Kemalism, commonly known as Ataturkism in Turkey, is the theoretical theory and ideological system of the Turkish national bourgeoisie. It was conceived in semi-colonial and semi-feudal Turkey, gradually formed in the national revolutionary war against imperialism, and was enriched and developed in a series of political and social reforms. From the time point of view, it was formed from 19 19 to 1937, and it took 18 years. 193 1 April-May, Kemal put forward what is called the fundamental six principles, and on this basis formulated the Turkish People's Party, party constitution and party emblem. These six principles are: harmony, nationality, secularity, commonness, nationalism and revolutionism. 1937 February, the six principles were summarized and sublimated into six principles, which were written into the second article of the new constitution, namely, harmony, nationalism, populism, revolutionism, secularism and nationalism. These six theories have always been the theoretical basis and guiding ideology of the Turkish government in formulating policies and the official political ideology of Turkey. The first five of the six principles are the theoretical basis of Turkey's modern political structure, while nationalism is the guiding principle of Turkey's economic modernization.

The central content of "1 Harmony is the construction of nation-state and democratic system, and it is the fundamental requirement and essential content in the process of political modernization. Kemal's * * * doctrine includes the following elements: first, the government's * * * system. As early as 1907, Kemal put forward: "The position in Sudan must be abolished and the state institutions should be composed of equal members." (Note: edited by Zhou Qing, Chen Fan and Chen Youwen. Contemporary Oriental Political Thoughts, Guangdong People's Publishing House, 1993, p. 670. Ten years later, he proposed a motion to the Grand National Assembly to set up a government, demanding that the government should not be led by Sutan, not an institution of Sutan, but elected from the parliament. In fact, the government he wants to establish is a government of a country, but he doesn't use the name of a country from a strategic perspective. (Note: See "Turkey and National History" by Camille Su, translated by Yunnan University, 1978, pp. 68-69. )192310/On October 29th, the Grand National Assembly, under the guidance of Kemal, voted in favor of declaring "the form of government of the Turkish state is a republic". (Note: Nancy Fisher: History of the Middle East (Volume II), Commercial Press, 1979, p. 502. Second, the nationality of the government. 192 1 Kemal pointed out in his speech that our government is neither a democratic government nor a socialist government, but the only government that can reflect national sovereignty and national will. Third, the people's nature of the country. He once said that the new Turkish state is a country of the masses, or a country of the people. Fourth, power comes from the government itself. Kemal believed that the new Turkey obtained power directly from its own government. Fifth, "sovereignty is based on strength" (Note: Turkey's * * * and national history, p. 37. )。 Kemal urged the abolition of the Sudanese system and put forward what he called "the theory of strength": "Sovereignty is obtained through strength, power and even violence." (Note: An Fei Miller: A Brief History of Modern Turkey, Life, Reading and Knowledge Joint Publishing Company, 1973 edition, p. 235. The above five points are fundamentally different from the traditional old dynasty system, because it wants to destroy the monarchy itself and replace it with a * * * harmonious system; Compared with the former regime, it more embodies the will and interests of the country and the people; It does not engage in improvement, but resorts to armed struggle and violence, that is, pays attention to "strength."

2. Nationalism "nationalism" has rich connotations. First of all, it emphasizes the establishment of a regional nation-state based on the Turkish nation in Turkey, and advocates loyalty to Turkey, not religion and dynasty. 1921121,Kemal declared: "The Turkish Grand National Assembly decided to establish a regional nation-state based on the Turkish nation ... precisely to protect life and independence ... we did not serve the great Islam ... we did not serve the great Lanism .." (Note Secondly, it is the primary task to think that national independence, sovereignty and freedom are natural, legal and reasonable. As early as May 19 19 16, Kemal pointed out that "in the face of this situation (according to the crisis that the country is about to be carved up), there is only one decision: only based on safeguarding national sovereignty and unconditional independence, a new Turkey will be established." "The essence, honor and ability of the Turks are extremely noble and great. If such a country is occupied, our descendants will be destroyed. So, be independent or die! ..... "(Note:" Turkey * * * and National History "on page 9. For independence, freedom and sovereignty, we must resolutely oppose imperialist interference, aggression and occupation, take all means until armed struggle, and use the blood of the nation to bloom the flowers of national freedom and independence. Third, vigorously cultivate and improve the national consciousness of Turks. It is emphasized that the Turkish nation has wisdom and creativity, played an important role in the ancient civilization of the world and made great contributions. We should advocate the study, research and publicity of Turkish history, carry out the reform of Turkish characters along the road of eliminating foreign words and purifying local languages, and do everything possible to enhance Turkey's national consciousness and creativity. In his speech in 1924, Dumluponard pointed out: "Our national goal and our national ideal are to become a civilized social collective according to world standards. "Fourth, recognize the right of national self-determination. First of all, he tried his best to fight for the freedom of the Turkish nation. 19 19 On July 9, Kemal said to rawlinson, head of the British delegation, "We are forced to take appropriate defensive measures to resist military intervention by force, and we must realize national self-determination. "Secondly, he also supported the struggle of all ethnic groups in the Ottoman Empire for the right to self-determination, which was not only manifested in resolutely giving up Great Islamism and Great Duranism, but also pointed out in 19 19:" Our brothers in Syria, Iraq, Yemen and the whole East are fighting for their survival and independence in their own countries. In the Muslim world, how happy these Muslims are to gain independence! " (Note: For the above quotations, see pages 208 and 50 of Turkey's * * * and National History respectively; Contemporary Oriental Political Thoughts, p. 675. ) 1920, Kemal made clear the nature of nationalism he advocated. He said: "Our nationalism means that we respect all nations that cooperate with us. We acknowledge their national demands. In any case, our nationalism is definitely not egoism or arrogant nationalism. "(Note:? Bean shell straw? Hum, take it back? Page 76. )

3. Populism "populism", some people call it "populism" and "populism". First, people's sovereignty is emphasized. Kemal emphasized: "Our greatest advantage is that we have security backing. Our nation has felt the importance of national sovereignty, and in essence sovereignty has been handed over to the people of the whole country. The people will control our sovereignty. In fact, this has been proved. " (note: the history of turkey * * * p. 177. Secondly, people are equal. Kemal denied the existence of classes in Turkey and insisted that all people enjoy rights and authority, which was embodied in the Constitution of 1924. Third, people should work. Kemal pointed out: "Populism is a social theory that bases social order on work and rights." (Note: "Contemporary Oriental Political Thoughts", p. 676. Therefore, all the people should work, and all the people should work, which is also an important part of populism.

4. Nationalism "Nationalism" means that the government actively guides and participates in economic activities. It was put forward by 1929, and its theoretical fulcrum is state intervention in the economy. 1937 On February 5, the People's Party and the People's Party declared nationalism in the form of Law 3 135, and explained: "In the economic and manufacturing fields, when private investment feels difficult, it will be carried out in the form of state operation and greater strength. That is, while allowing private capital to operate, all industries related to public life and national and higher interests are operated by the state. " (Note: Yang Zhaojun: Modern Turkish History, Yunnan University Press, 1990, p. 107. Kemal's nationalism corresponds to laissez-faire. "This is a system generated by Turkey's own needs and is unique to Turkey." Kemal's "nationalism" is actually "state capitalism" with socialist factors.

5. Secularism "Secularism" mainly emphasizes the separation of religion and politics, religion and justice, and religion and education. Religion is just a matter of personal belief. As early as 1907, Kemal put forward that "religious affairs should be separated from state affairs" and opposed religious interference in political affairs. 1924 March, supported the decision of the grand national assembly to abolish the caliphate system and Islamic law. In the same year, all religious schools were closed. Of course, Kemal is not trying to destroy religion, but to make religion have the same function as the modern western nation-state.

6. revolutionism "revolutionism" is also called "reformism". Emphasis is placed on defending revolutionary principles, advocating reform, opposing blind conservatism, being content with the status quo and resigned to fate, opposing stagnation and retrogression, advocating learning from the civilization of modern western society and abandoning the outdated and backward social civilization of the East.

Kemalism, which consists of the above six principles or theories, is an organic unity and indispensable. * * * Harmony is a theory about the country and the government, which is the foundation, the core and the first; Nationalism mainly emphasizes the nationality of the country, but without the construction of modern government, there will be no modern nation-state Populism is based on the people and is a theory about the status of the people. Although it is related to the country and the government, it is mainly people-centered. Nationalism focuses on economy, but economy is inseparable from politics, especially because it highlights the role of the state in the economic field, so it has a strong political color; Secularism emphasizes the relationship between religion, state and society, and its core is "three points", which is also the principle that must be followed in moving from tradition to modernity and establishing a modern country. Revolutionism focuses on the ideological line and should be positive.

Kemalism is a self-contained theory, which is the guiding ideology and theoretical basis of various principles and policies. Because the Turkish national bourgeoisie was a revolutionary class at that time, Kemalism, the theory representing this class, was also a revolutionary theory. It guided the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national democratic revolution led by the Turkish national bourgeoisie and provided theoretical guarantee for the later reforms. At the same time, it is also a theory of political modernization. Under its guidance, Turkey's political modernization has made a breakthrough. However, Kemalism also has its limitations. Although it emphasizes the equality of the people, the status of workers and peasants as the main body of the people is still very low, and their freedom rights are still very limited. Although it recognizes the right of national self-determination, it has long refused to recognize its Kurds as a country. In a word, this theory is incomplete.