Nurhachi lost his mother at the age of 65,438+00, and lived at the home of Grandfather and Leader Aric in Jianzhou at the age of 15 or 16. Later, I often went to Fushun, Qinghe (now North Qinghe City, Benxi) and other places to do business and make friends, learn Mongolian and Chinese, like to watch Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin, and learn the art of war from it, and gradually know that Liaodong mountains and rivers win and the road is dangerous. At the age of eighteen or nineteen, he was transferred to Danielle as the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, and was highly valued for his outstanding military exploits. In the 11th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1583), after his father and ancestors were killed by the Ming army in Gule Mountain City (now Xinbin), he took over as the left governor of Jianzhou. He blamed the family feud on the Duke of Toulon, Nikan Wailan, and set out with "13 lieutenants" to organize a team of nearly 100 people to attack Toulon. The next year, when he led his troops to attack the city of Onkolo, he was wounded by an arrow. /kloc-in February of 0/3, the allied forces of Fan Jie, Salhu, Dongjia and Balda were defeated. In April, he rode 80 people in one step, ambushed Hunhe River and defeated 800 people in five cities, including Fan Jie. /kloc-in July of 0/4, he attacked Erhun City (now Fushun East), but he still won a great victory after many injuries, demanding that the Ming officials kill Nikan Wailan. In fifteen years, Buddha Ala City (now Xinbin County) was built, fatwas was issued, legislation was made, and it became king, also known as Jurchen credentials Lebelle. Politically, the combination of kindness and prestige, "those who are obedient are convinced by virtue, and those who are rebellious are attacked by the enemy" (Volume I of Records of the Emperor's Father). In 16, Suzhou Suhe River Protection, Hunhe River Protection, Wanyan River Protection, Dong 'e River Protection and Chenzhe River Protection were unified. Fei Yingdong from Hongyan Department, He Heli from Dong 'a Department and Hulhan from the ancient capital of Yalu River joined in and became the founding ministers of the late Jin Dynasty. In seventeen years, the army was reorganized and divided into ring knife army, hammer army, string red army and shooting army. He beheaded 50 grams of the leader of the Jurchen tribe, and was appointed as the governor of Jianzhou, Zuo Wei, for his achievements. For eighteen years, he led many people to pay tribute to Beijing. In nineteen years, the Yalu River in Changbai Mountain was annexed. In June, 200 1 year, it repelled the attacks of the four allied forces, Yehe, Hada, Wula and Huifa. In September, in the Battle of Guleshan, he led 1 10,000 people against 30,000 people of nine allied forces, such as Ye He and Hada, and joined forces in World War I, killing 4,000 people, such as Ye He Belle Buzhai, capturing Bu Zhantai, the brother of Ula Belle Mantai, and disintegrating nine allied forces. Attack with 56 points of victory, and destroy Zhu Shili and Yin Na.
For twenty-three years, I have had good communication with Horqin and Gurkha in Mongolia. He was awarded the rank of second-class Dragon and Tiger General by the Ming court for his meritorious service. The following year, I communicated with North Korea (now North Korea and South Korea). Claiming to be the ruler of Jurchen State, the heads of ministries increased from 32 to 53. I sent the cloth stand back to Wuladanbeier, and I married him five times and made seven vows. They started to annex the Nuzhen in the East China Sea in Tumen River and Wusuli River basins by the strategy of both expropriation and caress. In the twenty-ninth year, Hada was destroyed. The second army reorganization was carried out, and 300 people were compiled as cattle records (assistant leaders). At first, four positive colors, yellow, white, red and blue, were used as the symbols of various armies. In thirty-four years, it was honored as "Kundulun Khan" (meaning respectful Khan) by five departments including Kharka. In March of thirty-five years, his brothers Shuerhaqi, Zi Chuying and Dai Shan led troops to Gurkha in the East China Sea to welcome the new into the Ministry, and fought fiercely with more than 10,000 Wula soldiers in Wutianyan (now the right bank of Tumen River), killing more than 3,000 people. In September, Huifa Department was destroyed. In thirty-six years, he met with the Liaodong generals of the Ming Dynasty and secretly planned to invade Liaodong. In the past 40 years, in view of the difficulty of attacking and destroying Wula in one fell swoop, the strategy of "cutting down trees" was put forward, which led to a truce in the six cities. The following year, Ura gradually declined and began to attack and destroy. In forty-three years, the Eight Banners system was established, and in addition to four kinds of positive colors, four kinds of mosaic colors were added. Put the scattered jurchen under its banner, prepare for war when you leave, and plant land when you enter. Strictly use the methods of "water training" (jumping stream) and "fire training" (crossing pit) for training. Kill the "dead soldiers" first when going out to war, and follow up with the "sharp soldiers". After the war, rewards and punishments are clear. In the first month of forty-four years, according to legend, a wise Khan nurtured all ethnic groups. The founding name was Daikin (the last gold in history), which was built under the appointed rule of the Yuan Dynasty and its capital was Hetuala. In the second year of the late Jin Dynasty (16 17), he sent troops to recruit the Nuzhen tribes scattered in the East China Sea. In March of three years, under the cover of building a stable, equipment and attack tools were built. In April, the training of Sun Tzu's Art of War was promulgated, and it was put forward that "it is wise to fight without effort" (Volume 5 of Records of the Qing Emperor Gao). Published a "seven complaints" article accusing the Ming army of "harming my ancestors and my father", "bluffing and crossing the border" and declaring war on the Ming Dynasty. Xuan led an army to raid Fushun, a major town in Liaodong, Ming Dynasty, and induced the garrison commander to surrender. On the way to war, Zhang Chengyin, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was wiped out by nearly ten thousand people. In July, Keqinghe Fort (now southeast of Fushun) killed more than 10,000 people under Zou Chuxian, which shocked the Ming court. In the first month of four years, he led an army of more than 20 villages in the Kaye River Department. At the beginning of March, in the battle of Salhu, the Eight Banners Army adopted the policy of "I am the only one, and I have come all the way" (Summer's "Surviving the East"), and led the Eight Banners Army to face the Ming Army about 1 100000, claiming to be 240,000, and successively defeated the Sabina Division on the West Road, Malin Division on the North Road and Liu Division on the East Road. Department, forcing the North Korean army to surrender and annihilate about 60,000 Ming troops. In June, break the original, kill Ming company commanders marin, etc.
In July, Tieling was occupied, guerrilla warfare became famous and Shi was beheaded. Outside Tieling City, more than 10,000 soldiers in Kerkha were captured, and Belle Zaisai and his son were released, vowing to fight Ming. In August, Ye He was attacked, Baylor Jintaishi and Buyanggu were captured and killed, and Ye He was killed. At this point, the four jurchen departments in Haixi were unified. In March of six years, in the battle of Shenyang and Liao, He Shixian, the company commander of the Ming Dynasty, was lured out of Shenyang and destroyed. After the city was broken, more than 70,000 people under You Shigong were killed. Xuan defeated Shen Zhichuan and Zhejiang soldiers on both sides of the Hunhe River and killed general Chen Ce and Tong Zhongpei. 56 points beat Hou Shilu and other five company commanders outside Liaoyang, forcing Yuan Yingtai to commit suicide in Liaodong. In a few days, more than 70 castles in Liaodong fell. In April, moved the capital to Liaoyang. In the first month of the seventh year, taking advantage of the feud between Liaodong governors, he led the army to seize Guangning (now Beizhen) and more than 40 forts around it, and led the Ming court to arrest Governor Wang Huazhen and kill Xiong Tingbi. In April, it was announced that Beijing would be alternately inhabited by Jurchen and Han Chinese, and only the entry plan was made. Nine years, sending troops to fight in the East China Sea. Ten years, moved the capital to Shenyang. According to Ding's order, the producers were changed to serfs, which aroused the dissatisfaction, flight and resistance of Liao people. In the first month of the eleventh year, he led an army of about 60 thousand, calling himself130 thousand. He crossed the Liaohe River to attack the Ming Dynasty, and was defeated by Yuan Chonghuan with artillery in the battle of Ningyuan. He was resentful and returned to Shenyang. On August 1 1 day (1September 30, 626), he died of gangrene (allegedly shot in Ningyuan) at the age of 68. Nurhachi has been a military attache for more than 40 years, bringing up an Eight Banners soldier who can recruit good fighters and training a group of well-organized generals. He often leads the army in battle, instructs the general plan, emphasizes winning with wisdom, and creates a famous war example of defeating the strong with weakness and winning more with less. His military thoughts had a great influence on later military strategists.
Qing dynasty (1644-1911year)
Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of feudal society in China, which was founded by Manchu nobles. 16 16, after the establishment of Nurhachi. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Qing. 1644, Li Zicheng peasant army overthrew the rule of Ming dynasty, and Emperor Chongzhen committed suicide. The Qing army took the opportunity to enter the customs to defeat the peasant army. In the same year, Dourgen welcomed the emperor shunzhi into the customs and made its capital in Beijing. The Qing court successively suppressed the peasant uprising and anti-Qing armed forces in Nanming, and gradually unified the whole country.
In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to alleviate class contradictions and implement the policy of rewarding land reclamation and reducing taxes, the social economy of the mainland and frontier areas developed to some extent. By the middle of18th century, the feudal economy had reached a new peak, which was called "the prosperous time of Kang Yong". In this way, the centralized autocratic system is more rigorous, with strong national strength and stable order. By the end of the 18th century, the population of Qing Dynasty had reached about 300 million. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi, Taiwan Province Province was unified, and the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty was signed with Russia, which demarcated the eastern border between China and Russia. In the middle of Qianlong period, Junggar and Uighur were pacified and Xinjiang was unified. This not only solved the long-standing contradiction between nomadic people and agricultural people in the history of China, but also adopted a series of policies to develop the economy, culture and transportation in the border areas, consolidated the unity of China's multi-ethnic countries, laid the territory of modern China, and enhanced the unity and cohesion of the Chinese nation. The territory of the Qing Dynasty was as high as 654.38+0.2 million square kilometers, starting from Balkhash Lake and Qinling Mountains in the west, reaching the Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin Island in the northeast, the sea area including Taiwan Province Province and its affiliated islands in the east, the South China Sea Islands in the south, Guangxi, Yunnan and Tibet including Dalac in the southwest, and Mobei and Waixing 'an Mountains in the north. Culturally, during the period of Kanggan, several famous books were compiled, such as Sikuquanshu and Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, which made great contributions to clearing up and summarizing China's historical and cultural heritage.
Although the Qing Dynasty made these remarkable achievements, its development did not go beyond the track of China's traditional feudal autocracy. Economically, this country is still based on agriculture; In cultural thought, he advocated feudal ethics and morality, and repeatedly pushed the literary inquisition; In foreign relations, he has been closed to the outside world for a long time and is blind and arrogant. Therefore, compared with the prosperous times of western capitalism in the same period, these achievements made in the late feudal society of China are dwarfed. China has fallen behind the advanced trend of world development and is pulling away.
After the mid-Qing Dynasty, due to the long history, various social contradictions became increasingly exposed, and anti-Qing struggles broke out one after another. The Anbaili Uprising, which lasted for nine years, ended the heyday of the Qing Dynasty. 1840 After the Opium War and the imperialist invasion, the Qing court and the invaders respectively concluded a series of unequal treaties, ceded land for compensation and opened trading ports, and China gradually became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. China's sovereignty was seriously damaged, and the Manchu lost its early enterprising spirit, political corruption, rigid thinking, cowardice and inferiority, and stumbled into a period of decline. The people's burden is heavier and they are in dire straits, so a series of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal movements such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Nian Army Uprising broke out. In order to save their own destiny, the ruling class also carried out some reform activities, such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898, trying to make China embark on the road of prosperity and independence through top-down changes, but all ended in failure. Countless people with lofty ideals fought bloody battles to save the nation from peril. The wave of patriotism is surging in the modern history of China. 19 1 1 year, the Revolution of 1911 broke out and the Qing Dynasty was overthrown, thus ending the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years, and the history of China entered a new chapter. After the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, * * * experienced ten emperors for 268 years.