The Song Dynasty was the period when the citizen class in China was formally born. A large number of craftsmen, businessmen and small business owners formed the middle class in the Song Dynasty. They are rich in economy and have their own independent value pursuit. The rich and leisurely life, aesthetic taste and life taste of the citizens contributed to the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty culture, and opera, acrobatics, music, poetry and novels all prospered and developed in the Song Dynasty. Large-scale urbanization began in the Song Dynasty. For the first time, there appeared a big city in China, which was dominated by commerce rather than administration. The traffic development in Song Dynasty was the highest in the feudal history of mankind. In the Song Dynasty, there was a postal kiosk every ten miles and a post station every thirty miles. Official roads are scattered all over the country, extending in all directions. The Song government attached great importance to postal services and ensured their normal operation. "By the Baita Bridge, selling land classics, the pavilion is short and appropriate." The Tibetan scriptures are maps, and the maps of the Song Dynasty are quite accurate. The four capitals in Song Dynasty were Kaifeng in Tokyo, Luoyang in Xijing, Daming in Beijing and Yingtianfu in Nanjing. The population of big cities in Song Dynasty was concentrated, and the capital city of Bianliang in Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an in Southern Song Dynasty were both big cities with a population of more than one million. In the Song Dynasty, there were six people with a population of more than 200,000, such as Quanzhou. The number of cities with more than 100,000 households in the Song Dynasty increased from a dozen in the Tang Dynasty to 46. Venice, the largest and most prosperous city in the west at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, had a population of only100000. The clock is hung on the towers of all the main roads in this city. Every clock is watched. He knocked on the bronze bell, which echoed even in the narrow alley, and then he showed people the time in words. The Northern Song Dynasty was rich and powerful 160 years. The capital of song dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan province) is "ten times the capital of Han and Tang dynasties". The capital of song dynasty is not only developed by dry road, but also by water transport. "Every year, the title is clear" and "Lianpian Cao Ge walks into China". "There are millions of households on the side, and no one burns wages." In the Song Dynasty, the capital of song dynasty used coal (called burning stone in the west) instead of wood to make a fire for cooking and heating. At that time, the west used wood to chop firewood for cooking and heating. 1949 After liberation, all major cities in China did not reach this point. The birth of the new citizen class and the rich and comfortable life made the Song people have a strong sense of consumption, which greatly stimulated the prosperity and development of the tertiary industry such as teahouse, wine market and entertainment industry. Unlike the cities in the Tang Dynasty, the cities in the Song Dynasty were dark at night, and Song Cheng was a bright city in the dark. Because the Song Dynasty did not impose a curfew like the Tang Dynasty, the Song people had a nightlife. In the evening, the Song people lit lights in their rooms, homes and yard doors, so there were lights everywhere. People who walk at night carry all kinds of lanterns. So the whole city is flashing at night. At night, the whole city is brightly lit and sold until dawn. Hundreds of operas and performances were staged in fixed entertainment places such as "Wazi" and "Goulan", which were watched by the public. In the evening, the restaurant business is booming until the sun rises again and the streets are crowded with people. "One or two noodle restaurants on the street and noodle restaurants in the west of the city have been buying and selling all night and have been making friends." "In the rest of Qiaodaofang Lane, there are also night markets selling fruit candy and other things, and some people sell divination on the street, such as selling food on a stretcher above the table until midnight." Although it rains and snows heavily in winter, there are also night markets to sell. "."Wine is full of miscellaneous songs, and every night is like the first half of the first month. ","Liangyuan romantic singing and dancing, wine like a knife. "I remember how happy I was when I was a teenager. I lit up Fan Lou at night. Suddenly looking back, the man was in the dim light. " When will the West Lake Dance stop outside the Qingshan Building outside the mountain? "Warm winds make tourists drunk, and Hangzhou has become a Bianzhou." Tourists are not only a few Song people such as royalty, dignitaries, but also the general public and most Song people in the city. Song lived such a rich and happy life. In the Song Dynasty, there was no poverty of "frozen bones on the road" and "although the country was torn apart, mountains and rivers lived forever, and vegetation came back in spring". Pessimism and despair. When will the West Lake Dance be optimistic and prosperous?

Song porcelain was the national symbol of China at that time. The five famous kilns in Song Dynasty are Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Jun kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. It can be said that the first commercial industry in the human world was the porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty. Song porcelain is the perfect combination of the most exquisite art and precise craftsmanship. Clever integration and unification of charm civilization of Song porcelain and popular culture. Porcelain from famous kilns in various places is produced in large quantities, which is not only used by royal nobles, but also cherished and used by officials, scholars and citizens. Porcelain varieties produced by various kiln methods of Song porcelain emerge in an endless stream. Amazing everyone who sees it. Many techniques of Song porcelain have been lost. Many technological levels of Song porcelain are difficult to achieve even in modern times. The porcelain of the Song Dynasty is very exquisite, and it can be said that the famous kiln porcelain left over from the Song Dynasty is almost priceless. In the Song Dynasty, the popular silk craft in China changed from practical to exquisite and precise. Silk in the Song Dynasty was extremely developed. Very complicated loom, including 1800 moving parts. Various embroidery methods make China's silk more artistic and aesthetic. Rich foreigners wear coarse cloth, while civilians in China wear soft silk and satin. Some farmers also put on silk. "The pawn wears a suit and the farmer walks on tiptoe."

The whole society respects intellectuals, whose status is unprecedented. Throughout the Song Dynasty, talents were especially cherished and officials were given preferential treatment. Even if Lu Duoxun and Ding Wei tried to occupy the throne in the Song Dynasty, such a serious crime would only be banished. The so-called officialdom did not form in the Song Dynasty, and lower-level officials could sue higher-level officials. Even the prime minister of "one person below, ten thousand people above" is not immune. Among them, Bao Zheng impeached his immediate superior and several officials higher than him. Bao Zheng's character can only be produced in the enlightened Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was common for people to sue officials. Anti-corruption regulations have been posted in front of government offices at all levels, and people can appeal and sue officials until they win the case.

The Song Dynasty became the second period of academic freedom in the history of China since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For the first time in the Song Dynasty, there were signs of the confluence of craftsman tradition and philosophical tradition. Four famous academies in Song Dynasty (Yuelu Academy, Bailudong Academy, Ehu Academy and Songyang Academy) became holy places for Confucian disciples to learn culture. "Daolin 300, Academy 1000". Song Renzong Zhao Zhen likes to study and worship Confucian classics. For the first time, Zhao Zhen put The Analects of Confucius and The Doctrine of the Mean in Mencius University together for students to learn. Four Books and Five Classics are compulsory courses for imperial academy. The highest military institution is called the martial arts school, which is equivalent to a military university. Song also has specialized science and technology schools, such as arithmetic and medicine. In addition, there were a large number of learning places in the Song Dynasty, such as home schools, libraries, bookstores and so on. "Every lane must have one or two. I often hear the sound of chanting. " When you are older than you, there are people who choose from the first supplementary middle school occasionally. "In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were 1700 students in the Imperial College, which used to be the official residence of Yue Fei. The Imperial College has dormitories and stadiums. College candidates come from all directions. The admission ratio is 3%-6%. Imperial academy implements the five-year three-shed system. Those who have just entered imperial academy are studying in the outer dormitory. One year later, those who passed the study entered the inner dormitory for two years. Those who pass the study will be promoted to the upper dormitory. Study in the upper house for two years, and those who pass the exam will graduate. The meals of college students are completely arranged by the government, and each student will spend about 3 thousand yuan a year. The Song government only gave the students of Taixue College food expenses, which cost more than 5 million yuan every year. Rejuvenating the country through science and education not only promotes the prosperity of science and technology, commerce, literature and art, but also promotes the pluralistic thinking of politics and the establishment of democratic and enlightened political revenge ideological factions.

Song is the second wave of China civilization. It not only makes the verve civilization develop to absoluteness, but also makes the civilian culture develop. Traditional Chinese opera, including burlesque, acrobatics, puppet shows, shadow play, rap, zaju, etc. There are hundreds of acrobatics among them. Petty bourgeoisie was serious in Song Dynasty, and most of the feelings expressed in Song Ci were to express the leisure of drinking lightly and singing low. Song Ci embodies the stable political situation and the prosperous, rich and superior social life in the Song Dynasty. The prosperity of prostitution originated from the high prosperity of urban economy in Song Dynasty. The entertainment industry in Song Dynasty was more clearly divided into four categories: official prostitutes, geisha, geisha and commercial prostitutes. The "prostitute" in the Song Dynasty is not a "prostitute" in the modern sense. Most people can buy works of art, not bodies. Most of them are equivalent to modern literary and art workers. They are usually talented and beautiful. Some people have profound attainments in piano, chess, songs, poems, books and paintings. Some can be called artists in that field. "Official prostitute" is the most admirable. They are not only outstanding in appearance, but also brilliant. Their appearance, knowledge, intelligence and artistic taste are outstanding. Nowadays, actresses and stars, or women who are engaged in literary and artistic work, are hard to compare with them, because the women in the Red Chamber were cultivated from childhood and constantly edified, but now some women in the entertainment circle may become stars if they are beautiful and have only studied for two years ... It can be said that a famous prostitute in the Song Dynasty is much better than a modern female star.

British historian Toynbee said: "If I had a choice, I would like to live in the Song Dynasty in China." China scholar Yu also said, "The dynasty I yearn for most is the Song Dynasty." ..... because of what? Because the Song Dynasty is a temple of culture and art. ...

The reason why the Song Dynasty didn't pour the power of the whole country, and the wealth of the whole people countered Liao and Xixia, was to learn the lessons of Emperor Yangdi and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. What you got from the war aggression is far less than what you created. The enlightened policy made the people of Song Dynasty get rid of the three "disasters" of war, military service and exorbitant taxes for a long time. Make the Song people live a rich and comfortable life for a long time. For example, Qin died of tyranny, Han died of war, Sui died of military service, and Tang died of separatism. So Song died of ease.

Song Dynasty was the only dynasty in China history that insisted on the recruitment system. Before and after the Song Dynasty, China still carried out the policy of compulsory conscription. Recruitment system means that the state does not force you to be a soldier, but you are willing to be a soldier. When you are a soldier, of course, the state gives you money. The soldiers in the Song Dynasty were all recruited mercenaries, and these mercenaries all had very heavy salaries, and the military expenditure paid by the state for this was also amazing.