government
The political system is a constitutional federal system.
independence
1July 4, 776 (American independence day). The Continental Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia. After the war of independence,1September 3, 783, the United States and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, which was recognized by all countries in the world.
zone
American data: the United States has a land area of 962909 1 square kilometer (the third in the world, second only to Russia and Canada; US National General Accounting Office) or 9826630 square kilometers (the third in the world, second only to Russia and Canada; Central Intelligence Agency). The water area is 664,707 square kilometers (6.76%).
Human population
30441500 million (estimated in 2008, the third place in the world, the International Monetary Fund, second only to China and India) [5], and the population density is 3 1 person /km2 (the world's third place 1.77).
Gross domestic product (purchasing power parity)
14.264 trillion USD (ranked in the world in 2008 1, International Monetary Fund) [1 1]. The per capita GDP is $46,859 (the sixth in the world, second only to Singapore and Brunei).
Gross domestic product (nominal)
14.264 trillion USD (global 1 countries and regions in 2008, International Monetary Fund). Per capita GDP is 46,859 USD (65,438+05th in the world, second only to Australia and Belgium).
resources
Rich in natural resources. Coal, oil, natural gas, iron ore, potassium salt, phosphate, sulfur and other mineral reserves rank among the top in the world. Strategic mineral resources such as titanium, manganese, cobalt and chromium mainly rely on imports. The proven coal reserves are 3,596.6 billion tons. The proven crude oil reserves are 27 billion barrels. The proven natural gas reserves are 5,603.4 billion cubic meters. The forest area is about 4.4 billion mu, with a coverage rate of 33%.
the Civil War
The causes of civil war are not only economic, political and military issues, but also ideological conflicts. The civil war exposed America's weakness. The existence of this country has been tested. After this test, the United States embarked on the road of a centralized and modern country. There is a dispute between the north and the south on the issue of slavery. The main policy of the south in national politics is to protect and expand the interests represented by the "cotton and slavery" system; The northern States are mainly manufacturing, commercial and financial centers, and there is no need to rely on slaves for these production. This kind of economic and political conflict has a long history. In the early 1960s, 1 1 Southern states broke away from the federation and formed another government, while the North said that it would do whatever it took to achieve reunification. 186 1 year, the civil war broke out. Americans fought face to face for four years, and the south was severely damaged, leaving deep scars. 1865, the defeat of the north not only shows the reunification of the United States, but also shows that slavery is no longer practiced in the whole country.
Industrialization and reform
/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, the United States began to industrialize, but after the civil war, it entered a mature stage. In less than 50 years from the Civil War to the First World War, the United States has changed from an agricultural country to an urbanized country. Machines have replaced manual work, and products have greatly increased. The national railway network has improved the circulation of goods. In order to meet the needs of the public, many new inventions have entered the market. The banking industry provides loans to promote the development of industry and commerce. So the nearly 30 years from 1890 to 19 17 is called the so-called "progress period". 19 14, the first world war broke out; 19 17, the United States was involved in the whirlpool of war and tried to play a new role in the world.
The new position of the world
During the 10 year after the war, American society and culture can be said to be a 10 year with no life and no feelings. According to the statistics of 1929, the ratio of living in cities to living in rural areas is 56:44. At this time, all the features of modern life, such as cars, telephones, radios and washing machines, have become necessities of life. The post-war economy was extremely prosperous for two reasons: first, the government no longer intervened in private enterprises to protect them by legislation; The second is driven by new technology. Although the economy is growing rapidly, the foundation is unstable.
Great Depression and World War II
The Great Depression not only affected the United States, but also affected all countries in the world. The economic panic caused millions of workers to lose their jobs, a large number of farmers were forced to give up their farmland, factories and shops closed, banks closed down and there was a depression. 1932, franklin roosevelt was elected president. He argued that the government should take action to end the economic panic. Although the new government solved many difficulties, the American economy didn't wake up until World War II. After World War II, with the defeat of the Axis countries and the decline of the strength of Britain and France, the United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers, and the world was divided into two camps. The United States and the Soviet Union and their respective camps stepped up military, political, economic and propaganda preparations, just like in wartime. This state is called "Cold War".
The cold war came to an end
From 1960, American history is a continuation of postwar development in many ways. In addition to the cyclical recession, the economy is still expanding; The number of people moving from the city to the suburbs continues to increase. 1970, the population living in suburbs exceeded the population living in cities. 1960, the black issue has become the most important issue in the United States.
In the mid-1960s, many Americans began to be dissatisfied with the government's foreign policy. In addition, due to the development of industry and the concentration of population, the pollution of ecological environment was widely concerned in the late 1960 s, and the economic depression caused by the energy crisis was the most serious since the Great Panic in the early 1970 s. In the mid-1970s, the American economy once recovered. But in the late 1970s, inflation reappeared.
1976, the bicentennial of the founding of the United States, various celebrations were held all over the country. The United States finally brought down the Soviet Union in the Cold War. 199 1 With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States became the only superpower in the world, and the ideological barriers between the two camps in the world were also broken. 1981April 12, the United States successfully launched the space shuttle Columbia, bringing mankind into another new era in space.
Terrorist attacks and counter-terrorism policies
The "9.1incident" in 200 1 year made American foreign policy focus on dealing with the threat of terrorism. The U.S. government began the war and action against terrorism. 20065438+ 10 After the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan in June, the Iraq war was launched in 2003 to overthrow Saddam Hussein's regime and establish an interim Iraqi government.
Fourth, government politics.
U.S. Capitol Peace Monument, built at 1793.
1July 4, 776, the constitutional document "Federal Regulations" was formulated. 1A draft constitution was drawn up in May, and1A came into effect in March, 789. It is the first written constitution in the world as an independent and unified country. In the past two centuries, * * * has made 27 constitutional amendments. Important amendments include: 179 1 the first constitutional amendment 10, which was passed by the National Assembly in September, including the protection of the rights of belief, speech, publication and peaceful assembly, and was later called the "Bill of Rights" (or "Bill of Rights"); Amendments to articles 13 and 15 on the abolition of slavery and the recognition of the rights of black citizens, adopted by 1865 and 1870; 195 1 The 25th Amendment stipulates that if the President is unable to exercise his functions and powers, the Vice President will be promoted to the presidency. The main content of the constitution is to establish a federal state, and each state has greater autonomy, including legislative power; The political system of separation of powers is implemented, and the legislative, administrative and judicial powers are separated and restricted each other. According to the Constitution, the executive power belongs to the President, and the power of heads of state and government is concentrated in the hands of the President, who is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and is not responsible to the National Assembly. The president's executive orders have the same effect as the law.
The President is indirectly elected for a term of four years. The government cabinet consists of ministers and other members appointed by the President. In fact, the cabinet only plays the role of assistant to the president and advisory group, and has no collective decision-making power. The U.S. Congress is the highest legislative body, consisting of the U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives. The main functions and powers of Congress are: legislative power, administrative supervision power, treaty and official appointment approval power (Senate) and constitutional amendment power. The right to reelect the president and vice president, etc. Members of the two houses are directly elected by the voters of each state. Each state has two senators, *** 100, with a term of six years and re-election every two years, which is 1/3. The House of Representatives is elected in proportion to the population of each state, with a total of 435 members. The term of office is two years, and all of them will be re-elected at the expiration of their terms. Members of both houses can be re-elected indefinitely. All members of the Senate and the House of Representatives are full-time, and may not hold government posts concurrently.
In addition, Congress can pass resolutions that don't need the president's signature, and they have no legal effect. Congress has the power to impeach the president, vice president and officials, the power to propose impeachment belongs to the House of Representatives, and the power to try impeachment belongs to the Senate. The United States has the Federal Supreme Court, federal courts, state courts and some special courts. The Federal Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice and eight justices, who serve for life. The Federal Supreme Court has the power to declare any federal and state laws invalid.
Federal territory
Puerto Rican Freedom Association of the Northern Mariana Islands;
Overseas territory
inhabited
American Samoa, Guam, Midway Island, Johnston Island, United States Virgin Islands;
No one is alive.
Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, Nafsha Island, Palmier Island, wake island.
Intransitive verbs diplomatic and military affairs
diplomacy
The United States has global economic, political and military influence, and its foreign policy trend has always been the focus of world attention and discussion. The scale of American diplomatic relations is the largest in the world. Almost all countries have embassies and ambassadors in DC. Israel, Britain, Canada and Japan are regarded as America's closest allies. Only a few countries have not established formal diplomatic relations with the United States, including Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Somalia and Sudan.
During the American War of Independence, the United States established diplomatic relations with some European countries and persuaded France, Spain and the Netherlands to help fight Britain. In the subsequent years of land reclamation, the United States has been vacillating between pro-French and pro-British choices. At that time, the United States was unwilling to intervene in European affairs and focused on the territorial development of North America. Later, Monroe Doctrine weakened Europe's influence in Latin America to ensure the dominance of regional affairs in the Americas. The expansion policy of the United States has successively triggered wars with Mexico and Spain, and both wars ended in the victory of the United States. During the civil war, the United States accused Britain and France of supporting the split of the United States in the south and trying to occupy Mexico, but after the civil war, the dominant position of the United States in North America has never been challenged.
With the increasing national strength, the United States began to turn its attention overseas, especially the development of foreign trade. To this end, the United States occupied many territories in the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii and the Philippines, forcing Japan to open its trade and compete with European powers for influence in China. After World War II, the United States played an important role in the founding of the United Nations and became one of the five permanent members of the Security Council.
During the cold war, the United States initially tried to limit the influence of the Soviet Union in the world. In order to contain the Soviet Union, the United States, Canada and 10 Western European countries * * * established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, uniting their allies to oppose any military invasion of North America and Europe. Later 14 European countries joined this * * * defense alliance, including Turkey, some former Warsaw Pact members and some Soviet Union. For the sake of political reality, the United States has also formed alliances with producers who fought against the Soviet Union, such as People's Republic of China (PRC) after the split between China and the Soviet Union. In recent years, the United States has focused on its own border security to prevent illegal immigrants and illegal drug trafficking from entering the country-especially for Mexico and Caribbean countries. The United States is also committed to fighting terrorism and avoiding the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, but its main goal is still to protect national interests at home and abroad and the safety of citizens.
In 2004, American foreign policy continued to focus on anti-terrorism and non-proliferation, but influenced by domestic election politics, it focused on seeking stability and preventing chaos. The Bush administration made great efforts to promote the post-war reconstruction of Iraq, stabilize the security situation in Iraq, lead the formation of an interim Iraqi government and hand over power to it, and urged the international community to contribute to the reconstruction of Iraq and reduce its debt. Launched the "Greater Middle East Reform Plan" in the name of the Group of Eight, trying to "democratically transform the Greater Middle East". Adhere to the multilateral mechanism for resolving the DPRK nuclear issue and participate in the second and third rounds of the six-party talks in Beijing. Through the International Atomic Energy Agency and France, Germany, Britain and other countries to pressure Iran to give up its nuclear program. Announced the implementation of the largest global military deployment adjustment since the Korean War and promoted the non-proliferation security initiative. Pay more attention to the cooperation among big countries, emphasize the importance of transatlantic alliance and maintain the overall stability of relations with Russia. Increase investment in the Asia-Pacific region, deepen relations with traditional allies such as Japan and Australia, consolidate the US-South Korea alliance, give Thailand and Pakistan the status of "non-NATO main allies", and develop strategic partnership with India.
military affairs
The president is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and has the highest command. The right to use offensive strategic weapons and nuclear weapons is under the centralized control of the President. The national military command system consists of the National Security Council, the Ministry of National Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The National Security Council is the highest decision-making body, headed by the President, and its members include the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Minister of Finance, the Minister of National Defense and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff serves as a military adviser, and the Director of Intelligence of China serves as an intelligence adviser. The Ministry of National Defense is the office where the President directs the whole army. The Joint Chiefs of Staff is not only the military advisory body of the President, the Minister of Defense and the National Security Council, but also the military command organ where the President and the Minister of Defense issue orders to the Joint Command. The Joint Chiefs of Staff of the three armed forces and the General Staff are responsible for drafting operational plans and implementing operational command. After the "911"incident in 20065438, the United States further adjusted its military strategy and accelerated the establishment of a "new trinity" strategic force combination consisting of nuclear and non-nuclear offensive strike systems, missile defense systems and national defense infrastructure capable of quickly responding to terrorist threats. The U.S. military once carried out compulsory military service during the Civil War, the two world wars and the period from 1948 to 1973. 1973, after the then president Nixon abolished the compulsory military service system, the US military has been implementing the voluntary military service system to this day.
The United States is the largest military power in the world, with about 6.5438+0.4 million active servicemen, including 500,000 army, 350,000 navy and air force and 6.5438+0.8 million marine corps. The army is divided into 10 combat divisions and 4 independent brigades and armored cavalry regiments; The navy consists of five fleets, *** 12 carrier battle group,1/amphibious alert brigade, 59 attack submarines, 1 1 7 warships and 10 carrier wing. The air force consists of 20 flying wings (each wing has about 74 fighters); The Marine Corps consists of three divisions and three service support brigades, equipped with three flying wings (about 2 1 squadron). The United States has hundreds of military bases in dozens of countries and regions around the world, with about 287,800 troops stationed overseas. American overseas military bases are roughly divided into four strategic regions: Europe, Asia-Pacific and Indian Ocean, Middle East and North Africa, and America. In August 2004, President Bush announced that the United States would reduce its troops in Europe and Asia by 60,000 to 70,000 in the next 10 year. In June 5438 +2007 10, US Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that he planned to increase 92,000 active US troops in the next five years to meet the needs of the "war on terror". The US military has five theater commands around the world, namely, the Northern Command, the Pacific Command, the Central Command, the European Command and the Southern Command, which are responsible for the affairs of several major regions around the world. In February 2007, President Bush approved the military's plan to set up a headquarters for African affairs.
Finance and money
The modern market economy in the United States is highly developed, with GDP and foreign trade volume ranking first in the world. In the 1990s, the new economy, represented by the information and biotechnology industries, flourished, and the American economy experienced a decade-long growth period. In 200 1 year, the American economy fell into a short recession, and then gradually recovered. In 2008, the gross domestic product of the United States reached 14.334 trillion US dollars (global ranking in 2008 1). The per capita GDP is $47,025 (the sixth in the world).
The American economic system has the characteristics of both capitalism and mixed economy. In this system, enterprises and private institutions make major microeconomic decisions, and the government plays a less important role in domestic economic life; However, the sum of governments at all levels accounts for 36% of GDP; Among developed countries, the social welfare network in the United States is relatively small, and the government's control over business is lower than that in other developed countries.
In different parts of the country, the focus of economic activities is different. For example, new york is the center of finance, publishing, broadcasting and advertising. Los Angeles is the production center of movies and TV programs; The San Francisco Bay Area and the Pacific Northwest are technology development centers; The midwest is the center of manufacturing and heavy industry, Detroit is a famous automobile city, and Chicago is the financial and commercial center of the region; Southeast China is mainly engaged in medical research, tourism and building materials, and its salary cost is lower than other regions, so it continues to attract manufacturing investment.
The service industry accounts for the largest proportion in the United States, and three-quarters of the country's labor force is engaged in the service industry. The United States is rich in mineral resources, including gold, oil and uranium, but many energy supplies depend on foreign imports. The United States is one of the largest agricultural exporters in the world, and its main agricultural products include corn, wheat, sugar and tobacco. The amazing agricultural output of the great plains in the central and western regions makes it known as the "world granary". American industrial products mainly include automobiles, airplanes and electronic products. The United States also has developed tourism, ranking third in the world. The United States is also a major exporter of aircraft, steel, weapons and electronic equipment.
The largest trading partner of the United States is neighboring Canada (19%), followed by China (12%), Mexico (1 1%) and Japan (8%). Every day, about $ 165438+ billion worth of products flow through the border between the United States and Canada. The American economy is considered as the largest and most important economy in the world. The American economy is highly developed, and the currencies of many countries in the world are linked to the US dollar. The American securities market is considered as a barometer of the world economy.
Since Ronald Reagan/Kloc-0 became president in the 1980s, the United States has increased the use of neo-liberal economic policies, reduced government intervention in the economy, reduced the size of the welfare system, and abandoned the Keynesian economic policies that have been implemented for a long time since the economic panic. Therefore, the American government provides less social welfare services than other industrialized countries, reduces domestic taxes, and relies more on free markets and private charities.
transport
The United States has a complete and convenient transportation network, and various means of transportation are readily available. From 2000 to 2003, the output value was 31370 million, 3,066,543.8+0 billion, 3 10.4 billion and 31780 million dollars respectively. Transportation-related products and services account for about 3% of the total US economy, and 1/8 jobs have been absorbed.
Compared with other western countries, the automobile industry in the United States developed quite early, so many cities in the United States have paid attention to the road network design matching cities and residential areas in advance. In order to connect the vast territory, the United States has designed and built large and high-speed highways in Qualcomm, and the national transportation system of the United States mainly relies on these highway networks. One of the most important is the construction of interstate highway system. These expressways were built under the authorization of then President dwight eisenhower in 1960s and 1950s. According to the data in 2004, the total length of American highways is 6407637 kilometers, ranking first in the world.
Big cities also have systems to build public transportation. New york's subway network is one of the largest, and it is also one of the largest MRT networks in the world. Regional railway and bus networks extend to Long Island, new york, New Jersey and Connecticut, all of which have become one of the largest transportation networks in the world. But generally speaking, the public transportation in American cities is still relatively weak compared with other developed countries, and people use private cars more.
The United States has built a transcontinental railway network to transport goods between 48 states. The National Railroad Passenger Transport Company of the United States has also built a railway network spanning 46 of the 48 states, dedicated to passenger transport. The American railway freight system is the busiest and most advanced in the world, and the total length of American railways ranks first in the world. However, American railway passenger transport is not as developed as Western Europe and Japan, partly because of its vast territory. If you want to reach a big city thousands of miles away, it takes less time to fly than to take the railway. According to the analysis of the American government, air passenger transport was the main reason for the collapse of the railway passenger transport company in the 1970s.
Air transportation is a better choice for long-distance travel. In terms of passenger flow, among the 30 busiest airports in the world in 2004, 17 were located in the United States, among which Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport in Atlanta ranked first. In terms of cargo volume, in the same year, 65,438+02 of the 30 busiest cargo airports in the world were in the United States, including Memphis International Airport (MEM), which ranked first.
Many major ports in the world are also located in the United States; The busiest ports are Los Angeles Port and Long Beach Port in California, and new york Port, which are the busiest ports in the world. The Great Lakes (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Ontario) also have a lot of shipping traffic. Each lake is widely connected with the Mississippi River network, and the lowest part of the river leads directly to the Atlantic Ocean. The Erie Canal, the first canal connecting the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean, promoted the rapid development of agriculture and industry in the midwest of the United States and made new york the economic center of the United States.
science and technology
The United States is one of the most influential countries in scientific and technological research and technological product innovation. The U.S. government has always regarded the expenditure on science and technology as an investment in the country's future, and has formulated its science and technology policy on this basis. American science and technology policy has always attached importance to national defense research and basic research. The former is mainly to maintain military superiority, while the latter is based on the consideration that basic research is the foundation of the country's long-term development.
Many of the most important inventions in the history of human industry, including cotton gin, general parts, production line, etc. , originated in the United States, in which industrial production lines are particularly important, making industrial mass production from a dream to a reality. Other important inventions include airplanes, light bulbs and telephones. The United States also planned the famous Manhattan Atomic Bomb Project, Apollo Moon Landing Project and Human Genome Project in the 20th century. During the Second World War, the United States first developed the atomic bomb, which brought human science and technology into a new era of the atomic age. After the beginning of the Cold War, the United States took the lead in the field of space science and technology and took the lead in the space race, which led to great progress in rocket technology, weapons research, materials science, computers and other fields. 1969 In July, when neil armstrong stepped out of Apollo 1 1 spacecraft and became the first man to set foot on the moon, the competition reached its peak. The United States has made great contributions in the history of computer and network development, including the computer invented in World War II, the initial militarized application, and the development and innovation of personal computers today. ARPA network founded by US Department of Defense is the pioneer of network technology.
American scholars have won many Nobel Prizes in scientific research, especially in the fields of biology and medicine. The National Health Research Center of the United States is the focus of American biomedicine, and has completed the human genome project, which has made the research on the cure of cancer, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases enter an important stage. The government agency responsible for aviation and space research is NASA. Private companies such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin also played an important role.
Eight. population structure
Statue of Liberty: Many Immigrants' First Impression of America
In 2008, the resident population of the United States was 30,445,438+0.5 million, second only to China and India. The population density is 3 1 person /km2 [5]. The United States is a country with a very high level of urbanization, with about 865,438+0% of the population living in cities and their suburbs (data in mid-2005), while the level of urbanization in the world is only 49%[6]. The population center of gravity in the United States has been shifting to the southwest for many years [7], among which California and Texas are the most populous States in the United States [8]. In 2008, every woman in the United States gave birth to 2. 1 offspring on average [9]. Nevertheless, the United States is still one of the countries with the highest population growth rate among industrialized countries. According to the prediction of the United Nations, the population of the United States will surge from the current 306 million to 402 million in 2050.
education
In the United States, education management is the responsibility of the state or local government, not the federal government. However, the Federal Ministry of Education can exert a certain degree of influence by controlling education funds. Students have the legal obligation to receive education from kindergarten to 12 grade in public schools; Usually 18 years old can graduate, but many States allow students over 16 years old to leave school. In addition to attending public schools, parents can also choose to educate their children at home or send their children to church or private schools. After graduating from high school, students can choose to attend public or private universities. Public universities receive funds from federal or state governments and other sources, but most students still have to repay their student loans after graduation. Tuition fees in private universities are usually higher than those in public universities. Many students enter the workplace or the army to earn tuition before entering universities and colleges. The US military and many private enterprises also subsidize employees' higher education tuition.
higher education
There are many universities in America. Since the Puritans who immigrated to the United States founded Harvard University, the first university in the United States more than 360 years ago, American higher education has inherited the traditions of ancient European universities such as Cambridge University and Oxford University. Today, more than 2,600 four-year universities offer bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. There are as many as 3400 two-year community colleges. These universities have no fixed form, ranging from large to small, such as the University of Texas at Austin with nearly 50,000 students, to deep springs college, California with only 26 students. Some universities have vast and beautiful campuses and complete teaching facilities, and some universities are located in several humble teaching buildings in downtown areas. There are no high walls between the campus and the surrounding urban areas, they are completely integrated with the surrounding urban areas. American universities are also divided into public and private, with four-year and two-year systems, regional and national systems, junior colleges and comprehensive colleges, and so on. These schools are completely independent and have nothing to do with any politics or sects. Each university has different timetables, teaching plans, educational purposes, and even salaries paid to faculty and staff.
The average education level in the United States is extremely high, and the United Nations economic index survey ranks the American education level first in the world. At present, 76.6 million Americans are receiving education (from kindergarten to university). Many colleges and universities in the United States are highly competitive. Among the top 500 universities in the world, the United States accounts for 168, and among the top 20 universities, the United States accounts for 17. There are about 3600 universities in America. The six most famous universities (Harvard University, Yale University, Princeton University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University and California Institute of Technology) can rank among the top 65,438+00 universities in the United States or the world every time; More than 80% American Nobel Prize winners have studied or worked in one of these six prestigious universities. Harvard university's liberal arts and business are recognized as the best in the United States; Yale Law Department ranked first in the United States for many years; Medicine is Johns Hopkins University, UCLA School of Medicine, etc. Computer science is Carnegie Mellon University (quantum communication and computing are good at MIT, Princeton University and Stanford University); Geological science and theoretical physics are the strengths of California Institute of Technology. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has the reputation of "the best university of technology in the world". The above factors make the United States the most important education hub in the world, attracting many international students from all over the world to study here every year.
Other institutions of higher learning include University of Pennsylvania, Columbia University, University of California at Berkeley, University of Chicago, George Washington University, Duke University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Rice University, Northwestern University, etc.
social welfare
The American social security welfare system was founded in 1935. Sponsored by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare of the United States federal government. For more than 50 years, this system has been widely accepted by Americans and has become an important part of people's lives. Social welfare in the United States is divided into social insurance and non-social insurance. Social insurance benefits include: old-age disability insurance, unemployment insurance and other employment insurance; Non-social insurance benefits include: subsidies for families with difficulties in raising children, social security income, food stamps, medical subsidies, housing subsidies and energy subsidies.
Since its establishment, the system has undergone many reforms, and its contents have been continuously supplemented and updated. At the beginning of its establishment, this system was only limited to protecting the interests of some blue-collar workers and their families in the industrial and commercial circles. 1939 added that if an employee dies, his survivors can receive supplementary security income; After a worker retires, his family members can also get supplementary security income.
At present, about 34 million people receive welfare payments from government welfare units every month. It covers a wide range of protection, including medical services, disability insurance, education subsidies for retired and disabled children, social security benefits, unemployment benefits and subsidies for children from low-income families, vocational training subsidies for the unemployed and nutrition for schoolchildren.