil and gas in China sea area can be preliminarily divided into two prospective areas.

(1) The northern sea area is mainly terrestrial. The North Yellow Sea Basin should be listed as the main exploration area in the future, and the target layer is Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (JBOY3 -K 1). Followed by the South Yellow Sea Basin, the target layer is mainly Taizhou Formation (K2), and the Mesozoic strata under it have not been revealed.

(2) The southern sea area is dominated by marine facies. Chaoshan depression in the eastern part of the Pearl River Mouth Basin should be listed as the key point. In order to quickly understand the oil and gas bearing property of Mesozoic strata interpreted as marine facies, drilling should be carried out at the central uplift of the depression in the morning. This is very important for the recent oil and gas prospect evaluation in this area (about 3× 104km2 in total in Chaoshan depression, northern continental slope and western end of southwest Taiwan Province basin).

(3) China's offshore oil and gas exploration, including Bohai Bay Basin, has been carried out in Tertiary sedimentary basins, and most of the oil and gas obtained belong to continental oil and gas, and the output is far from meeting the needs of national economic development. Therefore, it will be a strategic decision to expand the exploration field, explore Mesozoic oil and gas, and accelerate the increase of oil and gas production and reserves in the sea area.

At present, little is known about the prospect of Mesozoic oil and gas resources in this sea area, especially about the regional geological background and Mesozoic basins. It is hoped that at the arrival of the new century, the state will intensify Mesozoic oil and gas exploration, start with regional geological survey, select key points, and strive to evaluate the areas that are likely to make breakthroughs in a relatively short period of time, so as to promote a major breakthrough in offshore oil and gas development and make contributions to the rapid development of China's national economy.

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