Ming. In ancient times, words carved on objects to warn themselves or describe merits were called "Ming". Inscriptions carved on the tablet and placed on the right side of the case to guard against the police are called "mottos" such as Liu Yuxi's "Humble Room Inscription". An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou.
Travel notes Travel notes are a form of prose that describes travel experiences. Travel notes have a wide range of materials, which can describe the beauty of famous mountains and rivers, record the peculiar richness of local customs, reflect the daily life of a person and a family, and also record the major events of a country and express the author's thoughts and feelings. The style of writing is relaxed, vivid and informative, which gives people rich social knowledge and a good feeling. Travel notes are argumentative essays, such as Yueyang Tower and You Bao Chan. There are scientific ones, such as the Three Gorges in Li Daoyuan; Some are lyrical, such as Liu Zongyuan's The Story of Little Stone Pond.
Original. The original intention is the ancient argumentative style. This style is a fundamental investigation and discussion of a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, and it is highly theoretical. Such as Han Yu's Original Extinction and Huang Zongxi's Original King.
Preface Stylistic name. In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering. For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi: "Therefore, all Dudong people ... hence the name" Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems ",which is sent to the preface cloud. After that, all articles that bid farewell to others without poems are also called preface, and the content is often praise, praise or encouragement. We studied Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang in the Ming Dynasty.
An article read in memory of the dead or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and water. There are two genres: verse and prose. The content is to remember the main experience of the deceased before his death, to praise his main moral character and career, to mourn and to inspire the living. Such as Yuan Mei's "Sister-in-law".
Fairy tales. A children's literature. Through rich imagination, fantasy and exaggeration to shape characters, reflect life and educate children ideologically. Fairy tale language is easy to understand, vivid and vivid, with bizarre plot and full of interest. The description of natural scenery is often anthropomorphic, which can adapt to children's psychology and interest, stimulate people's imagination and facilitate children's acceptance and transformation. Fairy tales selected as teaching materials are: Andersen's The Emperor's New Clothes and Ye Shengtao's The Stone Statue of Ancient Heroes.
Preface and postscript. Foreword is also called "preface" or "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface", it is an article that explains the intention, arrangement style and author of writing or publishing a book. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. "Preface" is usually written in front of a book or article (some are listed in the back, such as "Preface to Historical Records"), and those listed in the back of the book are called "Postscript" or "Postscript". This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to the content, and it is expository to explain the writing purpose, style and content. Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative. The prefaces we have studied are: the preface to Scream, the preface to Rural Investigation, the postscript to the South Record of Returning to Germany, and the Biography of Lingguan.
Debate. "Debate" is to argue about right and wrong, not true and false. This style is characterized by refuting a wrong argument or discriminating some facts. For example, Han Yu's Debate on Taboo and Liu Zongyuan's Debate on Dong Xiong.
Miscellaneous notes include:
(1) Miscellaneous Notes on Mountains, Scenery and Personnel. Descriptions of mountains and rivers, scenery and people, such as "Little Stone Pond" and "Mount Tai".
(2) Precautions. Mainly notes, characterized by short length, about 1000 words; Rich in content, there are historical anecdotes, heritages, literary essays, people's essays, science novels, textual research, reading miscellaneous notes and so on. Shi Shuo Xin Yu and Meng Qian Bi Tan are such styles.
Commemorate. Ancient ministers collectively went to court. Including play, discussion, reconciliation, expression, countermeasures and so on. "The article has a body order": "Before the Seven Kingdoms, it was all called the early Qin Dynasty. There are four kinds of ceremonies in Han dynasty: one is to say thank you; Second, fight, in order to crush it; Three expressions of feelings; Four days of deliberation, there is deliberation. "
Folk stories. The literary form formed by the oral creation of the masses has been passed down orally and has been continuously revised and processed by many people. The characteristics of folk stories: strong story and vivid plot; Spoken, simple and lively; Imagination is strange and rich; Often use exaggeration and metaphor, which has a strong artistic appeal. In content, it comes from the people and mainly reflects the folk life. Some folk stories often have mythical fantasy plots and are full of magical colors. For example: fisherman's story, Cowherd and Weaver Girl, etc.
Go ahead. The floorboard of ancient argumentative articles. And "On" is not much different, so later collectively referred to as essays on reasoning and analysis. Preface of article analysis: "Speaker, interpreter, explain meaning, and explain with your own meaning." We have studied this genre of articles: teacher's comments, horse's comments, young chinese's comments, snake catching comments and Huang Sheng's comments on borrowing books.
Foreword: a style. In ancient times, poems and songs were used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering. For example, "Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang". This kind of writing is mostly praise and encouragement.
Book narrator: "Book" refers to ordinary letters. "Say" refers to the words that clarify the meaning of things and problems. The reason why the two are grouped together is that "book" is often the same as "theory" in content, discriminating things and explaining meanings. Both of them often express their views and opinions in narrative way, which is very flexible. For example, The Snake Catcher, Huang Sheng's Borrowing Books, Answering Li Yishu, Reporting the Number of Sheets to Liu Yi, etc.
Biography: an article describing a person's life story. Generally speaking, it is mostly about the life stories of deceased people who are more influential and outstanding in history. Take narrative, description and other methods to show the life style of characters. This style has always been used in history books. Such as Biography of Su Wu, Biography of Zhang Hengchuan and Biography of Harry.
Argumentative essay: It is an ancient prose style. There are forms such as "original …", "on …" and "debate". This style is a style in which the author makes a fundamental investigation and discussion on a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, distinguishes right from wrong, distinguishes true from false, shows his views and clarifies right from wrong. Language is argumentative, logical and literary, citing examples and classics, or discussing their facts or refuting fallacies. For example, Yuan Yi, On Qin, Debate on Taboo, etc.
Miscellaneous notes: Miscellaneous notes are all narratives except biographies and epitaphs, including a wide range of notes about people and natural scenery of mountains, rivers and plants. Cultural sites, historical mastery, heritage, social customs, reading notes, etc. This kind of article is flexible in technique, ingenious in conception and diverse in form. Such as The Peach Blossom Garden, The Mystery of Auspicious Auspiciousness, The Plum Blossom Mind.
Novel: As far as its ancient prose is concerned, novels have existed for a long time. Let's introduce the novel again.
Novel is a literary genre, which mainly depicts characters and reflects social life through complete story and environmental description. Character, plot and environment are the three elements of a novel.
The development of China's ancient novels has roughly experienced the following stages:
1, from ancient times to the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, this is the brewing and budding period of China's ancient novels. Mainly "myths" and "fables" in the pre-Qin period. For example, Jingwei fills the sea, Kuafu grows day by day, and the goddess fills the sky.
2. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared "strange novels" and "people-oriented novels", collectively referred to as note novels. During this period, novels began to take shape. His works mainly include Zhang Hua's Natural History and Gambao's Searching for God.
3. The legend of the Tang Dynasty appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The appearance of Tang legends marks the maturity of classical novels. Famous legends include Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Biography of Yingying by Yuan Zhen, Biography of Liu Yi by Li and Biography of Li Wa by Bai Xingjian.
4. The vernacular novel Huaben appeared in Song Dynasty. At this point, novels are regarded as proper nouns of story style. The appearance of scripts is "a great change in the history of novels", which has a far-reaching impact on the development of China's ancient novels. His masterpiece is Three Kingdoms Pinghua.
5. A kind of "parody of books" appeared in Ming Dynasty, that is, novels created by literati in Ming Dynasty imitating the system and form of story books. For example, Yu Tangchun met her husband's victim, Du Shiniang's furious chest, and Shen's master.
6. Zhang Hui's novels appeared in Ming and Qing Dynasties. During this period, the development of ancient novels reached its peak, producing a number of great and immortal masterpieces, such as The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Water Margin, The Journey to the West and A Dream of Red Mansions.
According to different standards, novels can be divided into different categories:
According to the length and capacity, it can be divided into novels, novellas, short stories and mini-novels.
According to the writing system, it can be divided into chapters, diaries, letters and fairy tales.
According to the content, it is divided into historical novels, case-solving novels, martial arts novels, romance novels and legendary novels.
According to language forms, it can be divided into classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels.
China's ancient novels pay attention to the description of characters' movements, language and details, and show the characters' images in conflicts. The plot is tortuous and the story is complete. The language is accurate, concise, vivid, fluent and personalized. The narrative style obviously bears the imprint of a storyteller.
Inscription of proverbs: an ancient article carved on a vessel to warn yourself and others, or to praise merit and encourage yourself. This kind of article contains profound and accurate warnings, which can enlighten and awaken people. The language is finely crafted. For example, the humble epitaph, Liu Zihou's epitaph, etc.
Foreword and Postscript: Foreword, also called "preface" or "quotation", is an article explaining the intention, arrangement style and author of a book. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. "Preface" is usually in front of a book or article, and what is listed at the back of the book is called "postscript" or "postscript". This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to the different contents and expressions, and it is expository to explain the writing purpose, style and content. Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative. For example, Introduction to the South, Introduction to Lingguan, etc.
Folk story: it is a literary style that has been passed down orally by the masses for a long time and has been constantly revised and processed. It is characterized by strong story and vivid plot; Spoken, simple and lively, with strange and rich imagination. Commonly used exaggeration and metaphor, full of magic color, strong artistic appeal. Like the story of the fisherman.
All of the above are listed from the perspective of blank rhyme. Broadly speaking, these styles belonged to prose in ancient times. They have their similarities and differences that need our attention. The prose styles listed above are different from the prose we are talking about today. Today's prose refers to a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, novel and drama. However, many of the above stylistic types cannot be classified as prose today, and some can be classified as prose.
Inscription: an ancient article recording the deeds of the deceased before his death. Monuments are tombstones, mostly in front; Records are epitaphs, written on the back of the tablet. These articles describe the life story of the deceased in highly summarized and extremely concise language. Rich in content and infinite in meaning. Such as Pinghuai Xibei.
Tribute: an ancient minister's eulogy to the emperor. Including sparseness, shallowness, countermeasures, negotiation, sealing and so on. "The article has a body order": "Before the Seven Kingdoms, it was called the letter. The book was changed in the early Qin Dynasty, and the ceremony was agreed in the Han Dynasty. That's a product: I used a chapter to thank you; Second, play to the press, third, see and express feelings; Four days of deliberation, there is deliberation. " Sparse: the meaning of the article sentence. Such as "Ten Thoughts on Emperor Taizong". Table: it is to state some ideas or things, such as models. Countermeasures: In the ancient exam, the topic was strategy, so that the people who took the exam could answer the strategy, and the articles answered by the candidates were called countermeasures. Such as "teaching war and defending strategy", and so on.
Legendary writing: one of the novel genres. (1) is named after its strange and magical plot. Generally used to refer to short stories written in classical Chinese by people in Tang and Song Dynasties. Because most of the "legends" are based on the rap and drama of later generations, there are also Song and Yuan operas, Yuan Zaju and Ming and Qing operas, such as Liu Yichuan, Conan Taishou Biography, Peony Pavilion and Peach Blossom Fan.
Mourning articles: Ancient mourning articles and mourning articles are articles expressing sadness when mourning the hanged person and remembering his life. The eulogy should be read. This kind of article is sad in content, sad in words, heavy in feelings and simple in language. Such as "A Sister's Story".
Legend: A story of historical figures, historical events or natural evolution that has been circulated among the people for a long time and contains some legends and fantasies. Like the legend of heroes. The legend of ordinary people, the legend of the West Lake. Some are based on specific historical facts, while others are purely imaginary. Most of them praise and reflect people's ideals and aspirations. For example, the legend of Meng Jiangnu, the legend of Cowherd and Weaver Girl.
Fable: A persuasive or ironic story. Usually, something is used to send a profound truth to a simple story, so as to achieve the purpose of using this as a metaphor for the other, using the small as a metaphor for the big, and using the ancient as a metaphor for the present. This style is often personified and the language is concise and sharp. For example, waiting for rabbits, carving boats for swords and so on.
Ode: an ancient article praising and praising others. In ancient times, people were grateful for kindness and perfection. They expressed gratitude and praised kindness. Sincerely, sincerely, but not affectedly. For example, Ode to the Rural School without Destroying Property.
Poetry: a literary genre, which expresses the author's thoughts and feelings with highly concentrated language and images, reflects social life intensively, and has a certain rhythm and rhythm.
Parallel prose: Also known as Liu Siwen, it uses four words and six sentences to determine sentences alternately, emphasizing gorgeous words, neat sentence patterns and harmonious phonology, but its content is empty and far from social life, which is of little value. Parallel prose originated in Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The more famous is Wu Yun's Book with Zhu.
Qu: It is a verse form of harmony singing, and it is a long and short sentence with music. It evolved from characters and rose in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Its style is similar to that of writing, but it is more free than writing. You can add lines to the number of words and use spoken English more. Songs include Sanqu and Zaju.
Cifu is a style in ancient China. "Sao Style" first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays, and later Qu Yuan represented the transition from poetry to fu, which was called "Sao Fu". The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty, which is called "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang dynasty, it changed from parallel style to regular style, which was called "law fu"; In Song Dynasty, Fu appeared in the form of prose, which was called "Wen Fu". As a literary style, Ci Fu emphasizes the neatness of words and the harmony of tones, pays attention to literary color and rhythm, and has the nature of poetry and prose. "Prose, writing with things, writing with ambition" is the best way to spread exaggeration, focusing on borrowing scenery to express emotion, and often making a little comment at the end. The famous ones are Fu of Epang Palace by Du Mu and Fu of Autumn Sound by Ouyang Xiu.
Ci: also known as the unique style of poetry, long and short sentences, and writing ci is also called filling words by sound. Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty, which is the evolution and development of poetry. Compared with poetry, ci is more lyrical, with less narrative content and less philosophical enlightenment. Its metrical restrictions are stricter than poetry. Words have epigrams, and when epigrams are fixed, each word has a fixed number of words, a fixed number of sentences and a fixed rhyme. A epigraph has a kind of "three determinations" of epigraph, which is not arbitrary at all. If you want to fill in words or use words to solve problems, you must be familiar with the laws of various epigrams, otherwise it is impossible. Although words cannot be classified according to content, they can be classified according to the number of words: all words below 58 are trivial and not segmented. Fifty-nine to ninety words are alto, which can be called up and down strokes or up and down films in sections. The word above 9 1 is a long tune, which can be divided into three folds and four folds ... In addition to strict requirements on the form of words, the content of each epigraph is generally fixed, and what feelings are expressed is also exquisite, so we should pay attention to it.
Zaju: It is a literary style that grew up on the basis of various palace tunes in the Song and Jin Dynasties. It is an art form integrating singing, guest singing and dancing. Yuan Zaju can be divided into Dan Ben (leading by the heroine) and the final Ben (leading by the hero), which consists of four folds and one wedge in structure, and only one Gong tune can be used for each fold. For example, Dou Eyuan is Danben, and the third discount is used. The script of Yuan Zaju consists of three parts: paragraph, singing and dialogue. Paragraph is the regulation of the main action expression and stage effect in the script, singing is the lyrics, and white is the dialogue or monologue of the characters. The main roles of Yuan Zaju are Mo (man), Mo (old man), Jing (painted face), Dan (female role), (heroine), Bo 'er (old woman) and Ugly (small painted face or three painted face).
First, ancient myths
China's famous ancient myths include: Goddess mending the sky, Houyi shooting at the sun, Jingwei filling the sea, Pangu opening the sky, Huangdi fighting against Chiyou and so on.
Second, the pre-Qin literature
(1) Confucian classics
The Five Classics refer to The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Yijing and Chunqiu.
Six Classics, also known as Six Arts, added Yue after the Five Classics.
"Four Books" refers to The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Daxue and The Doctrine of the Mean.
(2) Historical essays include Zuo Zhuan, Warring States Policy and Mandarin. Biography of Gu Liang, Biography of Zuo and Biography of Ram are all three biographies explaining Spring and Autumn Annals.
(3) The Book of Songs was originally called "Poetry" and later called "Poetry 300". Famous articles include Guanju, Cutting Tan, Storytelling and July. The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China. It contains 305 poems from the early Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, which are divided into three categories: style, elegance and ode. Created the realistic tradition of China literature.
(4) Confucius, whose real name is Qiu, also known as Nizu, Holy Father, Lu, founder of Confucianism. The main works include 20 Analects of Confucius, each with the first two words as the title, such as Learning from Time. It records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples and represents the basic ideas of Confucius.
(5) Lu historian Zuo Qiuming. The main works are Zuo Zhuan, also known as Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. Cao Gui's debate is selected from this book. Zuo Zhuan is the first chronological history book and historical prose in China, which records the historical facts in the Spring and Autumn Period and is full of literariness.
(6) Mencius, whose real name was Ke, was a representative figure of Confucianism in the Warring States Period, and was famous for his elegance. This book was edited by its disciples. The main works are ***7 "Mencius", each with the first word as the title, such as Liang, Gong Sunchou and Gao Zi. Recorded Mencius' thoughts and political remarks. Mencius was good at argumentation and metaphor, which had a great influence on the development of later argumentative essays.
(7) Liezi, named Yu Kou, is a Taoist priest. His main work is Liezi, also known as Xu Chong Zhen Jing. "A Mountain of Yugong" comes from this book.
(8) Zhuangzi, whose real name is Zhou, is a real person in southern China and a representative of Taoism. His main works are Zhuangzi, also known as South China Classic, with 33 existing works. Hundred schools of thought's philosophical prose, with strong romanticism, has a great influence on later literature.
(9) Xunzi, Ming Qing. Liu Xun, Xuan Di, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, was renamed Sun Qing. The main work is Xunzi, among which "Encouraging Learning" and "The Theory of Heaven" are the most representative. Another work, Fu Pian, had an influence on the rise of Han Fu. Established an ideological system with Confucianism as the main body and Legalists as the supplement. Han Fei and Li Si are the successors of his thought of rule of law. Hundred schools of thought's philosophical prose.
(10) Han Fei is a master of legalism. His main works are Han Feizi, with 55 books. Bian Que met Cai Huangong, and Wu Zhu and Chu Shi from the south came from this book. It is a philosophical prose by hundred schools of thought, and it is the representative work of pre-Qin legalists.
(1 1) Qin Xiang Lv Buwei assembled his disciples and compiled Lv Chunqiu. His main works are Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, 160. Chajin and Chachuan are both from this book. It is included in philosophical papers of various schools and representative works of miscellaneous schools.
Qu Yuan, his name is Ping. The first patriotic romantic poet in China created a new poetic style of Chu Ci and was listed as a world cultural celebrity. His major works include Li Sao, Nine Songs (including Shan Gui, Mourning the Country, etc. 1 1), Tian Wen and Nine Chapters (including nine articles such as Shejiang, Mourning and Ode to Orange). In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled a "Songs of Chu", with Qu as the main part. Because of its strong Chu local color, it is called "Chu Ci", and later generations call this poetic style "Chu Ci Style" and "Sao Style", which created the romantic tradition of China's poetry. The national style in Li Sao and The Book of Songs is also called coquettish and has become synonymous with literature.
(13) 33 pieces of the warring States policy. Liu Xiang compiled according to historical materials in the Western Han Dynasty. It is a national history book and historical prose, which mainly records the political opinions and struggle strategies put forward by counselors and military strategists during the Warring States period when lobbying governors or arguing with each other, as well as their political activities. It has a great influence on the creation of prose and ci fu in later generations.
Three. Han dynasty literature
(1) Jia Yi, also known as Jia Sheng, Jia Changsha and Jia Taifu. The main work is a new book. In addition, The Ode to Diaoqu Yuan is the first and has great influence.
(2) Liu An, Huainan Wang. His main works are Huainan Zi, also known as Huainan Lie Hong. Stories such as The Goddess Mends the Sky, Houyi Shoots the Sun, and the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon all come from this place.
(3) Sima Qian, long word, also known as Taishigong, referred to as Shi Qian. He is also called "the second Sima in history" with Sima Guang and "Ban Ma" with Ban Gu. The main works are Historical Records, also known as Taishi Gongshu, 130 volumes, including biographies 12 volumes, 8 volumes, 10 table, 30 subjects and 70 biographies. Historical Records is a historical prose. China's first biography is a general history, which created five styles: biography, biography, table and book. Known as "true record, faithful history", "the swan song of historians, leaving Sao without rhyme", one of the "two treasures" of historiography and the first of "three histories and four histories".
(4) Ban Gu, a native of Fufeng Anling (now northeast of Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province), is one of the "Banma". His main works are Hanshu. It is one of the earliest "three histories and four histories" that created the style of biographical history books.
(5) Yuefu folk songs and fu music. Yuefu was originally a poem collected by the music authorities in the Han Dynasty. Peacock flies southeast is the peak of the development of narrative poems in Han Yuefu. It was first seen in the New Yutai Fu compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties. Fu is a synthesis of China's ancient poetry and prose. His major works are Shang Mo Sang, Long Songs, Mourning for the Past, Joining the Army in the Fifteenth Five-Year Plan, Peacocks Flying Southeast, etc. The first four poems are Yuefu poems compiled by Guo Maoqian in the Song Dynasty, and the last four poems are Yutai New Poems compiled by Xu Ling in the Southern Dynasties. Peacock Flying Southeast is the longest narrative poem in ancient China, and it is also called "Yuefu Shuang Bao" with Mulan's poem.
Fourth, the literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
(1) "Three Caos" are Cao Shi's father and son Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. Cao Cao's view of the sea, Cao Pi's trip to Li Hao, Cao Zhi's famous names, white horses and Luo Shenfu are all famous.
(2) "Seven sons of Jian 'an": Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu Zhen. "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest": Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Dan Tao, Liu Ling, Wang Rong, Xiang Xiu and Ruan Xian.
(3) Zhuge Liang, alias Wolong, named Xiang Hou. His main work is Zhuge Jiliang, on which the model is based.
(4) Gan Bao, the word rises. His main work is looking for gods. Both Mo Xie and Donghai Filial Wife are based on this. Seeking God is one of China's earliest collections of short stories, most of which are mysterious novels.
(5) Tao Yuanming, whose name is hidden and his word is bright, is the first outstanding pastoral poet in China, Mr. Wuliu. There are Tao Yuanming's collections, and his representative works include Peach Blossom Garden, Gui Xi Ci, Gui Yuan, Drinking and so on.
(6) Ye Fan, whose real name is, wrote the Book of Were Han. Biography chronology is one of the earliest "four histories".
(7) Liu Yiqing attacked and sealed King Linchuan. The main works are Shi Shuo, which was called Shi Shuo Shu Xin in Tang Dynasty and Shi Shuo Xin Yu in Song Dynasty. It is a note novel, which records the anecdotes of the characters in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is also the beginning of the mystery novel.
(8) Liu Xie, whose name was Yanhe, became a monk in his later years, and his legal name was Hui Di. The main work is Wen Xin Diao Long, which is China's first monograph on literary theory.
(9) The main works of Yuefu in the Northern Dynasties are Mulan Poetry, Chile Song and Yang Zhe Liu Ge Ci, all of which are included in Yuefu Poetry Collection.