With the progress of society and the rapid development of economy, human beings have entered the era of knowledge economy and information economy. At the same time, knowledge and information are also growing rapidly. Contemporary college students, as a group with more active thoughts among the younger generation, have new characteristics in their psychological development under the influence of the whole environment, which also requires us educators to grasp the new characteristics of college students' psychological development in time and adopt new methods to guide them so as to make contemporary college students grow up healthily. Let's analyze the characteristics of contemporary college students' psychological development and the educational countermeasures for different characteristics. One,
General characteristics of contemporary college students' psychology
1, the psychological development level of college students
Contemporary college students are mainly in the middle of youth, and their psychological development is becoming more and more mature, but they are not really fully mature. College students are generally between eighteen and twenty-two, and their psychological development is almost mature. But if we analyze their psychological development more comprehensively and carefully, we can find that some aspects of their psychological development are far from mature. Because they have reached the legal age of citizenship and entered the university, college students consider themselves adults and try to speak and do things with the taste of adults. But judging from their understanding of social problems, they can only be regarded as "quasi-adults". Unlike in middle school, college students are more free and open because they are too bound by teachers and parents. In such a transitional period towards society, they are often not easy to deeply understand social norms and the thoughts and feelings of others, and always think that others should be like themselves, so their thoughts and feelings are often inconsistent with the requirements of schools and society. Therefore, from the perspective of psychological development, college students are only in a stage of rapid maturity rather than real full maturity.
2 Two sides of college students' psychological characteristics
The main psychological characteristics of college students have two sides, namely positive and negative. The psychological development of college students is in the stage of rapid maturity, and these mature aspects show positive characteristics, such as strong emotions but good control, rich emotions, high enthusiasm and increasingly noble sentiments; Energetic, full of vigor and vitality, brave to advance, full of good wishes for life; Abstract is highly developed, dialectics is increasingly improved, divergent thinking has new development, good at independent thinking, strong thirst for knowledge and strong sense of innovation; With the new development of self-awareness, I have greatly improved my understanding of all aspects of myself, enhanced my initiative, and my self-esteem is particularly strong; The interpersonal relationship has been further expanded and the ability to communicate with others has been improved; Full of ideals, positive, yearning for truth; Wait a minute.
The immaturity of college students' psychological development determines their negative characteristics.
Such as abuse of abundant energy and recklessness; When you lack control over emotions and emotions, you can easily become a slave to emotions; Strong self-awareness, deep emotional experience, easy to indulge in low-level emotions under the bad influence of the outside world; When the objective conditions are not available, we are eager to meet the demand, leading to failure; In the absence of correct ideal guidance, curiosity and sensitivity can easily lead to superstition and wrong "new knowledge" or "new ideas"
3 college students' inner contradictions
In the process of college students' psychological development, there are obvious two sides, and the development in all aspects is also very uneven, which often leads to various conflicts and contradictions. The main internal contradictions are: the contradiction between loneliness caused by locking and strong communication needs; The contradiction between independence and dependence; The contradiction between strong thirst for knowledge and low discrimination; The contradiction between emotion and reason; The contradiction between desire, fantasy and current reality; The contradiction between strong sexual consciousness and correctly handling heterosexual relations.
These contradictions are normal contradictions in the psychological development of college students, but how to turn resistance into motivation, correctly solve inner contradictions and make psychological development more mature also puts forward higher requirements for our higher education.
Second, several aspects of college students' psychological characteristics
Contemporary college students need to constantly adapt to several aspects of study and life, such as study and creation, interpersonal communication, emotion, independent personality and life. In all aspects, contemporary college students also have different psychological development characteristics. Only by understanding and grasping these characteristics and guiding them correctly can students grow up healthily.
1 Learning and Innovation of College Students
The main task of college students is that under the new situation of reform and opening up, in the information age with rapid development of science and technology, teachers simply instill knowledge, which is far from meeting the requirements of today's times. College students should not only be good at understanding book knowledge, but also be good at using and creating knowledge. They should not only be able to learn and create under the guidance of teachers, but also be good at learning and creating without the guidance of teachers and leaving school.
College students' learning can be analyzed from three aspects: learning motivation, learning behavior and learning methods. Influenced by the social and economic development, the learning motivation of contemporary college students is also changing, and the advanced learning motivation is gradually decreasing, while the pursuit of personal value and higher material life occupies a high proportion. It is worth noting that some students' learning motivation is not clear, which leads to low learning enthusiasm, poor purpose and little learning motivation. It is also urgent to guide students to establish correct learning motivation.
Nowadays, college students have more and more free time, so they need to plan and arrange their own study. However, a considerable number of students have poor self-control ability and self-control, poor initiative and enthusiasm in learning, and can't use their time effectively. They are just busy with teachers' exams and don't actively acquire many other important knowledge. Let students know how to cherish time, know how to teach themselves and learn actively, which is also an aspect we need to strengthen.
Learning in university is different from learning in middle school. It requires certain learning methods, the combination of abstract thinking and logical thinking, the understanding and induction of memory, and the integration of theory with practice. In this regard, most students can find their own learning methods, but they also need college teachers to strengthen guidance in this regard.
As far as innovation is concerned, contemporary college students seem to have a strong desire to innovate, constantly improve and cultivate the requirements of creativity, and enhance the initiative of innovation consciousness. The formation of creativity also needs many conditions, such as profound professional foundation, extensive knowledge, practical skills, learning to learn, learning to think, good psychological quality, communication skills and so on. It is very important for schools and teachers to provide better conditions, strengthen teaching reform and actively guide students to innovate.
Characteristics of Middle School Students' Psychological Development
Everyone has psychological activities in daily life, and psychological phenomena are familiar to everyone. Let's take an example to illustrate the psychological phenomenon.
When Xiao Wang woke up in the morning, he saw the sun shining into the house and heard the birds chirping in the trees outside the window. She opened the window and a breeze blew, which made her feel extremely cool. She took a few mouthfuls of fresh air and seemed to smell the flowers in the air. She speculated that the flowers were probably blown out of the garden not far away. She remembers that there were many peony flowers there, and they may have bloomed by now. She is very happy, today is Sunday, and she is thinking in her mind whether to play for a while. How nice it would be! She likes grazing Danhua very much. She hasn't been to the garden for days. Suddenly she remembered that the experimental report had not been finished, and there was not much time left for discussion. She must be patient. So she simply ate breakfast, picked up her schoolbag and walked to the classroom. ...
There are a series of psychological activities in this small piece of life. What you see, hear, smell and feel here is called feeling; Remember, remember, just remember; Presumption and planning belong to thinking; Happiness, coziness and liking are all feelings; Patience and persistence are the will. These are all human psychological phenomena.
Human psychology is the subjective reflection of human brain on objective reality in practical activities. The brain is the organ of psychology, the material basis and premise of psychological activities, objective reality is the source, object and content of psychology, and individuals reflect reality through active practical activities. Therefore, people's brains are different in maturity, physiological conditions and objective environment, so people's psychology is also different.
What are the general characteristics of middle school students' psychological development? What is the trend?
(A) from rapid development to slow transition.
The psychological development of middle school students is very rapid, showing a new peak.
1, the intelligence develops rapidly and reaches relative maturity.
Entering the middle school stage, various factors of children's intelligence develop rapidly and gradually get rid of children's intelligence model. The establishment of theoretical thinking and the all-round development of observation, memory and imagination have made a qualitative leap in the intellectual development of middle school students, reaching a new peak and relative maturity. The relative maturity of intelligence has a great influence on children's cognition, emotion, will and personality.
2. There is a peak of creativity.
Creative ability and creative personality have developed rapidly. Middle school students have a strong thirst for knowledge and curiosity, the courage to think and create, imaginative quality and dedication, and many people show their creativity in middle school. As the famous physicist Yang Zhenning said, "When you get old, you will become more and more timid ... because once you have a new idea, you will immediately think of a lot of endless arguments and dare not move forward. When you are young and strong, you can look for new ideas everywhere and face challenges boldly. "
3. Sensibility, enthusiasm and vitality.
Compared with primary school students, after middle school students enter adolescence, their emotions develop and change very rapidly. Their rich emotions and changeable inner experiences are incomparable in childhood and difficult for adults to understand. At the same time, the generation of passion makes middle school students full of enthusiasm, vitality and vigor.
4. New changes have taken place in demand and motivation.
Need is the necessity of a certain survival and development condition that people feel. The demand of middle school students has developed rapidly. First, the nature of demand has changed, that is, social demand has developed rapidly. We need not only food, clothing, housing and transportation, but also knowledge and skills, communication and friendship, understanding and respect, ideals and success.
Motivation is the internal force to push people to act, and it needs to be realized. The motivation of middle school students has developed rapidly. First of all, the structure of motivation content has become rich and socialized, including not only learning motivation, but also social motivation, social activity motivation, career choice motivation, achievement motivation and so on. Secondly, the intensity of incentives has increased. In terms of learning motivation, the intensity of middle school students' seeking knowledge far exceeds that of primary school students, and many students' learning spirit of forgetting to eat and sleep and racing against time is incomparable to primary school students. Third, the internal conflict of middle school students' motivation is more complicated than that of primary school students. The level of students' self-regulating motivation conflict has improved rapidly, and the individual's enthusiasm has been continuously stimulated at a new level.
5. The rapid development of self-awareness.
In adolescence, children's psychological self-development makes the development of self-awareness quickly enter a new stage. Self-knowledge, self-experience and self-control have all reached a new level, and a series of new characteristics have appeared, and this development has not affected and spread to the development of other psychology.
6. The intensity of behavior increases, and new behaviors appear.
The rapid development of physiology, the maturity of sex, the intense emotion and the acceleration of socialization make children who enter adolescence always start faster and stronger, be more decisive and brave in doing anything, like to work hard, and always have a sense of urgency. At the same time, there are a series of new behaviors that primary school students don't have, such as courtship behavior, opposing family or teacher bondage behavior, more complicated social interaction behavior, and finding new hobbies.
(b) Transition from contradictory chaos to gradual stability
Because the psychological development of middle school students is in the transition stage from children to adults, it is a process from qualitative change to another qualitative change. The model of children and adolescents has been broken, and the model of adults has not yet been established, showing an unbalanced and unstable state. Some people call this transitional feature the contradiction between "adult feeling" and "childlike innocence".
1, the contradiction between independence and dependence
Children think they are adults, with strong independent intentions and self-esteem. On the one hand, I want to try my best to get rid of my parents' discipline. I hope parents and adults treat them as children, respect them and understand them. I especially hate parents' nagging discipline. The performance of Gu Yan's daughter at home is the result of this psychological effect. On the other hand, they themselves regard themselves as "naive children", try to make a clean break with the past "I", and often publicize that they are not children by words or actions. Some psychologists call this behavior of trying to get rid of dependence on parents and childhood psychology "weaning". But this "weaning" is not easy. Because first, in fact, middle school students are still immature, have not got rid of childishness in cognition, emotion and behavior, lack the necessary knowledge and ability, and are not completely independent in other aspects. Second, many schools now do not pay attention to cultivating students' independent ability. For example, some schools blindly pursue the enrollment rate, and students not only have a narrow knowledge, but also rarely participate in social activities and public welfare activities. Third, in the traditional family relationship in China at this stage, parents generally do not encourage their children to be independent as soon as possible, so that children have to rely on their parents financially when they go to college or graduate school. In particular, many parents are too fond of their children, or eager to make their children successful, or take care of them in every possible way, so that middle school students are often quite dependent. Even though some children have been working and living independently, they are still very attached to their parents in psychology and behavior, and their ability to live and work independently is poor. For example, many students are always escorted by their parents and relatives when they enter university. Some students don't know how to go through the formalities, so they have to run around by their parents. Some students can't even make the bed, but their parents still do it for them. They are called "big generation" by public opinion. This situation should arouse parents' meditation.
2. The contradiction between strong curiosity and limited understanding.
Middle school students have a strong thirst for knowledge. They want to ask why, study, think and discuss any problems. However, due to their limited knowledge and experience, limited thinking level and limited ability to analyze and solve problems, they often learn and absorb without purpose, plan, discrimination and eagerness to achieve success. Many middle school students are keen on some viewpoints of western philosophy, such as Nietzsche's superhuman will theory, Freud's psychoanalysis theory and Heidegger's existentialism philosophy, which are related to their psychological contradictions.
3. The contradiction between locking and strongly demanding communication and understanding.
The so-called atresia means that people's psychological activities have some implicit and implicit characteristics, which is relative to the consistency of people's external behavior and internal psychological activities. Due to the development of thinking and the extensive and profound understanding of the external world, especially the discovery of new self, middle school students began to point to their own internal world, the relationship between the internal world and the external world, and the corresponding development of independence and self-esteem. They lost the characteristics of exposure, frankness, simplicity and naivety in childhood, and appeared the lock of psychological activities. At first, this kind of locking showed the appearance of "inner secrets", and the time of "talking to yourself" increased. At first, people had to lock their doors and drawers, and they were disgusted with others going through his things casually. When no one was around, they kept a diary and told themselves their inner secrets. At the same time, it has become less frank in dealing with people. For example, when we ask children some questions, they can answer them directly without thinking, while when we ask middle school students, they often have to consider a lot, sometimes they will answer frankly, directly and truthfully, and sometimes they will not.
Middle school students' psychological atresia makes it difficult for them to reveal their true feelings to others, so they have higher requirements in communication and harsh selection conditions. Therefore, it is not only difficult for them to communicate psychologically with their parents, teachers and students, but also difficult to find true "soul mates" and "mutual understanding" among their peers, and they can have psychological bosom friends, so they often feel difficult to be understood by others and psychologically lonely to varying degrees. On the other hand, due to the requirements of society, middle school students strongly hope to associate with others and get understanding. This contradiction often makes children fidget, and individuals even become withdrawn.
4. The contradiction between autonomy and passivity.
Autonomy is one of the important characteristics of human psychological development, a tendency of subjective psychological state, and one of the important signs that human psychology is different from animal psychology. The conscious initiative of people's psychological activities began to develop in childhood, but generally speaking, children's cognition and behavior were more controlled and regulated by adults before puberty. Only in adolescence, with the maturity of the brain, the development of language and thinking, has a strong consciousness and initiative. Since then, children have become more active as individuals. No matter in cognition, emotion and behavior, they consciously try to think, experience and act according to a certain purpose. When they know external things, they demand and try to distinguish right from wrong; In action, they try to act according to the purpose determined consciously. In various activities, they strive to control and adjust the relationship between subjective and objective, and at the end of the activities, they try to sum up experiences and lessons, and further determine how they should know and act in the future. On the other hand, they are not good at consciously and actively controlling and regulating their psychological activities and corresponding external behaviors, showing a certain degree of passive blindness. For example, in the relationship between emotion and reason, middle school students want to control themselves like adults, but because they are not good at controlling their emotions, they often do stupid things and even regret it; Often eager to overcome difficulties and complete certain tasks, but due to insufficient understanding of the significance of the task itself, or underestimation of objective difficulties, or insufficient ability to consciously control and adjust their behavior level in the process of completing the task, they can't persist.
5. The contradiction between ideal and reality
Middle school students are full of passion, ideals and the courage to pursue ideals and beautiful things, so they often carry out various wonderful designs for society, the country and themselves. This is not only because their social status has changed, but also because of their enthusiastic personality and the development of logical thinking, which drives them to reflect on the real environment and speculate on the future. But their passion is unstable, their social status is not independent, and their knowledge and experience are not accumulated enough, because they have not completely got rid of self-centeredness when considering problems. This makes them not good at understanding and treating reality, not good at struggling based on reality under the encouragement of ideals, lacking stable consciousness tendency when understanding and designing reality and ideals, often seeking psychological satisfaction only in imagination, or treating ideals and reality with wrong and one-sided choices, and not good at unifying ideals and reality.
To sum up, middle school students are at an important turning point in the psychological development of life, and psychological changes have developed to maturity. The rapidity and contradiction of psychological development make children's psychological development have an unprecedented speed and increased motivation. The stability and tendency of individual psychological development and the social development of psychological content increase the selectivity of their psychological development. Therefore, a correct understanding and treatment of the general characteristics of children's psychological development at this stage is beneficial for parents to understand their children and achieve the purpose of educating them.