The Aryans ruled the Indian subcontinent in the 6th century BC, and Brahmanism was the mainstream thought at that time. Brahmanism pursues a caste system. Due to the long-term great differences in racial class, social division of labor and culture and education, ancient Indian society was divided into four extremely unequal classes, namely Brahman, Khrushchev, Vishnu and sudra. Brahman mastered the religious field, especially sacrificial activities, Khrushchev focused on military and political affairs, and Vishnu managed commerce and handicrafts. Sudra is a poor free man, but it is close to the status of a slave [3].
Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Kapi Luo Cha. His father was Sakyamuni and his mother was from Mo Ye. On the way back to her mother's house, Mrs. Moyev was born under the carefree tree in Lumbini Garden. Seven days after birth, my mother died and was raised by Aunt Daaidao. At the age of 29, when he inspected the people, he was deeply touched by the distress of birth, illness and death. Although he meditated constantly, he could not live without hardships, so he went out to visit the famous teacher for six years. At the age of 35, he meditated under the bodhi tree for 49 days, overcoming the threat and temptation of monty and becoming a Buddha.
In Luoguyuan, Buddhism began to be passed down from mouth to mouth with the theory of four noble truths, and many disciples changed in 45 years. Physical death at the age of 80 (called "entering the world").
The first collection of Buddhist classics took place shortly after the entry and extinction of Sakyamuni. Under the auspices of Sakyamuni, 500 monks (500 arhats) who were considered to have obtained the status of Siraitia grosvenorii gathered in King Snake City, and established the original Buddhist scripture system. The party was presided over by Ye Jia, Ananda was in charge of chanting (Xiuduoluo Tibetan) and Youboli was in charge of chanting (Pini Tibetan). [4][5]
According to records, the second collection of Buddhist classics took place one hundred years after the demise of Buddhism. [5] According to Southern Buddhism's Island History, it was because Vishnu broke the Ten Commandments (Ten Things) that 700 monks were convened to discuss whether the Ten Things conformed to Buddhism. The result of the discussion is that "ten things" are illegal, and 700 monks share the classics. At the same time, a large number of monks, represented by Vishnu, also gathered 10,000 people to hold their own assembly, which is called a big assembly. As a result, the Buddha throne department and the mass department split. Because it was the first major division of Buddhist monks, it was called "fundamental division". The assembly carried out by the predecessors of the above-mentioned mass department and the upper seat department is collectively called the secondary assembly.
The main project of the Buddhist period in the headquarters: Buddhism in the headquarters.
Since the second gathering, Buddhism has been divided into two major sects: Vulgar Sect and Saturabe Sect, which is called "fundamental division" in history. [6] Attendance is a theory supported by some elders and belongs to the orthodox school. Many monks in the mass department believe it. [7] Later, with the different views of believers on precepts and doctrines, the two sects split again, which lasted until around the first century BC, and the mainstream of Buddhism gradually formed Mahayana Buddhism, which was called "branch splitting". [6] The mass department has successively developed into the first lecture department, the fertility department, the pussy department, the multi-smell department, the fake department, the mountainous department, the Xishan department and the Beishan department. The upper seat is divided into all parts, including the snow-capped mountain part, the calf part, the dharma part, the moral part, the upper right part, the dense forest part, the land exchange part, the law storage part, the light drinking part and the longitude measuring part. [8]
Peacock empire Ashoka period
Fragments of Ashoka's edict on Borneo's ciphertext pillar
During the reign of Ashoka, Buddhism spread in the Peacock Empire and its surrounding areas. See Peacock Dynasty, Ashoka and Episode III.
In the 3rd century BC, King Ashoka of Peacock Dynasty did not make Buddhism the state religion, nor persecuted other sects. [9] In order to support Buddhism, he invested a lot of money to escort a large number of monks to preach in various parts of India and built many Buddhist temples and pagodas. These pagodas are dedicated to interests. People think that these pagodas are built to accumulate virtue, do good deeds and benefit the people. Later, Asoka's children became monks one after another, and Buddhism began to spread to Sri Lanka and Mongolia. [ 10]
The records of the third congress are only kept in Southern Buddhism's literature, and there is no other data to prove it, so some scholars are skeptical about this congress. According to Southern Buddhism's data, this gathering took place in the time of Ashoka, presided over by the son of Mu Yilian, and gathered 1000 arhats, which lasted for 9 months and established the On Things Classic. According to the history of Indian Buddhism in Hirakawa Akira, the result of this rally is only the establishment of the time wheel, so even if there is this rally in history, its scope is only within the Ministry. According to the study of the time wheel, if there is this rally, its age should be in the second century BC.
The period of Mahayana Buddhism and Guishuang Empire was the period when Buddhism began to undergo major changes. Mahayana Buddhism at this time was separated from Mahayana Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism also called the previous teachings Mahayana Buddhism. However, Kaaniche Ka adopted a policy of compatibility between Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism, among which A?vagho?a and You are followers of Mahayana Buddhism.
Turtle Frost Empire: Episode 4 and Turtle Frost Empire
According to the poem attached by Xuanzang at the end of the 200th volume of On the Great Bodhisattva, 400 years after the Buddha destroyed the Buddha, 500 arhats gathered in Kashgar, with the King of Kashgar as the benefactor and presided over by the venerable Li [1 1], which was the annotation of On the Great Bodhisattva and was called "Bodhisattva". After the completion, King Ganeshega took bronze as official script, engraved it in Sanskrit, built a tower for collection, and sent the manuscript to other places for circulation. This party is called the fourth party by some scholars. [ 12][5]
Gupta Dynasty and Anti-Japanese King Dynasty
During the Gupta dynasty, Hinduism rose and Mahayana Buddhism prevailed. However, religion developed freely, and ministers and generals believed in Buddhism and Shiva. The Mahayana Buddhist Center Nalanduo Temple was built by Kumara Gupta I and later became the academic center of Gupta culture. The remaining Buddhist buildings are the Ajanta Grottoes and the Elora Grottoes. The former is located near Ajanta Village in Ofangabad County, Maharashtra today. It was excavated on the granite wall of Wa Guelner Valley and has 29 caves. It was built from the first century BC to 650 BC, including four Buddhist temples and twenty-five monasteries, which fully demonstrated the Indian style. The door of the room is built according to the terrain, with cornices and lintels above, stone pillars below, and various wall carvings, mostly from Buddhist legends, but full of life. Ailuola Grottoes, located at 0/6 km from Ofagabad/Kloc-0, were built in the 3rd century and completed at 1300. Including Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, three major religious temples, incense constantly.
Polo dynasty
The Polo Dynasty is famous for supporting and sheltering Buddhism. The dynasty was the last Indian royal family to believe in Buddhism. In the middle and late period of the Polo Dynasty, Buddhism in West India was wiped out by Islamic invaders, and only East India survived. Kings of Polo in all previous dynasties were devout Buddhists (so-called "protectors of the seven generations of Polo"), and they invested for a long time in the construction of Nalanduo Temple and Chaojie Temple, the famous Buddhist comprehensive universities in North India. Among them, Chaojie Temple, which mainly studies tantric Buddhism, was built by King David Hewawitarne of Polo Dynasty, and it is said that its scale is larger than Nalanduo Temple built by Gupta Dynasty. David Hewawitarne has also established another tantric flying temple. These magnificent Buddhist research institutions were completely destroyed in the Muslim invasion from 12 to 13 centuries. Buddhism in the Polo dynasty is mainly Mahayana Buddhism, especially tantric Buddhism.
Buddhism introduced into northern Buddhism mainly includes: Han Buddhism, Japanese Buddhism, Korean Buddhism and Vietnamese Buddhism.
Northern Buddhism, also known as "Han Buddhism", is one of the three branches of existing Buddhism (the other two are Tibetan Buddhism and Shangbeibu Buddhism). A branch of Buddhism spread from ancient India to the Central Plains of China via the Western Regions, and later spread to the Korean Peninsula, Japan and other places. It is the main promoter of Mahayana Buddhism. Influenced by China, Han Buddhism spread the teachings of Mahayana Buddhism to the Korean Peninsula, Japan and Vietnam, and influenced later Tibetan Buddhism. In essence, Han Buddhism can be said to be one of the main forces to shape the face of Mahayana Buddhism, but different from Tibetan Buddhism, it also attaches importance to revealing secrets, and most of the sects of Han Buddhism are revealing secrets.
Buddhism was first introduced into Vietnam before Emperor Xiandi Pingchu of Han Dynasty. The fifth volume of the Complete Works of the Buddha records: "After the collapse of Emperor Huiling, the world was in turmoil, the country was poor, and the northerners were salinized, mostly because the gods broke the valley and lived forever. Mouzi is often embarrassed by the Five Classics. " According to "Biography of Master Liang" (Volume I): "He lives in Tianzhu, and his father moved his toes because of a merchant. I will be in my teens, and my parents will be married. I will become a monk after I have done my filial piety. " "I am eager to learn and understand Sanzang." [ 13]
The main project of Tibetan Buddhism: Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism in the Potala Palace in Lhasa began in the middle of the 4th century BC, and the Three Treasures of Buddhism began to appear during the period of King Rato Rizan of Tibet. King Songtsan Gambuzang of Tibet married Princess Pigdi of Nepal (Brikut, known as Princess Chizun or Princess Chizun) and Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia County and the minister of rites, escorted her daughter Princess Wencheng into Tubo, and took Sakyamuni statues, treasures, classics and 360 volumes as dowry. At the same time, he also introduced many scriptures, Buddha statues and stupas from Nepal and Kashmir. Under the influence of two wives, he converted to Buddhism. He sent sixteen ministers, including Duanmu Sanbo, to India to study Sanskrit and Buddhist scriptures. After returning home, he created Tibetan and began to translate some Buddhist scriptures, and built Jokhang Temple and Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. By the middle of the eighth century, King Chisong Dêzain of Tibet welcomed Master Jihu and his disciple Lotus into Tibet, which gradually laid the foundation of Tibetan Buddhism, but many people still opposed it. After Ji Hu returned to India, he urged Master Lian Huasheng to enter Tibet from India and was introduced into Tantric Buddhism, which convinced the original prevailing Bonism and promoted Buddhism.
After Ji Hu and Master Lian Huasheng entered Tibet, they first established the Sanye Temple, became monks and established the Sangha, and asked translators to translate a large number of Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures and some Chinese Buddhist scriptures. According to the existing Dengar Catalogue (edited by Chisong Dêzain Wang Fu by Bouton), there were 738 laws and regulations (32 of which were translated from Chinese), so the spread of Buddhism was very prosperous at that time. Established at this time, called Ma Ning school, also known as the old school.
At that time, Mahayana, a Zen master in the Tang Dynasty, was called "Hva-san" or "Mahayana monk" in Tibetan, and went to Tibet to preach Zen. After failing to argue with Lian Fang, Chisong Dêzain ordered that the Dunmen law should not be used again. [
In the middle of the ninth century, Tibetan Buddhism was once destroyed, that is, Langdama destroyed Buddhism, and Buddhism was silent for a period of time (AD 842-978). Later, it was reintroduced from the second district of Tubo Tuokang, and Tibetan Buddhism was revived. After the destruction of Langdama Buddhism, due to the loss of classics, some people began to excavate and edit old Buddhist scriptures, which were called Buddhist collections. Hong's previous school based on the old translation classics is called the school, also known as the old school. After Lundama destroyed the Buddha, he retrieved the retranslated classics from India, which is called the new translation. In Tibetan history, it was called the pre-flood period before the extinction of Langdama, and the great translator Renqin Sambo called it the post-flood period after the revival of Buddhism. Since then, many Buddhist scholars in India, especially those in Nalanduo Monastery and Chaoyan Monastery, have suffered great chaos (1203, all major Buddhist monasteries in Bihar province of India were destroyed by the invading army), and many people went to Tibet to study Buddhist scriptures, so translation flourished. Famous translators include Marba and others.
1 1 in the 20th century, Adixia, a Bangladeshi Buddhist master, went to Tibet (1042) to promote Buddhism, rebuild the Sangha and spread the important ideas of the Middle Sect. At the same time, Tibetan monk Ren Qin Sambo (Bao Xian) and others translated many classics.
Buddhism introduced into Tibet from India is mainly divided into five parts, namely, Buddhism in the Ming Dynasty, Buddhism in the discipline, Buddhism in the house, Buddhism in the middle view and Buddhism in the present view. Most of the nearly 6,000 Tibetan scriptures (including Ganjul and Danjul) were directly translated from Sanskrit, and a few were translated from Chinese. Therefore, it is very important to preserve the late Indian Buddhist works in the Tripitaka, especially Yin Ming's works, declarations and medical prescriptions.
Another climax of the spread of Tibetan Buddhism is that in the era of Ming Shenzong, An Shan Khan and Sonan Gyatso met at Huayang Temple in Qinghai. According to the origin of Mongolia, An Shan Khan was the first royal family to believe in Tibetan Buddhism. By the 17th century, almost all Mongolians believed in Tibetan Buddhism. [ 16]
A branch of Buddhism, spreading southward from the Ganges valley in India to Sri Lanka, and then to Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos in Southeast Asia and the Dai people in Yunnan, China, belongs to Southern Buddhism.
Buddhism introduced into Sri Lanka is a branch of the Upper Seats, also known as the Buddhist Ministry. It is widely circulated in southwest India, just like the mass department in east India and the mass department in west India. Although he inherited the throne in doctrine, he also adopted the views of some popular departments. So the branch introduced into Ceylon was also influenced by the other two parts.
Buddhism of the Upper Seats spread to the Anurotuo Dynasty in Myanmar in the 1 1 century, and its influence made Southern Buddhism penetrate into northern and central Siam. After the seventh gathering in Ceylon in the12nd century, the Buddhist order was reorganized, which made Ceylon Buddhism flourish. Later, it was returned to Siam through the study of monks, prompting the Sukhothai dynasty to tilt towards Ceylon Buddhism at that time. /kloc-In the middle of the 4th century, King Faang of Laos married the daughter of King Angkor of Cambodia and introduced Buddhism to Shangtai. Buddhism spread all over the Mekong River basin.
136 1 year, King Ceylon was invited by King Sukhothai of Siam (now Thailand) to establish a Buddhist group in China, which was the beginning of Buddhism in Thailand. At this time, monks from Myanmar, Siam and Cambodia also entered Ceylon to study Buddhism and were ordained again. After returning to China, they also established a monk group in their own country, called the Sinhalese Monk Group, according to the precepts they had received. These monks brought the Buddhist heritage of Ceylon Temple School to all parts of Southeast Asia, which became the beginning of Southern Buddhism.
With the rapid development of Southern Buddhism, Ceylon was invaded by foreign forces because of its weak national strength, and local Buddhism declined instead. In the 1 1 century, envoys were sent to Myanmar, asking Myanmar to send monks to Ceylon to give lectures and re-establish the Buddhist group. By the18th century, Buddhism in Ceylon was extinct, Buddhist scriptures were lost, and monks' monasteries were also lost. 1750, he sent envoys to Siam and asked monks to preach the precepts in Ceylon. 1753, the king of Siam sent ten monks, including Youboli, to Ceylon to preach, and brought Sanzang Pali back to Ceylon, which was the beginning of Siamese monks in Sri Lanka. 1802, Maha Groba Nineveh Manluodixu became a monk from Myanmar, and established a group of monks, named Oman Luopolo Sect. 1865, Abungavando, namely Tuoshapo, returned to the Raman people from Myanmar. Although modern Ceylon Buddhism can be divided into three major factions, in terms of opinions, they all originated from the Temple Sect, so the teachings are still the same.
Now there are many Buddhists in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar and Laos, and 90% of them are Buddhists in Thailand. There are historical materials about the spread of Buddhism to the south, which was introduced from Myanmar to Yunnan, China in the middle of the 7th century. At first, the classics were just word of mouth. 1 1 Around the century, the Buddhist scriptures written in Tairun documents were introduced to Xishuangbanna via Myanmar, and it was not until the Southern Song Dynasty that Jingyan created the Dai language that the Baye Sutra was engraved. At present, Buddhism in Yunnan can be divided into four schools by name: Runrun School, Baizhuang School, Duolie School and Left-Left School.
Southern Buddhism is also called Pali Buddhism, because his Sanzang and notes use Pali. For example, as far as subordinate sects are concerned, anyone who believes in Buddhism at the Upper Seats and converts to a cult can be called Buddhism at the Upper Seats or Southern Buddhism. For example, Seated Buddhism, which has been popular in China and Yunnan for more than 1,300 years, is very popular in southern Vietnam.
Taoism
The origin of Taoism is different from the existing historical materials and Taoist scriptures. Shu Wei believes that Taoism originated from Laozi; Ge Hong, on the other hand, thinks that he is the "king of Yuan" regardless of time (this view is often dismissed as nonsense by many researchers). Chen Yingning believes that Taoism "traces back to Huang Lao and unifies a hundred schools". At present, it is generally believed that Taoism originated from witchcraft and belief in ghosts and gods in ancient China, and then to witchcraft belief (such as ghost Dao and Fang). ) combined with Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Mohism, Five Elements and Yin and Yang, different folk belief systems were created in various places.
The immortal thought in the pre-Qin period had a great influence on the emergence and development of Taoism. During the Warring States period, alchemists who advocated the elixir of life appeared in many areas, which became the ideological origin of Taoism taking Dan medicine to become immortal, and influenced the development of Taoist Dante School and Neidan School respectively.
In the Han Dynasty, the rise of Dong Zhongshu's theory of telepathy between heaven and man and divination had a great influence on the emergence of Taoism, and the introduction of Buddhism also accelerated the emergence of Taoism. The pedigree of Buddha statues in Buddhism directly inspired Taoism to construct a complete pedigree of Taoist immortals. The proliferation of Fang and Huang in Han Dynasty played a catalytic role in the emergence of Taoism.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lao Zi Xiang Er Zhu appeared, which is a work to explain the Tao Te Ching through cultivation and accomplishment, and is considered as a sign of the transition from Taoist thought to Taoist theory.
The appearance of Taoism in the early Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties went through a long process. From the rise of Fang in the Warring States Period to the prevalence of divination in the Western Han Dynasty and the appearance of Huang, activities similar to Taoist organizations have begun to exist. Two landmark events in the formation of early Taoism, one is the spread of Taiping Jing, and the other is the appearance of Wudoumi Road and Taiping Road.
After the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, early Taoist groups such as Wudou Midao and Taiping Daoism began to rise. With the charisma of religious leaders, early Taoist groups spread their teachings to all parts of China by using curses, amulets, shackles and other means to save people from various problems. Taoism in this period was mainly active in the lower classes and was often regarded as the spiritual call of armed uprising.
During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, the government began to pay attention to this issue. On the one hand, it is repression; On the other hand, it is also utilization and transformation. And some Taoists also moved closer to the upper class and participated in court politics; Some of them specialize in cultivation; The other part is still engaged in folk activities, which are used by peasant rebels, such as the Yellow Scarf Uprising.
However, Taoism in Shi Tian was widely spread, and in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty, Shangqing School and Lingbao School appeared. Ge Hong, Lu, Tao Hongjing, Kou and others rearranged the Taoist classics and rituals scattered around the country, so that Taoism began to have a relatively complete myth system and rituals, and the Taoist organization was more perfect. Especially in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Taoism was strongly supported by the rulers, and the emerging Louguan Taoism flourished and became the most popular sect since the Tang Dynasty.
Taoism developed greatly in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but Buddhism developed faster in this period. Therefore, there is also struggle and integration between Buddhism and Taoism. The symbol of this struggle is Gu Huan's "Yi Xialun", who opposed Buddhism from the standpoint of Taoism. This has aroused the dissatisfaction of Buddhists, who have written articles to refute it. When the struggle intensified, many people also advocated that the two should reconcile with each other. In this struggle, the Shangqing school and the Lingbao school absorbed some Buddhist thoughts, as well as Buddhist theories of karma, three generations of reincarnation, heaven and hell. At that time, Buddhism also absorbed some Taoist immortal thoughts.
Taoism also produced a large number of Confucian classics in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the classification method of Taoist Confucian classics was formed at this time. This is because Taoist temples have also been built in large numbers, which in turn prompted the formulation of Taoist commandments.
During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, it was highly respected by the royal family and Taoism flourished. In Sui Dynasty, Maoshan School became the main school of Taoism. Yuan Shi Tian Zun was regarded as the highest god at this time; The word "Inner Dan", which is very important in Taoist practice, was also formed at this time.
In the Tang Dynasty, because the emperor surnamed Li, the second child was honored as the ancestor of Li, and Laozi was posthumously named Emperor Xuanyuan in the first year of Ganfeng. In the first year of Tianbao, Zhuangzi was named South China Zhenren, Wen Zi was named Xuan Tong Zhenren, Liezi was named Xu Chong Zhenren, Geng Sangzi was named Xu Dong Zhenren, and the book of Sizi was renamed Zhen Jing. Therefore, there were many famous Taoist schools at that time, and each theory had its own purport, which made the Taoist thought, theory and philosophy system develop more completely. In particular, Du Guangting, a famous Taoist in the late Tang Dynasty and the early Five Dynasties, systematically sorted and classified them, which promoted the spread of Taoism in the future. In addition, the first collection of Taoist scriptures in China was compiled at this time.
However, after the Anshi Rebellion, Taoism began to decline relatively. Although the emperor of the Tang Dynasty pursued the policy of worshipping Taoism from beginning to end, the rebellion such as the separatist regime in the buffer region weakened the development of Taoism. In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, although wars were frequent, there were still many emperors who worshipped Taoism. Although Taoist temples were destroyed, Taoist priests fled and Confucian classics were lost during this period, Taoism still developed to some extent. The most typical example is that Tiantai Sect in Nanyue was derived from Maoshan Sect.
Taoism in the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties was another development period of Taoism. Emperors of all dynasties advocated Taoism, and Zhenzong also imitated the Tang Dynasty to combine Zhao's lineage with Taoist gods. Song Huizong even claimed to be the emperor of Taoism, which made Taoism more prosperous. On the other hand, the government has also strengthened the management of Taoism, mainly by appointing Taoist officials, giving them the titles of teachers and purple clothes, and testing monks to ensure that Taoism has a certain cultural quality.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, with the support of the emperor, Fu You School developed.
In the aspect of Taoist theory, Chen Tuan and Zhang Boduan have made great contributions to the development of Taoist inner alchemy theory. Taoist inner alchemy became the mainstream of Taoist practice after the Northern Song Dynasty, and Taoist theory also revolved around this theme. External alchemy gradually declined.
Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism gradually merged, and the concept of "three religions in one" began, from the idea of pursuing personal happiness to joining the WTO to help the world. Due to the economic development of the common people in the Song Dynasty and the combination of folk beliefs and Taoism, the gods of the common people were absorbed by Taoism one after another, resulting in a new wave of god-making craze.
After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty formed Quanzhen Taoism, and the combination of Neidan and Fu You produced the new Fu You Taoism. Song Zhenzong and Song Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty held Taoism in high esteem.
In addition, Taoism became more active among the people in the Southern Song Dynasty, and combined with southern witchcraft, which enriched its own theory and methods and formed Fu You Taoism represented by Sanshan Fu You.
After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Taoism flourished in organizational development and gradually merged, forming two schools: the orthodox school and the Quanzhen school. Quanzhen religion Qiu Chuji was appreciated by the emperor, and Quanzhen religion got new development. However, in the later period of Li Zhichang's missionary work, due to the Yuan rulers' preference for Buddhism, Quanzhen was severely hit and many Taoist scriptures were burned.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although a few emperors were fascinated by Taoism, due to political factors and the more secularization of Taoism, Taoist teachings made no progress, scientific instruments became more complicated, and Taoist priests became more mercenary, which made scholars gradually despise them.
In the Ming Dynasty, Taoist schools were formally divided into orthodox schools and quanzhen schools. Zheng He got more official attention. The official learned the lesson that the lower class people in Yuan Dynasty used folk religion for uprising and overdeveloped Taoism, formulated a perfect management system and strengthened their control over Taoism.
Taoism in the Ming Dynasty had a great influence in the fields of culture and thought. For example, there have been ghost novels with the theme of copying ghost stories.
After entering the Qing Dynasty, the development of Taoism began to decline, the theoretical development tended to stagnate, and its influence in society began to weaken.
After the Opium War of Taoism in the Republic of China, the development of Taoism went from bad to worse, and the number of temples and Taoist priests decreased sharply. Moreover, because the rulers attach less importance to Taoism, Taoism is forced to develop to the people. Many researchers believe that the boxer movement is a reflection of this situation. In addition, the temple fair activities were enthusiastic.
At the end of Japanese occupation in Taiwan Province Province and Taiwan Province Province, many people believed in Taoism to show their national position. Therefore, Taoism was suppressed and Taoist temples were repeatedly destroyed. Only when they are enshrined as Buddha statues or folk gods can they be preserved. This mixed phenomenon continues to this day.
1949, the 63rd generation Shi Tian Zhang Enpu arrived in Taiwan Province. After his death in 1969, Zhang Enpu passed it on to his cousin Zhang. He is the 64th generation Shi Tian and now lives in Shi Tian, Hans County, Taiwan Province Province.
After the establishment of Taoist People's Republic of China (PRC) in People's Republic of China (PRC) period, the Chinese Taoist Association was established in 1956. During the Cultural Revolution, Taoism was greatly impacted. Just when it was banned, the Taoist priests of Quanzhen Taoism were forced to return to the secular world.
After the reform and opening up, Taoism gradually recovered due to the policy of freedom of religious belief.