Nanyao notes are a kind of ceramic notes that appeared in the early Qing Dynasty. It was written one by one and recorded in words. Its content has important reference value for exploring the porcelain-making technology and methods of Jingdezhen in Ming and Qing Dynasties. This book is another masterpiece of ceramic craft after Tang Ying's Illustration of Ye Tao, which has great influence in academic circles. Unfortunately, the author and the time of writing this book have been a mystery since the late Qing Dynasty, which has brought a very adverse impact on the study of ceramic theory. For this reason, Dr. Chen Ning researched the author and the writing time of the book from the aspects of historical records, text content, arrangement style, manuscript circulation, binding form and calligraphy style, and thought that the book was "compiled by Zhang Jiuyue, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, and the first draft was in the forty-two years of Qianlong", and gave a detailed introduction to Zhang Jiuyue's life story.
According to the investigation, Zhang Jiuyue, whose name is Xizi, is Taoyuan, Zixianshan and Luofu Flower Farmers. Xiangtan, Hunan, a well-known scholar in Qing Dynasty, experienced four dynasties: Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing. Especially in the mid-Qianlong period, Zhang Jiuyue was in charge of various counties in Jiangxi for five years, and often went to Jingdezhen to inspect porcelain-making technology, and then wrote a book "Notes on South Kiln". Dr. Chen Ning said in his article that Zhang Jiuyue's academic achievement has been "forgotten" by academic circles for a hundred years, and people should pay more attention to it today.
Centennial mystery
Nanyao notes are a kind of ceramic notes that appeared in the early Qing Dynasty. It was written one by one and recorded in words. There are 34 articles in the book. Except the introduction, each article has a title in front of it, namely, Chai Kiln, Ru Kiln, Official Kiln, Ge Kiln, Ding Kiln, Longquan Kiln, Jun Kiln, Yongle Kiln, Xuan Kiln, Chenghong Kiln, Wan Jia Kiln, Factory Official Kiln, Glaze Furnace, Glaze Matching, Blank Tire and Round Kiln. Among them, there are 7 antique kilns in Jingdezhen and 6 Ming kilns. The tire, glaze, color and kiln 2 1 piece of Jingdezhen porcelain are described. This book has important reference value for exploring the porcelain-making technology and methods in Jingdezhen in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is also another masterpiece of ceramic technology after Tang Ying's Illustration of Ye Tao, which has a great influence in the ceramic field. Regrettably, the author and writing time of this book have been a mystery since the late Qing Dynasty.
The Manuscript and Book Shadow of Nan Yao Notes
Judging from the handed down edition, the current edition of Nanyao Notes is an art series compiled by Huang in the early years of the Republic of China. At the end of the volume, under the title of "Annotation to Nan Yao", this edition only indicates that the underlying manuscript is "old manuscript", without mentioning the author and the time of writing, which makes the academic circles often regard the author as "anonymous" and limit the time of writing to the inaccurate "Yongzheng and Qianlong years" in Qing Dynasty. Subsequently, word of mouth gradually became a "conclusion", which was rarely explored for more than 100 years. The main reason is that we can't find the "old draft" of Nanyao Notes.
The Book Shadow of "Art Series" in Notes of Nanyao
The mystery is emerging.
20 12 Guangxi Normal University Press photocopied and published the manuscript of Notes on Southern Medicine, with the cover title of Transcript of Notes on Southern Medicine, which is probably a printed version of the art series. This manuscript was proofread by Wang Jing. According to "Peach Garden Chronicle", she thought that the book was "compiled in the 42nd year of September (1777)". Unfortunately, she only recorded this "orphan card", lacking more complete and convincing supporting materials, so it has not attracted the attention and attention of academic circles for many years, and many scholars simply don't know it. However, her exploration of the author and the writing time of Notes on Nanyao is worthy of recognition and appreciation. Taking this as a clue, following the map and consulting a large number of relevant materials, the author finally found more and more convincing evidence to support Wang Jing's point of view. The author also believes that the book should be compiled by Zhang Jiuyue, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, and the first draft was written in the forty-second year of Qianlong. The evidence is as follows:
First, according to historical records, Zhang Jiayu, Zhang Jiuyue's grandnephew, clearly recorded the author and writing time of Notes on Nanyao in the Chronicle of Taoyuan: "In the forty-two years of Qianlong, Ding You was fifty-seven years old and returned to Nanchang to live in Qiuchao Bookstore and write Notes on Nanyao." In the Qing Dynasty, Deng Xianhe's Biography of Taoyuan Chronicle was also called Zhang September's Notes on Nanyao. These two historical materials are the earliest records about the author and the writing time of Nan Yao Notes, and they are also the direct evidence of the author's argument.
Secondly, from the text content, Notes on Nanyao mainly describes the porcelain-making technology of Jingdezhen in the early Qing Dynasty, which is an important reason why its writing time is often limited to "Yongzheng and Qianlong periods". However, from the perspective of the taboo of ancient Chinese characters, the word "Hong" in the subtitle "Cheng Hongyao" in the text should have been "Hong", which refers to the years of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty, but it was written as "Hong" in the text, apparently to avoid the taboo of Emperor Li Hong of Qianlong. From this point of view, the book can't be written during Yongzheng, but during Qianlong. After four dynasties of Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing, especially in the middle of Qianlong, Zhang September worked in various counties in Jiangxi for five years before he had the opportunity and conditions to inspect Jingdezhen's porcelain-making technology. At the same time, as a scholar, he is fully capable of expressing these findings in words, writing books and writing Notes on Southern Medicine.
Thirdly, comparing the manuscript of Nan Yao Zhu with Zhang September's Jin Nan Zhu, we can find that they are basically the same in arrangement style, collection process, binding form and calligraphy style. From the point of view of writing form, both books are written in the form of one note and one record, with a subtitle before each content; Judging from the Tibetan scriptures, two books are often collected by private individuals at the same time, such as He, a famous calligrapher in the late Qing Dynasty and a contemporary philologist. Jinnan Notes was published by Zhang in Tao Yuan Wai Ji, but Nanyao Notes still circulated in the form of manuscripts. Judging from the binding form and calligraphy style, both books are written in bamboo paper and cursive script, which is pure and simple, and directly inherits the Tang family in Jin Dynasty, which is quite impressive. It can be seen that Nan Yao Notes should be written by Zhang in September, just like Jin Nan Essays.
Fourthly, referring to Zhang Jiuyue's Poems, we can know that he wrote Three Episodes of Zhang Yu during the forty-two to forty-three years of Qianlong, including The Song of the Blue-and-white Goldfish Tank in Huofengxian Palace. The story of "Huo Feng Shixian Tong Bin gave his life to put out the fire, making it successful" in the poem coincides with the article in Notes on the South Kiln, which says that there are dragon tanks, railings, boxes and so on. , and the giant is prosperous, and both the government and the people are involved, so the fire owner and the child died in the kiln. This poem was written almost at the same time as Notes on the South Kiln. When Zhang Jiuyue inspected the porcelain-making technology in Jingdezhen, he saw the broken blue and white fish tank in the Fenghuoxian Temple of the Imperial Kiln Factory, and he was touched by the scene before him. This shows that Zhang Jiuyue has indeed been to Jingdezhen to inspect the porcelain-making technology, and also reflects his concern and attention to Jingdezhen porcelain industry.
To sum up, this note on southern medicine, which has an important influence in academic circles, was written and recorded by Zhang Jiuyue, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, in the forty-second year of Qianlong.
This article was published in China Culture News.
The author is himself.
"If you know how to learn from the prophet, you will learn from others." It is necessary for the author to give a brief description of Zhang September's life knowledge. Zhang Jiuyue was born in Taoyuan, Zixian Mountain, Luofu Flower Farmers and Meihuagang. 172 1 was born in Xiangtan, Hunan province on August 30th, 2008, and was of a noble family. According to records, Xiangtan Zhang is "the son of a famous father, the father of a famous son, sharing a brother, a tiger with a dragon, and a tiger with a dragon, all with literary talent". Such a deep family background laid a good foundation for Zhang's academic achievements after September.
Zhang Jiuyue was born smart, but his talent was low. At the age of 7, he read the Songs of the South. Read thirteen classics at the age of 9; 65,438+00 years old, specializing in classical Chinese; At the age of 65,438+02, he became a student and entered the county school. He is regarded as a "prodigy". /kloc-When he was 0/3 years old, he visited Caishiji, climbed Taibai Fairy Tower, and got drunk as Long song. He was praised by Yuan Mei, a great scholar at that time, making him famous in the south of the Yangtze River, and was known as "Taibai near-re-embodiment" and "the back of violet". /kloc-when he was 0/4 years old, he studied the ancient Sanxiang Fu hard and won the first prize of seven prizes. Famous officials and giants competed to recruit talents. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he was selected as a tribute student. /kloc-April 0/742, Beijing Normal University entrance exam, trying Taihe Gate, first-class student Zhang September, entered imperial academy, and was awarded by Zhenghuangqi. 1745, at the end of the teaching period, he should have served as a county magistrate for external use, but resigned and returned to Li. After 10 years, Zhang Jiuyue spent most of his time writing at home, and successively completed books such as Poems of Past Dynasties and The Legend of Double Rainbow and Bi. 1758, Zhang September went to Beijing again, and the following year he took an examination of Zhenghongqi official school teaching. 1762 participated in Shuntianfu township examination and won the prize. The following year, he took the exam and won the third place in Zhongming Tongbang, so he was elected as the magistrate of Jiangxi. Zhang Jiuyue once served as a magistrate in Nanfeng, Xiajiang and Nanchang, Jiangxi. During his tenure, he was very critical and praised by the people, and some people set up shrines. 1768, due to his outstanding achievements, he was promoted to Tongzhi, Lotus Hall, Ji 'an Prefecture, but he was unable to take up his post due to filial piety. It reopened three years later, and Guangdong was still appointed as the magistrate, and there were political voices. Later, he resigned and returned to Li because he was involved in the theft of Haiyang.
"If the official stops, poverty cannot exist." Yan Bi traveled to Nanchang, Yangzhou, Huizhou, Hangzhou, Kaifeng, Luoyang and other places, and wrote a lot. Among them, Zhang Jiuyue returned to Nanchang on 1777, lived in Qiu Yan Chao Bookstore, and wrote "Notes on South Kiln". In the following years, he successively completed many works, such as Essays in Jinnan and Textual Research on Mountains and Rivers, and was hired by officials in many places to compile local county records, giving lectures in Nan Zhou, Linhuai, Zhaotan and other academies, saying that "training talents is a temporary achievement". 1September, 803 19, Zhang Jiuyue died at home at the age of 83, and was awarded as an official doctor.
Throughout Zhang Jiuyue's life, he was not only honest and upright as an official, but also well-read and rich in works, especially famous for his poems. Zhang Jiuyue had been in charge of various counties in Jiangxi for many years, and often went to Jingdezhen to inspect porcelain-making technology, and then wrote a masterpiece of ceramic technology in the early Qing Dynasty, Notes on Nanyao. This important academic achievement of Zhang Jiuyue has been "forgotten" for a hundred years and should not be ignored or omitted.
(The writer is the head of the Cultural Heritage Department of the School of Art and Culture of Jingdezhen Ceramic University, and an assistant researcher of China Institute of Ceramic Culture. )