Liu Baocun! Associate Professor, Institute of International and Comparative Education, Beijing Normal University (Beijing "# # $%&; In recent years, how to establish a research university has become a research hotspot in the field of higher education in China, and it has also become the goal of some universities. Research university is a concept introduced from abroad, and we don't know much about it. Based on the growth experiences of Oxford University in Britain and Harvard University in the United States, this paper discusses the basic ideas of establishing research universities, with a view to enlightening China University in establishing research universities. First, adhere to the purpose of seeking truth and advocating truth. Founded in * $ year, Oxford University is one of the oldest and most influential research universities in the world. Since its birth, Oxford University has established the mission of exploring universal knowledge. The emblem of Oxford University has been used since the Middle Ages, and it says "+,-". /0 1.220-./34.,-53 "[The Lord has illuminated (inspired) me], ["] This shows the influence of medieval religion on universities, emphasizing that "enlightenment" is the source of knowledge and truth. But universities are places to explore knowledge (knowledge and truth) after all. In the mid-6th century, there was a discussion about the idea of university in Oxford University. 9? 9 Henry? 9? 9 Newman (7,8 95/:; & lt5=-3/) pointed out in the book The Idea of University: "In the simplest and most primitive form, a university is a place where teachers and students from all over the world explore all kinds of knowledge." [] "If you want to clarify' What is a university?' In short and common language? "It can be expressed by an old saying, that is,' University is a place to explore universal knowledge (3140 > .0- ? 5/5:325，，: 1@8，，2，A 0/.B5: 132 253:/。 /? )'"。 [(] Today, Newman's university idea still affects today's Oxford University and becomes the most vital and influential part of the Oxford University idea. Harvard University, founded in * (*), is a typical representative of American research universities. The founding purpose of Harvard University can be reflected in its emblem and motto. On the emblem of Harvard University, which has been used since the time of Harvard College, the words CDEFGHI are written in Latin, which means "truth" in Chinese. The original motto of Harvard University was also written in Latin, which translated into Chinese means "take Plato as your friend, Aristotle as your friend, and more importantly, take truth as your friend." The emblem and motto of Harvard University show that the purpose of the school is to worship the truth. After that (# # years), although Harvard University has undergone changes, it has always adhered to the purpose of seeking truth, but its expression and emphasis are different in different periods. For example, Eliot (K83:25 1L)D2(4), who is the president of Harvard University in "$ * 6J" 6 # 6, pointed out: "A university is a collection of teachers, a treasure house of knowledge and a seeker of truth." [m] in "6 ((j" 6&; (Conant (73-5 1 N:), President of Harvard University 1999; 3/4 K, /3/4) points out: "If we try to summarize the goal of higher education in one sentence, then the best summary is seeking truth"; [& amp； "The main task of universities today is to seek truth, which has always been the main task of universities." The experience of Oxford and Harvard shows that universities are academic institutions that explore knowledge and pursue truth. To create a research university, the most important thing is to recognize the nature of the university and adhere to the purpose of seeking truth and respecting truth. Second, the pursuit of Excellence In the history of $ # # years, Oxford University has always adhered to the philosophy of pursuing Excellence. In # # #, Oxford University stated its new mission: "The goal of Oxford University is to achieve and maintain Excellence in every field of teaching and scientific research; Maintain and develop the historical position of world-class universities; Benefit the international community, countries and places through scientific research results and the skills of graduates. " [%] pursue Excellence and achieve success! How to Establish Research Universities in Liu Baocun —— Experience of Oxford University and Harvard University *% Tianjin University has played a unique role in British cultural, political and scientific life. To! ""# Now, Oxford University has trained $ "Nobel Prize winners for Britain (including teachers and graduates of Oxford University)! % Prime Minister,&; % archbishop and #&; Cardinal archbishop From the establishment of Harvard University to the middle of this century! ""Over the years, although the transformation from college to university has been completed, it still bears the brand of colonial college, and its development level is far behind that of universities in Britain and Germany. #&# Eliot, a chemist who became the president of Harvard University in, announced his grand goal of rebuilding Harvard University at the beginning of his tenure: "We will steadily build the greatest university here." He pointed out: "In any country, a university is a reliable mirror that keenly reflects its own history and characteristics." Therefore, "when a new American university comes, it will not be a copy of a foreign university, but a fruit gradually and naturally rooted in American social and political traditions." It will embody the lofty goals and lofty ideals of the well-educated class in the United States. It is groundbreaking, so it is unparalleled in the world. "[& amp； Eliot wants to build Harvard University into an American-style university that is different from both British universities and German universities. He attached importance to the academic research of universities, advocated that universities should undertake the function of scientific research on the basis of teaching, implemented the course selection system and developed postgraduate education, and initially established Harvard University's position as a research university. Later presidents of Harvard, such as Lawwill, conant, Puxi, Bok, Lu, etc. Determined to be ambitious, determined to reform, improve undergraduate education, improve professional colleges, strengthen scientific research and postgraduate education, and implement the core curriculum plan. These not only consolidate the position of Harvard University as a research university, but also make Harvard University a world-class university. After the baptism of history, Oxford and Harvard have a long history. The secret is that "pursuing Excellence" has become a part of their university culture. Third, a variety of functions centered on teaching and scientific research In the Middle Ages, the only function of universities was to cultivate talents, or teaching. Oxford University is no exception. "Universities don't encourage advanced research, but university teachers pursue it as a personal hobby. "['] However, since #&; According to the report of the Royal Commission of Inquiry in% $ year, the situation has changed since the Oxford University Act promulgated by the British Parliament came into effect. The law requires Oxford University to establish a high-level faculty to engage in teaching and scientific research. At the same time, by setting up departments according to majors, the structure of the university will be changed from a system centered on classical disciplines to a system centered on majors and corresponding to occupations, so as to combine professional teaching with scientific research and practice. Since then, Oxford University has established a number of museums and laboratories, and scientific research has gradually become an important function of Oxford University. Regarding the functions of contemporary Oxford University, Morris, former vice president of Oxford University? 9? 9 Bora () *+，-。 /0 12, *) points out: "Contemporary Oxford has four basic tasks: cultivating leaders, conducting scientific research, cultivating new scholars and scientists, and transmitting civilized culture through colleges." [# "] Bora's mission here actually refers to the functions of Oxford University. In the mission statement of Oxford University, we can also see the role of Oxford University in the development of contemporary society: carrying out creative research, promoting challenging and dynamic teaching, developing students' intelligence and personality, and providing more and more diversified lifelong learning opportunities. At the beginning of its establishment, Harvard College was basically a replica of a British university. The only function of a university is to train talents for government departments, first priests and then officials. # At the end of the century, Eliot reformed Harvard University. He believes that universities not only have the function of imparting and storing knowledge, but also have the function of creating knowledge and pursuing truth. Eliot pointed out: "Universities have three main direct functions. The first is teaching; Secondly, a lot of acquired systematic knowledge is collected in the form of books; The third is to study, or in other words, push forward the current knowledge boundary year after year and master some new truths. " [# #] Therefore, he advocates that teachers should shoulder the dual responsibilities of teaching and scientific research, and scientific research should become a new function of Harvard University. His successor Lawwill (34 34,465,438+055 6 * 2, /7. /665,438+02/88) pointed out: "Universities have two functions, both of which are indispensable, and it cannot be said that one is more important than the other. One is to store and transmit the acquired knowledge, and the other is to increase knowledge ... There should be no difficulty in combining the protection of old and good truths with the comprehensive exploration of new truths. " [#! President Conant hopes to turn Harvard into a top research university, so he pays special attention to the academic level and scientific research of the university, but he does not separate the relationship between teaching and scientific research. He pointed out: "Our teachers must, as always, expand the boundaries of knowledge in all directions. I hope that our teachers will never be divided into two groups specializing in teaching and creative research, and don't separate teaching from scientific research. " [# 9] In view of the generalization tendency of university functions, Derek? 9? 9 Blog (:/,; & lt0 1 & lt； Sticking to teaching and scientific research or spreading knowledge and discovering knowledge are the functions of universities. He said: "Universities are set up to achieve a specific purpose, and their specific mission is to discover and disseminate knowledge." [# $] Whether in Britain or the United States, it is generally recognized that universities have many functions such as teaching, scientific research and service, and Oxford and Harvard also undertake various functions. However, most of the presidents and documents of these two universities only mention that teaching and scientific research are the functions of universities, not services, which is worth how to create research universities (&; We need to think deeply. In their view, teaching and scientific research are the central tasks (functions) of universities, while service is only a secondary task, and service is mainly achieved through academic activities such as teaching and scientific research. Fourth, the discipline setting based on universal knowledge When a university comes into being, in order to be recognized as a university, a school must set up one of three advanced disciplines: liberal arts, medicine, law and theology. At that time, these four disciplines could be regarded as all subjects with profound knowledge, so universities became institutions to explore and spread universal knowledge. Under the influence of this concept, Oxford University's exploration of advanced knowledge covers almost all arts and sciences. In the eyes of Oxford people, when all the knowledge is gathered under one name, it is called a university. University is the kingdom of all knowledge and intellectual development. It should absorb all human knowledge in art, science, history and philosophy and make it appropriate. And "this universality is the essential feature of universities, which is different from other academic institutions." [! Until today, Oxford University still follows the concept of "universal learning". Oxford University is now established! # Department. ! Some departments offer "$ NUMBER majors", some are single subjects, such as biological science, chemistry and computer science, and some are interdisciplinary comprehensive majors, such as archaeology and anthropology, biochemistry and so on. Over the years, Harvard University has been following! # "The spirit of the charter of Harvard College of #“$ TERM is to promote the development of all beneficial literature, art and science, and to educate young people with the help of all beneficial development of literature, art and science. Today's Harvard University * * * has! ! A college, among them! $ is a graduate school! One is an undergraduate college. Every graduate school has departments, among which the College of Arts and Sciences is the largest, and the scope of disciplines is no less than that of a domestic university. In addition, Harvard University has specialized research institutions. Undergraduate education at Harvard University * * * opens & More than $ professional. An important reason why universities are "big" lies in the universality of academic research in universities. No matter it is a "university" in the nature of arts and sciences or a "university" in the nature of a professional college, it is not a real university. Judging from the field of academic research and the scope of discipline setting, no matter what discipline a university is based on, it must have liberal arts disciplines and various professional disciplines. The universality of discipline setting can promote exchanges and mutual penetration between different disciplines, and also lay the foundation for new growth points of disciplines. Of course, while adhering to multi-disciplines, universities should also "do something different" instead of blooming everywhere without focus. For example, Oxford University has no business school, and Harvard has no engineering school. V. First-class teaching staff In contemporary times, in order to achieve the goal of pursuing Excellence in running a school, Oxford University regards building a first-class teaching staff as the basic concept of running a school and spreads famous teachers. ! A: Year! ! In May, there were # members of the Royal Society among the faculty of Oxford University, who were members of the British Academy of Sciences! $ "people. By the year of * $ $ $,the professors at Oxford University had * * *! I won the Nobel Prize. The talent pool makes Oxford University rank among the first-class universities in Britain and even the world in the fields of mathematics, computer science, physics, biology, medicine, economics, history, literature, law, psychology, philosophy and political science, laying the foundation for its high-level teaching and scientific research. In order to turn Harvard University into a high-level first-class institution, successive presidents from President Eliot have attached great importance to the construction of teaching staff. Eliot pointed out: "The real progress of universities must depend on teachers. " [! #] He believes that the key to building Harvard into a high-level university lies in having a group of scholars with real talents and first-class teachers. Therefore, his first major move after taking office was to raise teachers' salaries and hire the best talents at a large price to provide the best convenience for their teaching and scientific research, thus making Harvard University a gathering place for outstanding scholars. Through the efforts of two presidents, Eliot and Lawwill, Harvard University has established its leading position in American universities. In order to make Harvard University in a favorable position in the competition with other research universities, conant particularly emphasized the promotion of knowledge and learning through scientific research, which depends on excellent talents. Therefore, he believes that the key to the success of Harvard University is whether it can attract the best teachers. He said: "Great scholars are also places where great masters gather. If the tenured professor in the school is the most famous in the world, then this university must be the best. " [! He clearly pointed out that the greatness of Harvard University lies in academic masters, not gorgeous high-rise buildings. On the employment and promotion of teachers, he formulated the policy of "promotion or leaving", and the most important criterion for selecting teachers is academic value, that is, whether teachers have academic creativity and high academic attainments, thus ensuring that Harvard professors are outstanding scholars and academic leaders in their majors or disciplines, which also makes Harvard University always in a leading position among universities in the United States and even the world and become a world-class university. As of now! In the spring of 2008,% of professors in Harvard University won the Nobel Prize, which shows the strength of its teaching staff. 6. Loose and free academic atmosphere Like other universities in the Middle Ages, Oxford University was formed as a scholar society composed of teachers and students based on the guild. Scholars set up various societies and organizations for the purpose of learning from others, pursuing truth and protecting their own interests. In the process of struggle and cooperation with how to establish a research university #, the church, the feudal secular regime and the university gained certain autonomy, and through these autonomy or privileges, the university provided scholars with academic freedom to explore knowledge. Today, this idea still affects Oxford University. Ted. 9? 9 Taber and other scholars pointed out in Oxford, Cambridge and the Changes of University Ideas: "Niuqiao (!" # $%&The most enduring and influential belief in the belief system is that universities are a society where scholars manage themselves. "[) *] Under the guidance of this concept, Oxford University advocates academic freedom, making Oxford University a place to explore knowledge and pursue truth freely. As Newman, a famous educator at Oxford University, pointed out, Oxford University "is a place where many schools gather together. People of all factions have equal status, and their views only obey the standard of truth, so they can think and explore problems safely. Through the collision of wisdom and knowledge, universities can deepen exploration, test and improve discoveries, correct rashness and expose mistakes. "[)+] It is precisely because of this that Oxford University has become" the house of wisdom, the light of the world, the messenger of faith and the mother of new civilization "and [,-] a world-class institution of higher learning. President Eliot introduced the spirit of academic freedom of European universities, especially German universities, to Harvard University, which has since formed the tradition of academic freedom. Eliot believes that "universities are the most intolerant places for dictators in the world", and [,] academic freedom should be the basic principle of academic research and the key to the success of universities. Eliot once pointed out: "(A Harvard professor) is a master in his field. He can either give lectures or ask students to translate,' recite' or answer questions. He can not only enforce classroom discipline, but also relax it. He can not only cultivate students' extensive contact with society, but also not talk about anything outside the classroom. Because his students have different views and backgrounds-religious, political and social-he will naturally give others the same freedom. He can try his best to state his views, but he can't arbitrarily impose his views on students. " Lawwill inherited the tradition of academic freedom in Eliot's time. He believes that universities are places for academic research and should provide teachers and students with an environment for free exploration, discovery and dissemination of truth, especially in the classroom. He said: "Teachers should have absolute freedom to teach their research topics in class, and they are obliged to teach the truth they have discovered. This is the first condition of academic freedom, and violation of this principle will endanger the progress of knowledge. "At Harvard University, not only teachers but also students enjoy academic freedom. Students have the freedom to choose their studies, to refuse to participate in worship, to compete for semester scholarships on an equal footing, and to choose their own friends. Based on the concept of academic freedom, Eliot fully implemented the elective system and credit system in Harvard University. Today, Harvard University still follows Eliot's thought of academic freedom and strives to create a free development environment for students. President of Stanford University/? 9? Caspar pointed out at the forum of university presidents held in Peking University's centenary celebration: "Academic freedom is an indispensable soul of a university. "[0] The reason why the masters of Oxford and Harvard can continue to make contributions to the world with brilliant achievements is that they have a relaxed and free academic environment. Academic freedom is the basic principle of academic research and the main condition for establishing a research university.