1. Confucius, a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, was named Qiu, whose real name was the founder of Confucianism and the "most holy teacher". Core ideas: "courtesy" and "benevolence", calling for the restoration of "rites of the week", advocating "self-denial and courtesy" and maintaining professional titles; Attach importance to moral education and people's cultivation, and advocate "ruling the country by virtue"; Put forward "harmony is precious"; In education, he initiated private schools and advocated "no class left in education". His disciples and re-disciples compiled The Book of Songs and The Spring and Autumn Annals, and compiled their remarks into The Analects.
2. Mencius, named Ke, was born in Zoucheng during the Warring States Period. "Yasheng" put forward the democratic thought of "benevolent government" and "people are more valuable than monarch" politically. Put forward "human nature is good" in ethics.
3. Xunzi, politically put forward "benevolence and righteousness", "kingly way" and "governing the ship and benefiting the people" to control the destiny. "Heaven has its own heaven, not for the existence of Yao, not for the death of Jie". Put forward the theory of evil nature in ethics.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal society. There are many Confucian sages, besides Confucius and Mencius, Yan Hui, who restored Saint Ceng Zi, and Kong Ji (Zi Si).
Second, mohists.
Mozi's theory is based on "loving each other and bringing out the best in each other". Politically, it advocates respecting the virtuous, respecting the same, and non-aggression; Economically, advocate thrift; Ideologically, he put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts; At the same time, it puts forward the idea of "non-destiny" and emphasizes self-reliance.
Third, Taoism.
1. Laozi, the founder of Taoist school. Philosophical thought: "Tao" explains the origin of all things in the universe; Everything has two contradictory aspects. Governing by doing nothing. Author of Tao Te Ching.
2. Zhuangzi put forward a "carefree" attitude towards life. Zhuangzi, also known as Classic of the South.
Fourth, Legalists.
Han Feizi advocates the rule of law. Han Fei synthesized Shang Yang's "Dharma", Shen Dao's "Teacher" and Shen Wu's "Skill", which is a masterpiece of Legalist thought and theory.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) exercises
1. The schools of three-character classics are:
A. Confucianism B. Taoism C. Legalist D. Mohist
Answer: a.
2. Advocate "human nature is good" is:
A. Confucius B. Mencius C. Xunzi D. Han Feizi
Answer: B.
3. Confucius' students recalled Confucius' daily teachings and life behaviors, compiled a bibliography, and became Confucian classics, which had a great influence on later generations. It's called:
A. Shangshu B. Chunqiu C. The Book of Songs D. The Analects of Confucius
Answer: D.
4. "Being happy in the world, worrying in the world, not being king, having nothing" belongs to the same school as which of the following views?
A. don't avoid ministers after punishment, and reward the good without leaving a husband.
B. heaven, the damage is more than enough; People's way is not so, and the damage is not enough.
C. The people in the territory do not take the frontier of the government, the country does not take the risk of mountains and rivers, and the world does not take the benefits of war.
D. it can also win by fighting. If it takes a long time, the soldiers will be blunt and sharp, and the siege will be forced to bend. If they are violent for a long time, this country will be underutilized.
Answer: C. The stem and item C are both Mencius' thoughts and belong to Confucianism.
5. Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of Six Schools": "① It is difficult to get less with less work; However, it is not easy to distinguish between husband and wife in the order of the ceremony of monarch, minister and son. (2) frugality is difficult to follow, because it is impossible to follow it all the time; However, it is powerful for this purpose and cannot be abolished. (3) strict but not generous; However, this is the division between the monarch and the minister and cannot be changed. (4) make people frugal and good at distortion; However, its name is real and it is impossible to ignore it. " ① ② ③ ④ Location to be filled in:
A. Confucianism, Mohism and Taoism
B. Taoists, famous artists, Mohists and Confucianists
C. Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Famous Scholars
D. Confucianists, legalists, militarists and famous artists
Answer: c
6. The following historical figures and their famous remarks are wrong:
A. Mencius-poor is immune, and good is beneficial to the world.
B. Lin Zexu-the country will live or die, so do you avoid every cloud has a silver lining?
C. Liang Qichao-who is the master of the country? That is, the people of a country are also.
D. Zeng Guofan-the sky is not enough to fear, the ancestors are not trustworthy, and people are not trustworthy.
Answer: Item D corresponds to Wang Anshi.
7. One of the following literary common sense statements is ()
Pre-Qin prose can be divided into historical prose and various schools of thought prose. Historical prose mainly includes Mandarin, Zuo Zhuan and Warring States Policy. Hundred schools of thought's essays mainly include The Analects of Confucius, Mozi, Zhuangzi, Mencius, Xunzi and Everything is Wrong.
In the pre-Qin period, Confucianism and Legalism were the most famous, and Xunzi was the master of Legalism.
C The Analects of Confucius is mainly a book that records the words and deeds of Kong Qiu, a thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period, and his disciples. It was written by Confucius disciples (including re-disciples) according to their own memories or legends, and it is the most important classic work on Confucianism.
D. Four Books and Five Classics: Confucian Classics. The four books refer to the Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius. The Five Classics refer to Zhouyi, Shujing, Book of Rites, Book of Songs and Chunqiu.
Answer: B. Xunzi is the representative of Confucianism, and Han Feizi is the master of legalism.
8. The first proposition of "governing by doing nothing" is:
A. Confucius B. Mencius C. Laozi D. Zhuangzi
Answer: C.
9. The idea of doing things with the innate spirit comes from:
A. Confucianism B. Legalist C. Lao Zhuang D. Yin Yang Jia
Answer: C.
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