Japanese students
/kloc-In the 20th century, school education prevailed in Europe, America and Japan, but most schools were private.
In Japan, Fukuzawa Yukichi founded Keio University on 1858, which is the first private school in Japan. Before that, there were only temples and schools in Japan.
However, these were donated by philanthropists and nobles. Keio University is the first school in Japan to charge students tuition fees, which is of special significance, indicating that school education has the nature of private property.
Marquis Condorcet, a thinker during the French Revolution, argued that education should be provided as public property rather than private property. He believes that "public education is the obligation of society to the people", which was widely accepted in Meiji era in Japan and became the ideological basis of public education.
In this regard, I think the first minister of culture, Mori Youli, has contributed a lot. Senyouli implements compulsory primary education and does not charge tuition fees. Through the implementation of primary education, Japan will embark on the road of becoming a great educational country. Most people have learned to write, read and calculate, which lays the foundation for future economic development and deserves special attention.
keio university
This compulsory primary education system continued to be implemented after the Second World War. In the educational reform implemented after World War II, junior high school under the new system was established, and both primary school and junior high school are compulsory education stages. This system has lasted for more than 60 years. It can be said that the implementation of compulsory education in public schools is quite smooth (but the academic level of students in public schools has declined in recent years), which has aroused social concern.
As public schools, old middle schools, industrial schools, old high schools and old universities in Japan have been conducting secondary and higher education before the war, but their popularity is not as good as it is now. However, it should be pointed out that pre-war secondary and higher education institutions were mainly public schools, and now they are mainly private schools. For example, 80% of college students are studying in private universities, which is very representative.
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt Primary and secondary schools are public, while high schools and universities are private.
The above contents can be summarized as follows: primary and secondary schools in Japan are mainly public, while the proportion of private schools in high schools is increasing, and the number of private schools in universities is more than that in Japan. In other words, compulsory education is mainly undertaken by public schools, and higher education makes private schools play an important role.
Public schools run schools by national tax, so they can't implement characteristic education based on their own school spirit like private schools. The biggest goal of primary and secondary schools is to make all students reach the most basic academic level, which is also the purpose of compulsory education. Because of this, the education mode of giving priority to cultivating excellent students was not adopted in the compulsory education stage, and the gap between schools was also avoided.
In order to ensure this, one district (or one school district) and one school system is implemented, which is called district system.
However, in the stage of non-compulsory education, such as high schools, especially universities, and even national universities, there are inter-school gaps.
In different regions, the high school education system is different. Some parts of Kyoto Prefecture (such as Kyoto and other places) implement strict district system, while others adopt the same district system as Tokyo 30 or 40 years ago.
In some counties, university district system is implemented, allowing students to enter any high school in the county. The gap between schools will naturally widen. Of course, the admission qualifications of universities are not restricted by regions, and the gap between universities is also great. But this is not the culprit. This is the case in most countries in the world.
However, there are some exceptions in Germany. The decentralization of Germany is very thorough. Education is not managed by the state, but by the state. The establishment and operation of schools depend on government taxes, so most universities in Germany are state-owned and most students come from China. It is not difficult to imagine that there is a certain gap between universities in the same state, but there is not much difference between universities in different States.
Why do you want to go to a private school in compulsory education?
District system is practiced in public primary and secondary schools. Children from different families living in the same area go to the same school. No matter what the family's economic conditions and talents are, they all study together. I don't think there is anything wrong with the characteristics of public schools, which can neither give some students the best education nor give special guidance to poor children.
Primary and secondary schools are the epitome of society. Children with different learning abilities and physical strength learn together, and this experience is of great significance to the formation of children's character.
If all the students in a class are rich, it is hard for children to imagine that there are still poor people in society. Some people may retort that when they grow up, everyone will understand that there are poor people in society, and they don't need to be very young to realize this. But when I was a child, when I experienced something directly, I had a deep impression and a more practical feeling. The same is true for children with different learning abilities. This is a valuable experience when they were young.
Now, some parents allow their children to attend private schools from an early age. State-owned and private secondary schools with junior high schools and high schools are also very popular, and more and more students attend private schools. Because the proportion of junior high schools in China is small, it can be said that most of them are private junior high schools. Public primary schools and junior high schools do not need to pay tuition fees, while private primary schools are expensive, spending more than/kloc-0.00 million yen a year, and private junior high schools pay 500,000-700,000 yen a year.
Kyoto University, Japan
Obviously, if it is much cheaper to go to public schools only in terms of cost, why do so many people go to private schools, and the number is still increasing?
Generally speaking, this is because some people are dissatisfied with public schools and can spend money on private schools. Regarding the former, the academic level of students in public schools has declined, and bullying and long-term absenteeism are prominent. The media often reports that this worries parents.
As for the latter, the survey shows that children from high-income families, especially those whose annual income exceeds 6.5438 billion yen, attend private schools, especially private primary schools.
When investigating private junior high schools, we should understand that there are two types of private schools.
( 1)? In principle, primary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools and universities run by private schools are continuous. Many students who go to primary school will go on to college. Representative schools include Keio Private School in Tokyo, Castle Peak Academy, Chengcheng Academy, University and Guangguan Tongli Primary School (Kansai University, Kansai University, Jiawangshe University and Lifeline University);
(2) There are private middle schools in junior high schools, and some universities have high enrollment rates, such as Kaesong in Tokyo, Mapo and Tiannan in Kansai.
& gt& gt& gt& gt& gt The gap between public and private academic levels
Is there a gap between the academic level of public and private school students in the compulsory education stage?
From 2007 to 2009, Japan implemented the "National Academic Proficiency Examination" among primary and secondary school students. It can be seen from the test that the scores of students in private primary schools are much higher than those in public schools. Especially in junior high school, the advantages of private schools are more obvious.
It is not difficult to explain why the academic level of students in private schools is higher than that in public schools.
First of all, private schools select students through examinations, and public schools can enroll students as long as they live in their own school districts;
Secondly, the family income gap will also affect children's academic level. Private schools with high tuition fees show that students' family economic conditions are superior, and as a result, the academic level of students in private schools is higher;
Third, especially junior high school students in junior high school have strong learning ability. Many cram schools or cram schools have higher students, and there are many students in other cram schools. Perhaps the highly educated students have improved the average score of private junior high schools.
But in high school, the situation is completely different. The academic level of public high school students is higher than that of private high school students.
According to Pisa (Student Academic Level Survey Pisa(OECD countries)), this paper compares the reading, mathematics and science scores of students in public and private schools in Japan.
As far as Japan is concerned, the scores of public high school students are higher than those of private high school students, but the gap is not big, much smaller than that of public and private primary and secondary schools.
So, why are public high school students taller than private high school students?
First of all, public high schools in most areas adopt middle school district system or university district system instead of primary school district system. There is a gap in high schools, and students with good academic performance gather in prestigious schools. From a national perspective, there are many outstanding junior high school students who want to enter public high schools. Famous junior high schools and private middle schools are mainly concentrated in
Tokyo and Kansai region
Tuition in the second public school is cheaper than that in the private school. Many junior high school students hope to attend public high schools. However, the enrollment quota of public high schools is limited. Many students who failed to enter public high schools went to private high schools. Therefore, the academic level of private high school students is lower than that of public high schools.
From another perspective, the gap between public schools and private schools in high school is obvious. Both public and private high schools have good students. On the contrary, there are public and private high schools for ordinary students.
The reason is that except for some counties, most public high schools have cancelled the primary school district system. Although the enrollment rate of senior high school is above 95%, it is not compulsory after all, so the college entrance examination can be implemented. More importantly, the goal of high-level high schools, whether public or private, is to let more students enter famous universities.
It is worth noting that compared with other OECD countries, the academic level of public and private schools in Japan is opposite. In Japan, the academic level of public high schools is slightly higher than that of private high schools, while in other OECD countries, the academic level of private high schools is much higher than that of public high schools.
There are many OECD countries, so it is difficult to generalize the difference between public and private high schools. But Eton College in Britain, the famous rugby school and boarding high schools in America are all private. These examples can be used to illustrate that the level of private high schools is higher than that of public schools. But many high schools in France are public, which is contrary to the situation in Britain and America. About these famous schools, my book "Beach School" has been discussed in detail, so I won't go into details here.
Finally, let's look at the difference between the state and the private in the university stage.
College students have different majors. Some study law and economics, while others study engineering, agriculture and medicine, so it is impossible to test the academic level of college students in a unified way, and there is no data to compare the academic level of students in the same major.
But there are still some ways to indirectly understand the academic level of college students. One is based on the difficulty of enrollment, and the other is to pass the national postgraduate qualification examination (such as judicial examination and national doctoral examination).
As far as the former is concerned, the admission score line is a clear indicator, indicating the admission standards of universities and departments. Therefore, we can roughly know the level of the university from the admission score line.
But strictly speaking, the admission standards of different departments are different, and the examination subjects are different. It is almost impossible to accurately measure the difference in academic level, and only a general discussion can be made here.
In the past, imperialist universities such as Tokyo University and Kyoto University, as well as national key universities such as hitotsubashi university and tokyo institute of technology, all had quite high academic standards. On average, the academic level of students in other national universities is relatively high. Public universities and state universities are at the same level, because many public universities have a long history and low tuition fees. There are many students applying for the exam, and the competition is fierce.
On the other hand, some private universities, such as Waseda University, Keio University and Shangzhi University, find it difficult to take the exam. But some private universities only need to enroll students. The gap between private universities is considerable.
Generally speaking, if the academic level of college students is ranked from high to low, the first is national university, the second is public university, and the last is private university. However, there is a big gap between the same type of university and different departments of the same university.