The idea of college students' employment insurance
The concept of college students' employment insurance refers to an insurance business in which the insured (college graduates) are still unemployed for a certain period after graduation (such employment includes successful postgraduate entrance examination and going abroad) and pay the insured's insurance money in one lump sum or in installments according to the contract.
1 Employment refers to one employment (excluding entrepreneurship). 2. Applicants should be willing to work.
The reason why the insured is unemployed is due to the objective environment, their own conditions and employment intention.
The Development Background of College Students' Employment Insurance
1 It is an inevitable trend that a large number of college graduates are unemployed (macro situation).
2 fierce competition makes the employment risk of fresh graduates increase (micro-aspect)
Some unemployed graduates need financial assistance in life and job hunting.
4. Promote the allocation of social resources and risks (risks that need to be allocated)
5. The social security system is imperfect (there is no system to protect college students) and the continuous influence of educational policies (enrollment expansion in colleges and universities)
The Significance and Function of College Students' Employment Insurance
1 For individual students (with financial support)
A support for living expenses and job-hunting expenses (reducing family burden) B reduce anxiety (equivalent to getting a fixed income every month)
To the government.
A reduce the financial burden of the government (make up for the imperfection of the government security system) B make up for the imperfection of the education system.
3 to society
A, realize the optimal allocation of risks and resources; b, maintain social stability; c, use insurance funds to create more employment opportunities.
4 pairs of colleges and universities
A supervisory role (verifying employment rate and other information) B agency income (agency insurance) C information feedback (student insurance situation reflects students' employment confidence)
Demonstration of insurable risk
First of all, insurable risk is pure risk (only the possibility of loss, no possibility of profit)
What college students lose when they are unemployed is the opportunity cost-including the salary and work experience after employment, which is far greater than the insurance money they get when they are unemployed.
Second, the occurrence of risks must be accidental. (Possibility and uncertainty of occurrence)
Every graduate may not find a job.
B the reasons for not finding a job are unpredictable (because in the long run, hot majors such as finance will be greatly affected by the financial crisis)
C. The degree of influence of some factors on employment is uncertain (such as unpopular major and physical illness).
In addition, employment insurance does not cover the inevitable risks (that is, the insured students are obviously unable to find employment, or the possibility of unemployment is very high through a series of standards).
Third, the occurrence of risks is unexpected. The so-called accident is caused by people's intentional behavior. Intentional behavior is easy to cause moral hazard, which is prohibited by law and contradicts social morality; In addition, the occurrence of risks is unpredictable by all parties concerned.
A the vast majority of policyholders are willing to take up employment and do their best in the process of taking office (that is, unemployment is not intentional behavior of policyholders).
B college students consciously prepare for finding a job in the future because of their own considerations (such as studying hard and improving their own quality)
Fourth, the risk must be that a large number of targets are likely to suffer losses.
Unemployment is a common risk for college students, but in fact only a few people are unemployed.
Fifth, the risk loss must be measurable in money.
In the opportunity cost of unemployment, we can estimate the amount of wage loss after unemployment.
Research on Employment Insurance Demand of College Students
Measure demand through employment data and market survey.
Employment data include: the number of graduates from University A (the number of key undergraduate students, the number of two undergraduate students and the number of three undergraduate students) and the employment rate data over the years.
Expected employment rate
Market research: willingness to buy insurance; College students' acceptance and views on employment insurance.
Demand classification: (with two factors as the main reference: whether A has the advantage of job hunting and whether B has family economic conditions)
1 Graduates with advantages in job hunting and poor family economic conditions (most sought after and recommended)
2 graduates with advantages in job hunting and good family economic conditions (the third demand)
3. Graduates with no advantage in job hunting and poor family economic conditions (the demand is second and subsidies are needed).
4. Graduates with no advantage in job hunting and good family economic conditions (the third demand)
Generally speaking, graduates with poor family economic conditions need employment insurance more, because once they are unemployed, the family burden is relatively heavy.
Other factors affecting demand: risk expectation (macro situation expectation, etc.). ) b insurance rate (mainly refers to additional insurance premium)
C insurance claim amount D publicity e government and university support F substitute (government relief fund)
Policy design (omitted)
Risk management of college students' employment insurance
1. Financial risk (payment crisis caused by insufficient solvency or liquidity)
Solution: A The underwriting amount shall not exceed the underwriting capacity of the company (calculate the underwriting limit of dangerous units and the total underwriting amount of the company).
B ensure that the financial stability coefficient (k value) is within a reasonable range (0
Rationalization of liquidity structure of working capital
Second, moral hazard.
1 Get excess insurance compensation through insurance.
Treatment: limited insurance coverage (the maximum is not higher than the minimum wage level of college graduates, and the average monthly insurance premium is about 1000 yuan, which is adjusted according to the salary situation in different regions).
2. Short-term unemployment (within two months), and short-term employment after receiving insurance benefits.
Treatment: payment of insurance premium by installment or delay.
A Installment payment: payment will be made from the time when the insured is determined to be unemployed after graduation, and the same amount of insurance money will be paid at regular intervals (usually one month) (1 000 yuan). When the insured is employed during the payment period (usually one year) or after the payment period, the insurance company will stop paying insurance benefits.
B deferred payment: after graduation, the insured will pay all the insurance benefits in one lump sum after being unemployed for a certain period of time (three months, six months, nine months or one year). The insured can choose the time to pay insurance benefits according to his expectation of future employment (predicting the length of waiting period). The longer the insurance premium is paid, the higher the insurance premium he needs to pay and the higher the total amount of insurance premium he gets. (The waiting period exceeds three months, six months and nine months.
3 Graduates who have no employment intention are insured (starting a business, and female students get married at home)
Solution: The insurance premium rate insured in the first two years of college is relatively low, and the insurance premium rate of junior and senior is increasing in turn.
After being unemployed for a period of time, I have obtained sources of income (employment, self-employment, entrepreneurship, etc.). ) or went abroad and succeeded in taking the postgraduate entrance examination, but he didn't take the initiative to inform the insurance company and continued to defraud the insurance money.
Treatment: A, the way of delaying payment can reduce the loss caused by this moral hazard to a certain extent (if the insured has been employed before the time of obtaining the insurance money, it is necessary to inform the insurance company of the detailed information of the employment situation)
B set up a special investigation and management organization or post to carry out the investigation, handling, monitoring and management of difficult cases in a unified way.
C explain the consequences of fraud (such as false information and forged documents) in the insurance contract (penalties for refusing to pay compensation and not returning insurance premiums, and punitive liability for breach of contract).
D. the insurer needs to sign for confirmation when receiving the insurance money. Failing to receive the insurance premium within the time limit is regarded as giving up the insurance premium (if the insurer goes abroad, attends graduate school or works in other places, it may not be able to receive it in person; The place to receive insurance money after graduation is designated by the insured, which cannot be changed once it is determined)
Establish a certificate and reference system. Proof includes tripartite agreement, unemployment registration certificate (imperfect system) and other certificates that can prove unemployment. References include the teachers and students of the school where the insured graduated (teachers and students in charge of employment) and relatives (non-direct, multi-department). The insured shall provide the contact information of these referees.
F reward system for reporting fraud (same school insurance). Informants (also insured) can get a certain insurance premium deduction.
Adverse selection (graduates who have no advantage in job hunting are more willing to take out insurance)
Processing method: Determine the insurance premium rate by tabular method (firstly, determine the classification premium rate by classification, then set objective standards for all major risk factors, and increase or decrease the insurance premium rate according to the objective standards of these risk factors.
Classification standard: According to different undergraduate categories (Class I (key undergraduate), Class II (ordinary undergraduate) and Class III (private or secondary college undergraduate), the average employment rate of different types of undergraduates varies to some extent due to their different degrees of recognition by society and enterprises.
Premium deduction factor: a major is a popular major; B academic performance (scholarship, passing CET-4 and CET-6, obtaining various qualification certificates, etc. ); C school performance (party member, student cadres, etc. ); D social practice (internship, part-time job, competition, etc.). ).
Factors that increase the premium: A failed the course, B was punished, and C was physically disabled.
In addition, if the premium rate of the insured calculated by the above method exceeds a certain standard (such as 30%), it will not be underwritten.
4. Macro employment situation risk (violent fluctuation of employment rate)
Solution: Scheme 1 Select a set of employment statistics as the benchmark employment data. If the employment rate fluctuates over a certain range, the amount of insurance benefits will be adjusted according to certain standards, that is, when the employment rate is higher than the benchmark employment rate, the amount of insurance benefits will be reduced, and when the employment rate is lower than the benchmark employment rate, the amount of insurance benefits will be increased. At the end of each year, the benchmark data will be adjusted according to the statistical data of the employment rate in that year.
The insurance rates of all employment insurance (including one-time insurance and installment insurance) insured in Scheme II are determined according to the employment rate of the year, that is, the higher the employment rate of the year, the higher the insurance premium charged to the insured; Instead, charge a lower insurance premium.
5 Statistical risk (university employment rate data fraud)
Solution: a contact the university and ask them to provide real employment data; B Find out the specific employment situation in colleges and universities through other channels (such as contacting the Ministry of Education and contacting teachers and students in colleges and universities); C. Expose the fact that there is conclusive evidence to prove that colleges and universities falsely report the employment rate to the media.
Interest rate risk and inflation risk
The use of insurance funds (except the traditional form of preservation and appreciation)
1 Establish or invest in some employment training institutions; 2. Build or invest in employment information projects (such as employment information websites, employment intermediary companies, holding job fairs, etc.). ); Invest in some stable enterprises (on the premise of ensuring the safety of funds), and recommend some unemployed people to invest in enterprises according to the specific information of the insured unemployed people.
Significance: A increases income, B expands publicity influence, C helps unemployed students find jobs and reduces insurance compensation costs.
Comparison between commercial insurance and social security (mainly unemployment insurance and unemployment graduate relief) in college students' employment insurance
1 Comparison with the relief for unemployed graduates (Guangdong Province began to implement relief measures for graduates who have been unemployed for more than half a year)
Contact information: all of them are to solve the economic difficulties of unemployed graduates.
Difference: A The range of beneficiaries is different (only college students with financial difficulties can enjoy assistance, while all college students can apply for employment insurance, regardless of whether their families are in financial difficulties).
B receives different amounts of compensation (unemployment benefits are generally lower than the local minimum wage (such as 850 in Shenzhen), while employment insurance benefits are lower than the minimum wage for college students, tentatively set at 1000 yuan).
C the government's financial burden is different (unemployment benefits are purely financial expenditure, while employment insurance requires the insured to pay the premium, and the insurance fund pays the premium without financial burden)
2 Compared with unemployment insurance
Contact information: they all pay unemployment insurance benefits and give subsidies by collecting premiums.
Difference: A policyholders are different (unemployment insurance policyholders are employees of urban enterprises and institutions, and employment insurance policyholders are college students).
B collect different premiums (the way of collecting unemployment insurance is that urban enterprises and institutions pay unemployment insurance premiums according to 2% of the total wages of their own units, while the premiums of employment insurance are determined according to the individual specific conditions of different insured college students)
C the insurance amount is different (the unemployment insurance premium standard is lower than the local minimum wage standard and higher than the minimum living guarantee standard for urban residents; The amount of employment insurance premium is lower than the minimum wage standard for college students)
D different business purposes (if employment insurance is implemented by insurance companies, the purpose of employment insurance business is to obtain profits or protect capital; The purpose of commercial insurance is to provide protection for the unemployed.
The implementer of employment insurance (feasibility analysis)
A Government: If the government operates employment insurance, it should consider whether this kind of insurance should be included in the social insurance system. However, the nature of employment insurance does not meet the characteristics of social insurance, because:
1 The main body of social insurance is workers and employers, and the main body of employment insurance is college students. College students are a special group. They have not been transformed into social workers, and no unit can guarantee that (colleges and universities are not responsible for the economic life of students).
Social insurance is compulsory, while employment insurance should be voluntary. The compulsory premise is that the rate has a hard standard (for example, the rate of unemployment insurance is 2% of salary), while the rate of employment insurance is determined according to the specific situation of individuals.
The purpose of social insurance is to maintain the reproduction of labor force, and the purpose of employment insurance is to help college students transform into productive forces.
To sum up, employment insurance cannot be social insurance in nature. Therefore, if the employment insurance is completely operated independently by the government, it will be a special insurance different from social insurance.
In addition, the government's employment insurance has great advantages and significance:
1 Some government departments (such as the Ministry of Education) have close relations with universities, so they can have a deeper understanding of the specific employment situation in universities, which is conducive to the daily operation and specific operation of employment insurance.
The government has greater influence on colleges and universities and can mobilize students to buy employment insurance to a greater extent.
The difficulty of college students' employment is a big problem that the government needs to solve in recent years. Besides increasing employment to relieve employment pressure, the government also has the responsibility to provide certain economic security for unemployed graduates.
If the employment insurance is run by the government, its purpose is to provide protection for the unemployed and pursue profits, so it can minimize the premiums that college students have to pay. This will not only reduce the premium burden, but also attract more college students to take out insurance.
Second, commercial insurance companies: Compared with the government, commercial insurance companies have disadvantages in operating employment insurance. First of all, because the concept of this kind of insurance is relatively new, there are many uncertainties in operation and promotion. If the insurance company operates independently, the insurance company will face greater risks. In addition, insurance companies need to communicate with universities to establish cooperative relations, and at the same time, they need to deeply understand the employment market and employment environment. Therefore, in the process of operation, it will consume a lot of costs and resources. In addition, because the implementation of some clauses in employment insurance requires the cooperation of universities and relevant government departments, commercial insurance companies are subject to some restrictions in specific operations when operating employment insurance.
However, commercial insurance companies can also get some benefits from operating employment insurance:
1 can effectively promote the brand among college students and make them potential buyers of other insurance products.
2 Open up new markets, occupy a monopoly position and obtain excess profits (if only a few insurance companies operate)
Third, commercial insurance companies cooperate with the government: if the government independently operates employment insurance, it must go through a series of major procedures (formulating relevant laws and regulations, formulating financial budgets, building specialized management institutions, etc.). ) can be finally realized. Therefore, the government needs a long time (about several years) to establish this system. If commercial insurance companies operate employment insurance independently, insurance companies will face high risks and high costs. Therefore, if they want to finish it in a short time,
The forms of cooperation include subsidies and support provided by the government to commercial insurance companies, and the establishment of special independent institutions (companies) by the government in partnership with commercial insurance companies. Choose different ways of cooperation according to the profit expectation of the government and insurance companies on employment insurance business.
1 If both the government and insurance companies think that operating employment insurance will not be profitable, but will cause operating losses, they will choose the first mode of cooperation, that is, the government will provide subsidies and support to insurance companies. Under this mode of cooperation, the insurance company's business goal is to ensure the minimum loss, and the business purpose is to establish a corporate brand among college students. The purpose of the government is to provide security for college students through subsidies and support to insurance companies.
If both the government and insurance companies think that operating employment insurance can be profitable, they choose the second mode of cooperation, that is, the government and commercial insurance companies form a special independent institution (company) in partnership. In this mode of cooperation, the operating risks and costs of insurance companies can be greatly reduced. The government can not only provide security for college students, but also get benefits according to the proportion of investment.
Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.