Zhu was born in the southeast of the Southern Song Dynasty, at a time of internal and external troubles. To solve the social problems at that time, Zhu thought that the orthodoxy should be restored first. Zhu/Kloc-was a scholar at the age of 0/9, and began to engage in educational activities when he returned to Wuyuan at the early age of 20. In Wuyuan's hometown, Zhu contacted and communicated with many Confucian scholars in the countryside, talking about poems and discussing Confucian classics such as The Analects. Some young people were impressed by Zhu's knowledge, and some later became Zhu's favorite students. Since then, Zhu embarked on the road of writing and giving lectures, and devoted himself to educational practice until the last moment of his life, which lasted for 50 years. In the meantime, writing and giving lectures are indispensable for the nine-year career that connects four years in An, more than two years in Nankang, more than one year in eastern Zhejiang, more than one year in Zhangzhou, one hundred days in Tanzhou (Changsha) and forty-six days in command. Therefore, Zhu is a down-to-earth educator who has been engaged in educational practice for a long time.
Zhu Yisheng has a soft spot for academies. When he first became an official and served as the secretary of President An, he was tired of his "responsibility field" and turned his attention to the "barren land" of county school. At that time, the county school had no teaching instructions, and Zhu took the initiative to ask the county magistrate to take charge of the county school. ? After Zhu took over the county school, he immediately rectified the style of study and taught in person. The wind of giving lectures initiated by Zhu in Tong 'an has a great influence on later generations. Some Tongan students became his disciples, while others followed him for a long time. From then on, wherever Zhu went, he always liked to build and repair academies and schools.
According to research, Zhu personally founded 4 academies, restored 3 academies, studied 6 academies, and taught 465 academies, 438+0 academies, totaling 67 academies. Fang Yanshou, a famous historian, clearly said in the book Zhu Academy and Master's Examination: "Throughout the history of ancient education in China, Zhu is the first person in the number of academies related to himself!"
Among many academies, four academies are closely related to Zhu. Among them, Bailudong Academy and Yuelu Academy are two of the four major academies in the Song Dynasty, and the other two academies are in Henan. At that time, Henan was ruled by the State of Jin, so Zhu could not go.
Nanxi Academy, where Zhu studied as a child, is the "kindergarten" where Zhu studied. Nanxi Academy used to be Zheng's former residence, where Zhu received Confucian classics education such as Xiao Jing and Yijing. There is a half-acre square pond in the house, which left a deep impression on Zhu, that is, the "half-acre square pond" in Zhu's poem "Thoughts after Reading". As an adult, Zhu returned here many times to give lectures and teach students. After Zhu's death, Li Xiu, the magistrate of Youxi County, donated money in the first year of Jiaxi (1237) to build buildings such as Zundaotang here to worship Zhu Song and Zhu. In the first year of Baodu (1253), Song Lizong awarded Nanxi Academy. In the second year of Jingtai (1450), Emperor Jingtai presented a statue of Zhu, praising: "Virtue and benevolence are ripe, principle and righteousness are fine. Cloth strategy, enlighten my descendants "; In the seventh year of Jingtai (1456), Nanxi Academy was specially approved to hold official sacrifices on Zhu's birthday, which was the only place in ancient times to hold Zhu's birthday sacrifices. Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty presented nanxi river Academy with the tablet "Wenshan Yu Zhe". In order to commemorate Zhu's study here, later generations built a pavilion next to a half-acre pond, named "Guanshudi".
Bailudong Academy repaired and lectured by Zhu. Bailudong Academy was founded in the first year of Southern Tang Dynasty (AD 940), and it was in ruins in Southern Song Dynasty. ? In the sixth year of Xichun (1 179), Zhu Ren, under the guidance of a woodcutter, found the site of Bailudong Academy. Zhu thought it was an ideal place to establish an academy and was determined to rebuild Bailudong Academy. Zhu's love for Bailudong Academy is unparalleled. He is the owner of the cave, attends classes in person, and personally formulates "Revealing the Secret of Bailudong Academy", which has become the basic norm of running a school since the Southern Song Dynasty and an important legal system in the history of education in China. ? Mr. Hu Shi has an objective evaluation of the role of Bailudong Academy in the history of China. Hu Shi once said that there are three historical sites in Lushan Mountain, which represent three major trends: one is Lindong in Hui Yuan, which represents the general trend of "Buddha" in China and "China" in Buddhism; The second is Bailudong, which represents the general trend of Song studies in China in recent 700 years. The third is Guling, which represents the general trend of western culture invading China. Because of its important position in the academic and educational history of China, Bailudong Academy was later called the first academy in the world.
Yuelu Academy is another important academy taught and restored by Zhu. Yuelu Academy was founded in the ninth year of Kaibao in the Northern Song Dynasty (AD 976). During the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang Qian, who was also known as "the Three Sages of Southeast China" with Zhu, gave lectures here, and Yuelu Academy became famous. In August (1 167), 38-year-old Zhu, accompanied by Master, went to Changsha to meet Zhang Wei, the leader of Huxiang School. They have been lecturing at Yuelu Academy for more than two months, which is known as "Zhang Zhu can talk". "Zhu lectured" initiated the first lecture among schools in the history of Chinese academy of classical learning and had a great influence on the history of China's academic thought. Twenty-seven years later, five years later (1 194), 65-year-old Zhu once again entered Hunan, served as the magistrate of Tanzhou and an Anfu ambassador of Jinghu South Road, and rebuilt Yuelu Academy with deep feelings, further expanding its scale. After the completion, Zhu released the Time Limit for Professor Tan Zhou to Deal with Yuelu Academy, with "Revealing the Secret of Bailudong Academy" as the academic charter of the Academy and "Notes on Four Books and Sentences" as the textbook of the Academy. He personally went to the academy to attend classes and give lectures, which blew Zhu's style of study into Hunan.
Kaoting Academy is an important academy for Zhu to live and give lectures in his later years. In the third year of the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 192), Zhu inherited his father's footsteps, settled in the Kaotao Pavilion in Jianyang, and built the "Bamboo Forest Fine House", which was later renamed as "Cangzhou Fine House". Zhu taught here for eight years and died in the sixth year of Qing Dynasty (AD 1200). In his later years, Zhu was persecuted by the "Qingyuan Party Ban", and the Taoism he preached was dismissed as "pseudo-learning" and was prohibited from spreading. Zhu continued his writing and missionary practice in Cangzhou Jingshe. He wrote a Song of Cangzhou, and the last two sentences were "Don't abandon human affairs, I will pay for Cangzhou", expressing his desire not to ask political affairs, but to "carry forward the past and learn from others". Zhu gave lectures here, and students from all over the world came to Kaoting to study and seek advice, among which Cai Shen and Chen Chun were named. In the fourth year of Chunyou (A.D. 1244), Cangzhou Jingshe was changed to Kaoting Academy, and Zhu's Neo-Confucianism school was also called "Kaoting School".
Among many state schools related to Zhu, Youxi County School is particularly special. Shaoxing Youxi County School, without the support of Lin Benzhi County, has an increasingly strong style of study. Lin Ben also expanded the scale of the county school, and built a pavilion behind Minglun Hall for teaching, named "Guan Da Ge". Zhu praised Lin Benxing's achievements in promoting learning and advocating Confucianism and Taoism, and wrote a poem "Youxi County Learning Pavilion". Avenue for five years (1 169), Zhu Xiangshi was appointed as Shizichong, a magistrate of a county, and recommended disciple Lin Yongzhong as the Oracle of Youxi. Youxi County School became an important position for the spread of Neo-Confucianism in Fujian, and many scholars outside the county brought their own food to Youxi to do business. Zhu also wanted to send his youngest son Zhu Zaiyu to Youxi to study, but he gave up because of the long journey. To this end, Zhu said with emotion: "Young children have nowhere to study and are deeply puzzled. The land is far from sending Youxi, which is very hateful. " Avenue for nine years (1 17 1), Shi Zizhong rebuilt Youxi County School and invited Zhu to give lectures. For this reason, Zhu specially wrote "A Record of Rebuilding Youxi Temple", which was inscribed for Chongde, Guangye, Yousizhai and other counties, and personally inscribed the word "Mingluntang" as a plaque and hung in Xuezhengtang of Youxi County. After the orthodoxy of Zhu Neo-Confucianism, many of the "Mingluntang" plaques were carved and hung according to Zhu's handwriting.
The Revealing of Bailudong Academy, which was formulated by Zhu, stipulated in five aspects:
The purpose of the right five religions. Yao and Shun made a pact that Stuart respected five religions, that is, this is also. Scholars learn this, and the order of learning is divided into five aspects, which is different from the left:
Correctness is the order of learning. Learning, asking, thinking and distinguishing are all poor. Loyalty is the way to go, self-cultivation is the way to go, and each has its own needs, which is different from the left:
The key to correct cultivation.
The key to doing things correctly.
The key to correct connection.
? From the content point of view, revelation is composed of Confucian classic sentences, and the difference between left and right should be understood from the vertical arrangement of ancient Chinese characters. In this disclosure, "the purpose of five religions" and "the order of learning" can be regarded as educational policies, and "the importance of self-cultivation", "the importance of doing things" and "the importance of receiving things" can be regarded as student codes. It can be seen from the classics that the core of Zhu's educational thought is moral education. He took the ideas of "learning from time to time, being sincere and trusting, cultivating oneself, governing the country and leveling the world" in "University" and "erudition, interrogation, deliberation, discernment and faithfulness" in "The Doctrine of the Mean" as the basic guiding ideology of teaching theory, and wrote the admission rules and put them into teaching activities. Judging from the comparison between Zhu Dian and the official Dian, Zhu's genius lies in guiding and restraining, so as to combine leniency with severity, while the official Dian tends to punish students.
After the appearance of "Revealing the Secret of Bailudong Academy", it soon became a unified learning rule for academies all over the Southern Song Dynasty. Later, when Song Lizong inspected Tai Chi, he personally wrote "The Secret of Bailudong Academy", which became a study regulation promulgated by imperial academy. Revealing Bailudong Academy has always influenced the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Not only does the academy still regard it as a model of learning rules, but even official schools at all levels regard it as a school-running criterion. Wang Yangming, a great scholar in Ming Dynasty, also spoke highly of the revelation of Bailudong Academy. He said, "The husband is the way to learn, and the rules of Bailudong are exhausted."
Zhu has been engaged in education for a long time, attaching importance to both primary education and university education, as well as preschool education, women's education and junior college education. Zhu also personally compiled teaching materials, including six volumes of Children's Enlightenment Textbooks, one volume of Children's Instructions and five volumes of Dream-seeking Poems, which became the teaching materials used by students in private schools later. Zhu's "Jin" and "Notes on Four Books and Sentences" are used as university textbooks. As the name implies, Zhu's Lecture Notes on Jing Yan is a teaching material used to give lectures to the emperor. In addition, although many of Zhu's works are not used as teaching materials, they can be used as teaching reference books.
As an educator, Zhu is comprehensive, and his historical position can be shown by the respect of Emperor Kangxi. Kangxi called Zhu "a collection of great achievements that have never been handed down for thousands of years, a set of rules that will last forever." All the words in Zhu's article are the meaning of heaven and earth and the way of the universe. I read his book and studied the reasons. Otherwise, I can't know that heaven and man are one. Otherwise, I cannot rule all the countries in the world. Otherwise, I can't have different opinions. Otherwise, I cannot be a family. "("Preface to Zhu Quanshu ")