In the summer of 336 BC, Alexander's father, King Philip II of ancient Macedonia, was suddenly assassinated at his daughter's wedding, and Alexander, who had just turned 20, succeeded to the throne. The Greek city-states conquered by Philip II and some tribes in Thrace and Illyria took the opportunity to rebel or declare independence. Alexander, the young commander-in-chief, first led his army into the northern Balkans, conquered the Illyrian tribe that betrayed him, and repelled the Thracians to the banks of the Danube. At this time, the Thebes who fought Macedonia in those years rumored that Alexander was killed, and took the opportunity to set off an uproar against Macedonia. Alexander knew that Thebes was a famous big city-state in Greek cities. If the riot is not quelled, the consequences will be unimaginable. So he decided to make an example, made a decisive decision, rushed south, and unexpectedly appeared at the gates of Thebes in lightning speed. Thebes couldn't believe their eyes. They all panicked. Thebes was captured and turned into a pile of rubble. Except for a few people who were friendly with Philip II or Alexander or sponsored Macedonia in the past, all the residents were sold into slaves.
Alexander achieved the expected goal, and the destruction of Thebes really set an example for others. Greek city-states bowed to the wind in succession, expressing their obedience. Then Athens surrendered and begged for forgiveness. Soon after, all countries were unified under the leadership of Alexander and recognized Alexander as the supreme commander. Thus, Alexander can make great achievements and organize expeditions to the East without any worries.
The excuse of Alexander's expedition to eastern Persia was that the Persians ravaged the Greek holy land and participated in the murder of Philip II. It is said that Alexander gave all his real estate income, slaves and cattle to others before going out to war. At that time, a general was puzzled and asked, "Your Majesty, what did you keep for yourself?" "Hope!" Alexander simply replied, "I keep my hope for myself!" It will bring me endless wealth! " In this way, Alexander left his hometown and embarked on a long journey with a desire for infinite wealth.
In the spring of 334 BC, Alexander crossed the Helegu Strait (that is, the Daniil Strait) and began the Crusade of 10. The army he used to start his expedition to the Persian Empire consisted of 30,000 infantry, 5,000 cavalry and 160 warships. The Persian Empire had hundreds of thousands of troops and 400 warships. Moreover, the area of the Persian empire is about 50 times larger than that of the kingdom of Magiton, not to mention Egypt, Babylon, Phoenicia and other ancient and rich countries in the Far East, all of which were conquered by Persia and incorporated into the Persian territory. Despite the disparity in strength, Alexander is good at seeing things from the essence. He knew that although the Persian Empire had a vast territory, a huge army and prestige, it was in decline and divided internally. Emperor Darius was a mediocre and unwise monarch with weak will. The kingdom of Macedonia is unstoppable. With the help of crossing the Hellers Strait in one fell swoop, Alexander broke through the enemy's defense lines with high morale, won the first battle, completely destroyed the Persian morale and determination to resist, and opened up the road of expansion to Asia. Many city-states surrendered without fighting, and even regarded Alexander as their savior from Persian rule.
In the summer of 333 BC, Alexander defeated Darius Iii with his famous Macedonian phalanx near Isas.
In the spring of 33 1 BC, Alexander marched into Mesopotamia with 40,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry, and launched the last large-scale decisive battle with Persia in Goga Milla near Nineveh. After careful preparation, Darius Iii has 40,000 cavalry, infantry 1 10,000, 200 chariots with knives and wheels, and 5 Indian war elephants 15. Compared with Alexander's army, it has absolute advantages. But Alexander and Darius Iii miraculously defeated the Persian emperor with their wisdom. What's particularly interesting is that while Alexander, with less than 50,000 troops, ordered his soldiers to prepare for the upcoming battle, Darius Iii, with a million-strong army, kept the soldiers awake all night for fear of a night attack. Persian soldiers were armed to the teeth and were on tenterhooks all night, all listless and without fighting spirit. The next day, in the early morning of 33 BC 1 year1October1day, Alexander led an energetic and high-spirited army into the battlefield and skillfully used his flexible "Macedonian phalanx" to finally defeat his powerful opponent. Alexander took advantage of the victory to advance eastward, occupied Babylon, the largest city in the East and the center of ancient oriental culture, and added a title for himself-"King of Babylon, the Four Seas of the World". Since then, Alexander led troops from Babylon and occupied the three capitals of the Persian Empire, such as Susa, Persepolis and Iqbal Batana. Darius Iii fled to the north, was killed by one of his princes, and abandoned his body by the roadside. In the end, Alexander found his body on the way after him, and sent it back to Persia and buried it in the tomb of the Persian emperor.
2. Alexander? Jagelongchik (Polish: aleksander jagiellonczyk; ; Lithuanian: Aleksandras Jogailaitis (1461August 5th-1506 August 19), King of Poland, Lithuanian Grand Duke of Agalon Dynasty.
Alexander? Jagelongchik, the fourth son of Polish King casimir IV, was elected as the Lithuanian Grand Duke after his father died in 1492. In Goyang, me? After King Albert died in June of 150 1, Alexander succeeded to the Polish throne on February of that year 12.
Alexander? Jagelongchik failed to effectively prevent Russian Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia and Moscow from invading Lithuania.
3. Alexander V (Greek: α λ? ξανδρο? Ε',? ~ 294 BC) King of Macedonia of Antipater dynasty (reigned in 298 BC or 297 ~ 294 BC).
family background
Alexander V is the son of Cassander, the Regent of Macedonia, and the grandson of Antipat. After the death of Alexander the Great, Cassandra killed his widow Roxana and the young heir Alexander IV and usurped the throne of Macedonia. Alexander's generals immediately started his inheritance war. Among the "successors", Cassander took control of Macedonia and defeated Antioch I, the ruler of Anatolia, together with other generals. Cassandra married a sister of Alexander the Great and gave birth to Alexander V, so that Alexander V had a "more legal" inheritance right to the Macedonian throne.
Main story
After Kasander's death in 298 (or 297), the eldest son Philip IV succeeded to the throne, but the latter died soon. In this case, Alexander V and his other brother Antipat II were declared the same rulers of Macedonia. The kingdom is actually divided into two parts: Alexander ruled the west and Antipat ruled the east. Alexander V also married the daughter of Egyptian King Ptolemy I Soter (Savior).
The peace under the rule of two kings will soon come to an end. Antipat II murdered his mother with Alexander, probably because she supported Alexander. Then he drove Alexander V out of Macedonia. Alexander V turned to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, and Dmitry, son of Antioch I who occupied Athens, for help. Pyrrhus quickly intervened to restore Alexander V to the throne. Alexander V therefore ceded several provinces in the border area to Pyrrhus. Soon, Dmitry also came. According to some uncertain records, Alexander V tried to murder Dmitry, but he was killed by him. Dmitry defeated and killed Antipat II, who was still in power, and declared himself king of Macedonia.
4. St. Alexander? Nevsky (александрневский, 1220? -1263165438+10/4), whose real name is Alexander? Yaroslavich (александрярославич), Russian commander and politician, Novo.
Alexander? Nevsky is Vladimir Archduke yaroslav II? Son of Vsevolodovich. 1236 was elected as the Duke of Novgorod. His struggle with the Swedish invaders and the Teutonic Knights of Germany saved northwest Russia from being conquered by western Catholic countries.
1240, the Swedes landed at the mouth of the Iirola River into neva river and invaded Russia. Alexander? Nevsky's Novgorod people and local Ladoga people defeated the Swedish army near neva river and present St. Petersburg on July 1240. He was given the title "Nevsky" (meaning "neva river's"). Shortly after this victory, Alexander? Nevsky was driven out of Novgorod by nobles. 124 1 year, due to the invasion of Teutonic knights, Alexander? Nevsky was invited back by the Novgorod people. He led Novgorod's army against the Knights. April 5 1242, Alexandria? Nevsky decisively defeated Teutonic knights on the ice of Lake Chude near the Estonian border. This battle is often called "the battle on ice". Later historians commented that the war saved the Russian nation.
When Mongolia's unstoppable cavalry ravaged Russia, Alexander? Nevsky handled them skillfully. Alexander? Nevsky did not accept the Pope's suicide suggestion of fighting the Mongolian invaders to the end, because he knew that it was impossible to win a direct confrontation with the Mongols at that time. Alexander? Nevsky began to play the role of mediator between the Golden Horde established by Mongols and the Russian Principality. 1246, Jin named him the Grand Duke of Kiev. 1252, Alexandria? Nevsky was named Archduke Vladimir by Golden Account Khan, replacing his brother Andrei? Yarrow Slavic.
As the prince of Kiev, Vladimir and Novgorod, alexander nevsky devoted himself to unifying the principality of northern Russia. 1259 suppressed the Novgorod uprising. 1263, Alexandria? Nevsky died in rodez on his way back to Novgorod from the Golden Horde. According to the order of Peter the Great, his body was later moved to St. Petersburg. Russian Orthodox Church sealed Alexander? Nevsky is a saint, and the festival to commemorate him is September 12.
1942 On July 29th, when Nazi Germans went deep into the hinterland of the Soviet Union, Stalin announced Alexander? Nevsky is a national hero. Soviet Union established Alexander? Nevsky medal.
5. Alexander I? Pavlovic (1777- 1825, 180 1 year-1825) was the son of Paul I, the emperor of the Russian empire. Alexander I was raised by his grandmother Catherine II, and his father ascended the throne after being killed.
In order to maintain absolute monarchy and oppose revolution, Alexander adopted a liberal policy and set up a so-called "informal committee" to solve various problems. 1802 establishing a ministerial system. 1803, the law of free farming was promulgated, announcing that serfs bound to land might be liberated. Opening Kharkov University and Kazan University.
In foreign policy, he participated in the third and fourth anti-French alliances and lost in the battle between Austerlitz and friedland. 1807 signed the Tilsit Peace Treaty with Napoleon. Later, with the support of France, it won wars with Sweden and Turkey and gained territory in Finland and the Caucasus. 18 12 repelled Napoleon's expedition to Russia. 18 14 led the Russian army to attack Paris. Soon, he became active at the Vienna conference, became one of the powerful leaders, and formed a sacred alliance. Around 1820, influenced by Austrian Chancellor metternich, he rejected European liberalism and nationalism, openly pursued reactionary policies, and strengthened the suppression of liberal forces at home and abroad.
Indecision, paranoia, sadness and extreme self-esteem are called "Sphinx". Indulge in serious mysticism in his later years.
Marry Louisa of Baden? Maria? Augusta (Elizabeth? Alekseevna)。 I have two daughters.
6. Alexander II? Nikolayevich (александрниколаевич, 6543. .
After the defeat of the Crimean War, Alexander II embarked on domestic reforms. Alexander II's reform is mainly to carry out the policy of liberating serfs, set up local self-government committees, modify the judicial system, enrich primary education and reform the military system, so as to seek Russia's modernization revolution. In Russian history, besides Alexander II, there were three reforms carried out by the Tsar, namely Ivan IV and Peter I..
Alexander II still ruthlessly suppressed the revolutionary movement in Russia, which led to the increasing activities of revolutionary groups. After 1874, the terrorist forces among revolutionaries rose and tried to assassinate the tsar many times. Externally, efforts were made to abolish the Paris Treaty of 1856. From 1877 to 1878, there was a Russian-Turkish war. The signing of the Treaty of San Stefano has created favorable conditions for peace. However, due to the intervention of the great powers, Russia was forced to accept the mediation of the Berlin Conference in June 1878, and Russia's ambitions for the Balkans were stopped. 188 1 March 3, 13 was killed by members of the Popular Party in St. Petersburg.
Alexander II married Mark Simiana of darmstadt, Hesse for the first time? Wilhelmina. Augusta? Princesse Marie (Maria? Aleksandrov na), who had eight children, all died in adulthood. After marrying Catherine of Russia? Mikhailov na? Rukaya, the Grand Duchess of Dolgo, has three children: Alexandra, the Grand Duchess; Archduke Nicholas; Alexander III.
7. Alexander III? Aleksandrovich (1845-1894, 188 1-1894) was the second son of Alexander II, the emperor of the Russian Empire.
For fear of assassination, Alexander III often lived in Gacina, a palace on the outskirts of the capital, and was called a "hermit of Gacina" or a "revolutionary prisoner". At the beginning of his reign, he took an ambiguous attitude towards liberalism and conservatism. Implement the system of local governors and undermine local autonomy. Restrict the autonomy of universities. A policy of forcing Russians to treat foreigners. Persecute Jews. The occupation of Central Asia intensified the conflict with Britain. Under the influence of his wife from Denmark (when Denmark was defeated in Prussia War and forced to cede Schleswig-Holstein), he became disgusted with Bismarck and William I. Although the previous six Russian monarchs were all of German descent, the court and aristocratic society began the process of russianization from the era of Alexander III. After the late 1980s, due to the deterioration of Russian-German relations, he became very close to France. During Alexander's reign, Russia was an era of industrialization, which appeared to be prosperous, but agriculture developed slowly, farmers were poor and the foundation of prosperity was weak. 1894 died of illness.
Alexander married Maria of Denmark? Sophia? Frederica. Princess Degma (Maria? Fyodor Rovna). There are six children: Nicholas II; Archduke Alexander; Grand Duke Georgi; Grand Duchess of Shqinya; Archduke Mikhail.
8. (Violence) Alexander I (Scottish Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim, meaning Alexander, son of Malcolm; About1078-11April 23, 2004) King of Scotland (reigned1107-124). The fourth son of Malcolm III, he succeeded to the throne after the death of his brother King Edgar. He was nicknamed "violence" for cruelly suppressing an uprising in northern Scotland.
Alexander I devoted himself to the independence and localization of church of scotland. He established some new parishes and monasteries in Perth (the original name of Scotland) and Inchcombe.
9. Alexander II Alexander II (1 198-1249) King of Scotland (reigned 12 14-1249).
Alexander II is the son of William the Lion, King of Scotland. He supported the British nobles against the rebellion of John, the landless king, and helped them force John to sign the Magna Carta in 12 15. But in 12 17, he recognized John's son and heir Henry III as his Lord. 122 1 year, he and Henry III's sister Joanne? Broom is married.
1238 When Joan died, Alexander II got married again, and his wife was Mary of Cauchy. Mary gave birth to Alexander III in 124 1, the heir of Alexander II.
1237, Alexander II signed the York Peace Treaty with Henry III, which defined the permanent border between Scotland and England.
Alexander II strengthened the royal power of Scotland and extended his rule to remote areas of Scotland.
10. Alexander III (124 1 September 4th-1286 March 19) King of Scotland (reigned 1249- 1286). He is the son of King Alexander II and his mother is Mary of Colsy (the second wife of Alexander II).
Alexander III succeeded to the Scottish throne after his father died. 125 1 year, as a child, Alexander III married Margaret, the daughter of King Henry III of England, which made the English people try to interfere in Scottish internal affairs again when nobody was in charge.
1263, Alexander III defeated the invasion of King Haakon IV of Norway at the Battle of Largus. He forced Magnus VI, the successor of Haakon IV, to cede the Isle of Man and hebrides to Scotland in 1266. Margaret, the granddaughter of Alexander III, succeeded to the throne after his death.
1 1. Alexander I? Karageorgo Yevich (кра? александарIкара？ ор? еви? 1888 65438+February17-1934 65438+1October 9th) king of Karageorgo dynasty of Yugoslavia (reigned 192 1 year-/kloc- The second son of King Peter I of Serbia. 1904 graduated from the noble military academy in St. Petersburg, Russia. 1909, in his brother Georgi? After Karadjogo Yevich was disinherited, Alexander I became the Grand Duke of Serbia (Crown Prince).
Alexander I served in the Serbian army and participated in the Balkan War as the commander of the First Army1912-1913. During World War I, he was the commander-in-chief of the Serbian army. 19 18 12, Alexander became the regent of the newly established kingdom of Serbia-Croatia-Slovenia (1929 was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia). 192 1 17 In August, Alexander I was crowned king.
Due to the dissatisfaction and turmoil of all ethnic groups in China, especially the independence demands of Croats, Alexander I turned to dictatorship. 1929 1 month, he dissolved parliament, abolished the constitution and began dictatorship. In order to emphasize that he ruled a unified kingdom, Alexander I renamed his country the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
When Alexander I paid an official visit to France in 1934, he was assassinated by Croatian nationalists in Marseille on 10/0.9. He and French Foreign Minister Louis? Bardu was killed in the assassination.
12. The largest seaport in Egypt and the second largest city in China. On the narrow strip extending northeast-southwest from the west of the Nile estuary, it faces the Mediterranean Sea in the northwest and Lake Mayotte in the southeast. The population is 2.708 million (1983). It was once the capital of Ptolemy dynasty in ancient Egypt, and was named after the construction of Alexander the Great (332 BC). From the fourth century BC to the first century BC, it was the political, economic and cultural center of the eastern Mediterranean. /kloc-declined in the 6th century and gradually recovered in the 9th century. It developed rapidly after World War II. There are also textile, shipbuilding, chemical fertilizer, oil refining and other industries. The world-famous cotton market. It is divided into east and west ports. Donggang is shallow in water, mainly for fishing ports and maritime tourist areas. Westport is a good deep-water port, surrounded by two breakwaters and a long and narrow barrier of Faross Island. The port covers an area of more than 6 square kilometers, and 80-90% of China's foreign trade materials are exported through this port, such as cotton, cotton fabrics and rice. Railways and highways lead to Cairo. An important international airport. There is the Greek and Roman Museum built in 1892. There are many places of interest in the suburbs. Alexander Lighthouse is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, located off the coast of Faross Island.
13. Alexander, the world authority on English teaching, is a member of the European Committee on Modern Language Teaching. His works laid the foundation for communicative teaching method. Among them, NCE (New Concept English) and Follow Me have become classic textbooks.