It means to study the truth of things or correct people's behavior, and "a" here means "poor research" Knowing knowledge from things is an important concept of ancient Confucianism in China, and it later became an important issue of epistemology. "Book of Rites University": "What you know is useless, and then you know it." Song Sushi's "Xie and Shi Reading Table": "Respect for your majesty's sacred objects, civil and military are constitutional." Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wei Zhi Heqia: "If you are frugal, you can do it for yourself, so if you can save, you will lose more." Liu Tang Yuxi's Notes on the Wall of Tian Pingjun's Office: "Show the Philippines to enrich the people, and believe in rewards and punishments." . The history of development is an important concept in China's ancient Confucianism, which originated from The Book of Rites University: "Those who want to be virtuous in the ancient times should rule their country first, and those who want to rule their country should rule their family first; If you want to reunite with your family, you should first repair your body; If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first; If you want to be correct, be sincere first; To be sincere, you must know first, and you must know the style. If you know things, you will be honest, sincere, correct, repair, repair, rule the country, and rule the world. " At that time, "learning from the scriptures" was related to moral cultivation methods such as honesty, righteousness and self-cultivation. The purpose of learning from the scriptures is to make people reach the realm of sincerity, integrity, self-cultivation, family harmony and governing the country, so as to pursue the highest ideal of Confucianism-to level the world. Starting from Cheng Yi, a Neo-Confucianist in the Song Dynasty, the theory of "understanding knowledge by studying things" was discussed as an important issue of epistemology. He believes that "Wu Ge is poor, things are reasonable, and things are rare." Wu Ge means that things are poor, and Wu Ge's main ways are reading and discussing, responding to things and so on. Practice "it must be one thing today, another thing tomorrow, and more accumulated habits are the breakthrough." In this process from gradual accumulation to sudden infiltration, there are some reasonable views on people's understanding. On the basis of Cheng Yi's thought, Zhu proposed a systematic epistemology and its methods. He said that knowledge lies in me and reason lies in things. The difference between me and things is its "division of subject and object", and the way to connect the subject and object of knowledge is "knowing by things". Zhu's precepts are supreme, exhaustive and supreme: it means to study the truth of things; Do: there is no end. He taught that things are things, and its scope is very wide, including all natural and social phenomena, as well as psychological phenomena and moral behavior norms. "Wu Ge" is the principle of exhausting things. He believes that there are many ways to get rid of things, from infinity and Tai Chi to tiny plants, trees and insects, which are all reasonable. The poorer things are, the wider my knowledge is. There is a process from accumulating things to understanding, from gradual to sudden. Zhu believes that "it takes time to get through, and everything must be exhausted, from near to far, from shallow to deep, from coarse to fine." Study, interrogate, think carefully and distinguish. Divided into four sections, focusing on progressive. ""Poor management is exhausting, superficial and insightful. "People must go through this process of understanding from the outside to the inside to realize the truth. In Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming opposed Cheng Yi and Zhu's method of "seeking truth with things". He inherited Lu Jiuyuan's theory, starting from the theory that "the heart is the truth", and thought that the place to start with things is to realize the truth. As Lu Jiuyuan said, "The heart is rational and the heart is rational. "Why don't you look outside? Therefore, it is obvious that "initial heart" is clear about "heaven". Therefore, Wang Shouren emphasized: "There is only one heart, which means benevolence in terms of all its troubles;" As far as its appropriateness is concerned, this means righteousness; As far as its organization is concerned, this means reason. " . Can't seek benevolence, justice and reason from outside? This knowing and doing is two because it seeks truth from the outside; Seeking the truth from my heart, this holy door is the teaching of the unity of knowledge and action. "Wang Yangming's theory of mind is condensed into four sentences:" There is no body of good and evil, and there is a good and malicious trip. "Knowing good and evil is a conscience, and doing good and evil is a matter." Wu Ge is to clarify the initial intention, to eliminate evil for good, and to integrate knowledge with practice. The most direct explanation is to put things in a certain framework. Buddhism is called discipline, society is called law-abiding, and life is called learning rules. —— Lei 4' s latest explanation The main commentator's explanation of "Wu Ge" in the historical "University" said: "The ancient desire is obviously superior to the world, and the country should be ruled first; If you want to govern your country, you should first get your family together; If you want to reunite with your family, you should first repair your body; If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first; If you want to be correct, be sincere first; If you want to be sincere, let him know first. Knowledge exists in things. If you know things, you will be honest, sincere, correct, repair, repair, rule the country, and rule the world. " It can be seen that "Wu Ge" is the foundation, premise, fundamental merit and the cornerstone of "the way of university" in order to cultivate one's morality, keep one's family in order to rule the world at peace and morality. Improper "things" and unclear "knowledge"; If something is unqualified, then something is unknown. However, for such an important category as philosophy and pedagogy, although there are various lawsuits, they fail to get to the bottom of it and explain it thoroughly, just like Sima Guang criticized in the Northern Song Dynasty for "not doing what the ancients wanted". In the pre-Qin era, the phrase "learn from time to time" is probably not a particularly abstruse language, so there is no need to explain it. However, since the Han Dynasty, due to cultural faults and other reasons, people's interpretation of it has been very problematic. When Zheng Xuan annotated the Great University in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he explained Wu Ge: "Gelaiye; Things or things. Knowing what is good will bring good things; If he knows the depth of evil, he will go to evil. Words and deeds are good for people. " (Notes on the Book of Rites, University and Thirteen Classics). This explanation that "Ge" is trained as "Lai" and "Wu Ge" as "Good" and "Evil" is contrary to the original intention of the author of "Da Xue". In this regard, Zhang Taiyan pointedly pointed out that if you follow Zheng's annotation, the cause and effect will be reversed, because the order of the article "University" is "the governor after the governor", while Zheng's annotation thinks that "those who know the good will produce good, and those who know the evil will produce evil", and putting "governor" before "governor" is inconsistent with the original intention of the classic. Sima Guang explained the meaning of "knowledge is material-oriented" in the article "knowledge is material-oriented" and said: "University says:" knowledge is material-oriented. "Case, still in defense, still in defense. Can defend foreign objects, and then you can know. Is Zheng's style based on style, or not as good as what the ancients meant! He taught "Ge" with "shou" and "shou", and thought that only by defending against the intrusion of foreign objects can people know the road. Obviously influenced by Taoism in the way of thinking. Sima Guang decided that the word "Ge" had the same meaning as the word "Yu", but did not explain why the word "Ge" had such a meaning. Due to the lack of textual research in philology, this statement is a bit abrupt. He disagreed with Zheng Xuan's explanation and thought that Zheng didn't fully understand the meaning of the ancients. But in my opinion, Sima Guang's explanation is not the original meaning of the university. Regarding the governor's explanation, Cheng Yi believes that "the case is still poor, things are still reasonable, but it is still poor." . If the sun is poor, it will be cloudy. Poverty is enough to know. If you are not poor, you can't know. I think that Zhu's so-called knowledge is useless, but he wants to reach my knowledge, but he is not good at it. (Supplementary Biography of University Chapters) Both Cheng and Zhu interpreted "Ge" as a meaning similar to "poverty", that is, the meaning of inference and exhaustion, but they did not explain why "Ge" was "poverty". Wang Yangming said: "What you mean is what you mean; , is also "("Wang Wencheng public rights book "volume 26). He also said, "I am sincere, but also have knowledge" (ibid.). In his view, the content is exactly what he wants; Knowledge is conscience, pure introspection. Yan Yuan regards the "case" of the "case" as the "case" of the "hand-case beast", and the "case" of "hand-case killing" means rubbing hands (West House's suicide note VI). It is a purposeful and conscious practical transformation activity of the subject to the object, and its purpose is practice. Wang Fuzhi believes that Fang Yizhi's theory of qualitative measurement is closest to the original meaning of physical objects. He said: "Mi Weng (Fang Yizhi) and his son are qualitative, and they are sincere in learning and thinking. Those who cover things, that is, things are poor, only quality. " On the research of qualitative measurement, Fang Yizhi said: "Everything has its reasons, and it is practical to study it. This is a qualitative measure when they are big and yuan, but small and plants and trees are crawling. It is similar to their temperament, collecting their likes and dislikes and prompting them to change frequently. " Fang Yizhi's "qualitative measurement" is characterized by paying attention to on-the-spot investigation, classifying knowledge and grasping the law of development and change of things. When talking about the study of physical things by the original Confucianism, Xiong Shili said: "It is unreasonable to assume that all kinds of physical worlds are real and are the views of physical things, and it is unreasonable to be classified and poor. (The study of ancient things is still a cloud science). " Looking at the ancient sages' interpretation of "Wu Ge" and training "Wu Ge" into "Lai", "Shou", "Yu", "Poverty" and "Righteousness" are all speculations to a certain extent, and there is no thorough textual research on ancient philology. Only Fang Yizhi's qualitative measurement method of "imitating his temperament, collecting his likes and dislikes, and pushing him to change constantly", which is highly praised by Wang Fuzhi, has recently been used in the original meaning of "Wu Ge" in universities. Xiong Shili's explanation of "classification poverty" is also close to the original intention of the scripture. However, neither Wang Fuzhi nor Xiong Shili further clarified why Wu Ge was regarded as this kind of training. It seems that if we want to approach the original meaning of "Wu Ge" in "Da Xue" and return the original face of "Wu Ge", we can change the research perspective and look for new evidence. In this respect, the theory of Shuo Wen Jie Zi in primary school provides us with the possibility to truly understand the original meaning of the word "ge" and then grasp the original appearance of college. I hope it will help you, and hope to adopt it. Your adoption will be our motivation to answer questions.

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