The ancient genome reveals the evolution and migration history of China's population in the past 10,000 years. Big data describes the evolution history of the earth's biodiversity for 300 million years with the highest accuracy so far, deeply analyzes the markers and intervention targets of multi-organ aging, and experimentally observes the phenomenon of quantum interference in chemical reactions.
1, scientists in China actively responded to the COVID-19 epidemic and made outstanding progress.
In the face of the sudden outbreak of COVID-19, scientists in China conscientiously implemented the important speeches and a series of important instructions of national leaders on epidemic prevention and control, and made a series of outstanding progress in unity and cooperation under the overall deployment of the Central Leading Group for Epidemic Response and the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council, which provided important scientific support for winning the epidemic prevention and control war.
In terms of etiology and epidemiology, COVID-19 strain was isolated and identified for the first time, and the whole genome sequence of the virus was shared with the World Health Organization, which laid the foundation for the rapid progress of diagnostic technology and the development of drug vaccines. The key mechanism of COVID-19's invasion into cells was expounded. Continue to deepen the study of virus transmission routes, and provide scientific and technological support for optimizing prevention and control strategies; The effect of prevention and control measures in China was quantitatively evaluated.
In the research and development of detection reagents and animal models, COVID-19 nucleic acid diagnostic reagents and immunoassay reagents developed rapidly in the early stage of the epidemic, which provided strong support for pathogen detection; Animal models of mice and monkeys infected with COVID-19 virus were constructed, which provided support for drug screening, vaccine development and virus transmission mechanism research.
In medicine and clinical treatment, the clinical characteristics of COVID-19 were revealed. In the absence of specific drugs, the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine was implemented, and eight versions of the national COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment plan were successively launched, and clinically effective treatment methods such as the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine and "three drugs and three parties" were screened out, which were used for reference by many countries; The structures of COVID-19 and key proteins were analyzed, and the action mechanism of a batch of Chinese and western medicines was revealed. Scientific prevention and control schemes, such as establishing a shelter hospital, carrying out large-scale nucleic acid detection, and tracing the source of big data, were put forward, which improved the admission rate and cure rate and reduced the infection rate and mortality rate.
Research and development in vaccines and neutralizing antibodies, inactivated vaccines, virus vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, etc. Were developed at the same time. Adenovirus vector vaccine was the first to carry out 1 phase clinical trial in the world, and inactivated vaccine was the first to carry out phase 3 clinical trial in the world, and was approved for conditional marketing; To identify and create a series of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19 spike protein S and receptor binding domain RBD, and form an antiviral cocktail China antibody combination scheme.
Through unremitting efforts, selfless dedication and rigorous and efficient scientific research, China scientists have provided strong scientific support for China to achieve significant strategic achievements in fighting the COVID-19 epidemic.
2. Chang 'e V realized the automatic sampling and return of the lunar surface for the first time.
165438+1On October 24th, the Chang 'e-5 probe was launched from Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan, and was directly sent into the Earth-Moon transfer orbit by the Long March-5 carrier rocket. Since then, the probe has gone through such flight stages as earth-moon transfer, braking in recent months, flying around the moon, landing around the moon, lunar sampling and packaging, lunar takeoff, lunar orbit rendezvous and docking and sample transfer, lunar incidence, lunar transfer and reentry recovery. The Chang 'e V returner lasted for 23 days and landed safely in the predetermined area of Siziwangqi, Inner Mongolia.
As the aerospace system project with the highest complexity and the largest technical span in China, Chang 'e V completed several major technological breakthroughs in China's aerospace history for the first time, such as the sampling and packaging of extraterrestrial objects, the first take-off of the surface of extraterrestrial objects, the first rendezvous and docking of unmanned lunar orbit and sample transfer, the first lunar surface incident with lunar samples and high-speed reentry, and finally realized the first sampling and return of extraterrestrial objects in China.
The successful completion of the automatic sampling and returning mission of Chang 'e-5 lunar surface marks the successful completion of the three-step planning of China's lunar exploration project, which is a great progress in China's space industry and will help deepen the scientific understanding of the origin of the moon and the evolution history of the solar system.
Strugglers set a new record for manned deep diving in China.
The development of "Struggler" deep-sea manned submersible is an important task in the field of deep-sea key technology and equipment in China's "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan", which was launched on 20 16. In June 2020, Struggler completed the final assembly integration and pool test. In July 2020, Endeavour completed the first phase of sea trial, diving 17 times, with a maximum diving depth of 4,548 meters.
On June 65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/0, 2020, Endeavour set sail for the Mariana Trench to carry out the second phase of sea trial, during which it completed/KOOC-0/3 dives, of which/KOOC-0//person and 24 people participated in 8 deep dive tests of more than 10,000 meters. At 8: 00 on June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/2, in 2020, Endeavour set a record for China's manned dive depth of/KOOC-0/0909 meters.
Endeavor is the only manned deep diving equipment in the world that can carry three people to and from the whole sea area for many times at the same time. Its successful development and sea trial have significantly improved the independent innovation level of China's deep-sea equipment technology, enabled China to enter the deepest part of the world's oceans to carry out scientific exploration and research, and reflected China's comprehensive strength in the field of marine high technology, which is an important milestone on the road of China's deep-sea science and technology exploration.
4. Reveal the key steps of human genetic material transfer.
DNA replication is the basis of accurate transmission of human genetic material between cells, but people are not clear about the specific identification process of the starting point of DNA replication in higher organisms, which also hinders people's understanding of the mechanism of cancer occurrence and development to some extent.
Li Guohong team of Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and their collaborators have revealed a fine mechanism for identifying and regulating the starting point of DNA replication. Histone variant H2A was found. Z can promote the dimethyl modification of the 20th amino acid of histone H4 by binding with histone methyltransferase SUV420H 1. However, H2A. Z nucleosomes with dimethyl modification can further recruit replication initiation site recognition proteins, which is helpful to identify DNA replication initiation sites.
It was further found that the replication initiation site was regulated by H2A. Z-SUV420H 1-H4K20me2 pathway has strong replication activity and tends to be activated in the early stage of replication. After destroying this regulatory mechanism in cancer cells, DNA replication and cell growth of cancer cells are inhibited. After destroying the regulatory mechanism in T cells, the immune activation of T cells is also inhibited.
This study expounds a new epigenetic regulation mechanism of DNA replication mediated by H2A. Z provides a new perspective for understanding the identification of DNA replication initiation sites in higher organisms, and makes an important contribution to solving the long-standing problem of selecting and starting DNA replication initiation sites in eukaryotic cells.
5. A transparent ferroelectric single crystal with ultra-high voltage electrical properties was developed.
The relaxor ferroelectric single crystal [Pb (mg1/3Nb2/3) O3-pbtio3, PMN-Pt] (note: all numbers are subscripts) has excellent piezoelectric effect, and has been widely used in ultrasonic imaging, sonar equipment, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and other fields. However, since it was discovered more than 20 years ago, there has been no new breakthrough in piezoelectric properties, and because of the existence of ferroelectric domain walls, its transmittance is low, which can not meet the development needs of multi-function and high sensitivity of piezoelectric devices at present, and new theories and design methods are urgently needed.
The research team of Professor Xu Zhuo of Xi Jiaotong University revealed the origin of high-voltage electric effect of relaxor ferroelectric single crystals, and developed samarium doped PMN- platinum single crystals, whose piezoelectric properties exceeded 4,000 PC/N, which was twice that of undoped single crystals.
On this basis, the ferroelectric domain wall of scattered light in single crystal is eliminated by adjusting the domain structure, and high voltage and high transmittance are obtained in PMN- platinum single crystal for the first time, which breaks through the international problem that they are difficult to exist for a long time. Compared with the existing transparent piezoelectric single crystal LiNbO3 _ 3 (note: 3 is subscript), its piezoelectric coefficient is increased by 100 times, and its electro-optical coefficient can be increased by up to 40 times. At the same time, it has high optical damage threshold and nonlinear optical effect.
This transparent ferroelectric single crystal can greatly improve the imaging resolution of photoacoustic imaging system in the diagnosis of breast cancer, melanoma and blood diseases, and also provide new key materials for the development of high-performance electro-optic modulators, optical phased arrays and quantum optical devices. This single crystal material with excellent electro-optic, acousto-optic and acousto-optic coupling effects is expected to further open up more new application fields.
6. Determination of the elevation of Mount Everest in 2020
The height of Mount Everest has already attracted the attention of the whole world. Accurately measuring the height of Mount Everest and announcing it to the whole world shows the comprehensive strength and scientific and technological level of the country. In the elevation survey of Mount Everest in 2020, the team of Chinese scientists comprehensively applied a variety of modern surveying and mapping technologies, and achieved a number of major technological innovation breakthroughs, achieving the highest accuracy of Mount Everest elevation in history.
In this Everest elevation survey, Beidou satellite positioning technology and domestic measuring equipment were first used, and the application of domestic measuring equipment achieved a major breakthrough. For the first time, the ground gravity survey of Mount Everest was completed, and the first gravity survey result of Mount Everest in human history was obtained, which is helpful to improve the accuracy of Mount Everest elevation survey. The team of scientists overcame the extreme weather and harsh environment of Mount Everest, and achieved a historic breakthrough in aerial gravity, optical and laser remote sensing measurement of10.27 million square kilometers at the summit of Mount Everest and its surrounding areas for the first time, which filled the blank of gravity data of Mount Everest and greatly improved the accuracy of elevation measurement of Mount Everest.
Compared with the elevation survey of Mount Everest in 2005, the accuracy of geoid in Mount Everest area has improved by 300%. The team of Chinese and Nepalese scientists cooperated in science and technology, and the geoid of Mount Everest based on global elevation datum was established for the first time. For the first time in history, the snow elevation of Mount Everest based on global elevation datum is 8848.86 meters.
In addition, the abundant observation data obtained from the investigation of Mount Everest will provide valuable and detailed first-hand information for the protection and restoration of ecological environment, natural resources management, geological research and investigation, crustal movement monitoring, climate change, glacier frozen soil research and so on.
7. The ancient genome reveals the evolution and migration history of China population in recent ten thousand years.
In the field of international paleogenomics, there is little research on the paleogenomics of prehistoric humans in East Asia, especially in China. The research team of vertebrate paleontology, Institute of Paleoanthropology, China Academy of Sciences, conducted the largest, largest and systematic study on the ancient genome of the prehistoric population in the north and south of China for the first time. The genomes of 25 individuals before 9500-4200 and 1 individuals at the site in the north and south of China and 300 years ago were successfully obtained through cutting-edge experiments, revealing the north-south differentiation of the population in China since 9500.
It is found that before 9500, the main population in the north and south of China was divided, but the evolution of the population in the north and south was basically continuous in the same period, and it was not affected by the obvious foreign population. Migration interaction mainly occurs between populations in East Asia. In addition, Austronesian people, represented by Taiwan Province Island aborigines and widely distributed in the Pacific Islands, originated in the southern coastal areas of China and can be traced back to 8400 years ago. This achievement fills an important information gap in the inheritance, evolution and adaptation of prehistoric humans in the East, especially in China, and makes an important scientific contribution to clarifying the formation process of the Chinese nation and correcting the evolution model of the population in southern East Asia.
8. Big data describes the evolution history of biodiversity of the earth for 300 million years with the highest accuracy to date.
The origin and evolution of life is one of the top ten scientific mysteries in the world. More than 99% of the creatures that once lived on the earth have become extinct. Rebuilding the history of biodiversity change on the earth through fossil records is one of the most important ways to understand the present situation and future trend of biodiversity. However, due to the low time resolution and rough biological classification, the study on the changes of the earth's biodiversity in geological history can not accurately identify sudden major biological evolution events, nor can it provide an important reference for the study on the evolution of modern earth ecosystems.
The team of Shen and Fan Juanxuan of Nanjing University, together with experts at home and abroad, created a large international database, independently developed an artificial intelligence algorithm, and made a breakthrough by using the "Tianhe II" supercomputer, and obtained the world's first high-precision evolution curve of marine biodiversity in Paleozoic for more than 300 million years, with a time resolution more than 400 times higher than that of similar international studies.
The new curve accurately describes many major extinction, restoration and radiation events in the evolution of the earth's biodiversity, and reveals the synergistic relationship between biodiversity changes at that time and atmospheric CO2 content (note: 2 is subscript) and global climate upheaval. This research will promote the reform of the whole evolutionary paleontology research.
9, in-depth analysis of multiple organ aging markers and intervention targets.
With the increasing degree of population aging, it is an important demand for the country to study the aging problem in depth and deal with it scientifically in the new period. Focusing on the core scientific issues such as the mechanism and intervention of aging, the research groups of Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qujing Research Group, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Peking University Tang Research Group jointly tackle key problems, and use multidisciplinary methods to reveal new biomarkers and controllable targets of multiple organ aging in mammals at the system level.
In the analysis of aging mechanism, it is found that the imbalance of redox pathway is the main molecular feature of primate ovarian aging, which provides a new biological marker for evaluating ovarian aging and the decline of female fertility, and also provides a new idea for finding measures to delay ovarian aging and developing intervention strategies for related diseases.
In the aspect of aging intervention, it is expounded that calorie restriction ("seven-point satiety") can delay the aging of multiple organs by regulating the immune inflammatory pathway of various tissues of the body, revealing the scientific relationship between metabolic intervention, immune response and healthy life. These research results have deepened people's understanding of the heterogeneity and complexity of organ aging, and laid an important foundation for establishing early warning and scientific coping strategies for aging and aging-related diseases.
10, the quantum interference phenomenon in chemical reaction was observed experimentally.
The process of chemical reaction is accompanied by complex quantum mechanical phenomena, but it is usually difficult to be directly observed, so it is difficult to fully understand the essence of chemical reaction.
The research teams of Yang, Sun Zhigang and Xiao Chunlei from Dalian Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences provided a research example. They found that in the H+HD→H2+D reaction, the backscattering of product H2(v'= 2, j'= 3) oscillated significantly in the collision energy range of 1.9 ~ 2.2 eV (where V' is vibrational quantum number and J' is rotational quantum number).
Through the analysis of topological theory, it is found that there are two completely different reaction paths in this reaction, and the oscillation is caused by the quantum mechanical interference between these two paths. This study reveals that the quantum geometric phase effect still exists at low energy and can be observed. This is very similar to the well-known Aharonov-Bohm effect, which clearly reveals the quantum nature of chemical reactions.