General letters (including invitations) include five parts: (1) salutation. The first line of stationery is written in the top box, followed by a colon. (2) the text. The second line is written in two blanks. Turn to the top. There may be several paragraphs. (3) the end. After the text is finished, if there are many spaces in the last line of the text, you can continue to write the words "from here" and "wish", otherwise, write the words "from here" and "wish" in two or four spaces in another line. Then write a line of greetings such as "salute" and "progress" on it. (4) signature. It is usually written in the second half of the eulogy. (5) date. Write a line under the signature, and write the date on the right.
In addition to the characteristics of the letter, the invitation should also indicate the specific time and place to attend. Use polite language.
2. notice; pay attention to
The writing of the notice is: write the name of the notice in the middle of the first line, for example, "Notice of Writing for Papers" is in the second line, and the content of the notice is written in two spaces. Write down two lines of signature and date in the lower right corner at the end. Some contents of the notice should be very specific, such as address, time and contact information. Some contents should not be written in detail, such as the details of lost property in "Lost and Found" to prevent fraudulent use.
3. notice; pay attention to
The general format of a notice is: write the word "notice" in the middle of the first line. At the top of the second line, write down the name of the notified party with a colon (if the notified object has been clearly defined in the text, the name of the notified party can be omitted). Write the text in two spaces on the next line. If there is a lot of content in the text, you can write it in lines so that readers can grasp the main points of the content. The signature and date are written on the lower right of the text in two lines.
4. telegram
Fill in the recipient's name and address item by item on the special telegram paper as required. Information usually has no address, punctuation or blank space. The signature is followed by the text, which can be expressed by abbreviations familiar to the other party. Numbers are generally represented by Arabic numerals, and each cell can write up to four digits. Write your message concisely, and don't be ambiguous or misunderstood because of simplicity.
5. News
There are many news styles. First, briefly introduce the format of the short message: (1) The title summarizes the main contents of the short message. (2) The lead is a paragraph at the beginning of the newsletter, which requires a very concise summary of the most basic content of the newsletter. (3) The text is the main part of the newsletter, which should be specific, informative and clear. (4) The conclusion is a summary of the content of the newsletter. Some short messages can have no ending.
6. Broadcast draft
The format of the broadcast draft is no different from that of the general newspaper draft. However, we should pay attention to the effect of listening, and the language should be popular and colloquial (written language should be changed to spoken language, and classical Chinese should be changed to vernacular) to avoid misunderstanding due to different sounds and words, and not to misunderstand because punctuation marks can't be pronounced, for example, "I hope every student in primary school will have a survey of parents' donations to help students." "Reading is easy to make people have different understandings.
7. Application Form
The purpose of writing an application is to get approval by putting forward some clear and specific requirements to the superior or the relevant competent department and stating the reasons. The general format of the application is: (1) The title includes the reason and the name of the document, such as "Application for Membership". (2) The text includes the reasons for application. (3) This is a salute. (4) the applicant. (5) date.
There are many types and formats of practical writing, and the above are just a few commonly used ones. If you want to fully understand and master, I suggest you buy a book on administrative affairs and official documents within the party. I hope the above suggestions are helpful to you.
2. Paying attention to and strengthening the teaching of practical writing is of great significance for promoting the reform of university education and realizing the purpose of university education, but the reality is not optimistic. How to change this situation, this paper analyzes and discusses from two aspects: thought and practice.
Keywords: College Chinese; Practical writing; Writing; College Chinese is one of the basic subjects of higher education, and it is the unity of instrumentality and humanity. It plays an irreplaceable role in language carrying function and social communication function, and is of great significance to improve students' humanistic quality and cultivate all-round talents needed by society. Practical writing plays an important role in college Chinese teaching.
It has strong practicability and operability in realizing social needs. However, the reality is not optimistic. In the teaching process, some educators think that practical writing is "difficult for teachers to teach and difficult for students to learn;" Teaching is invalid and learning is useless, which makes practical writing in a marginal state of being separable, teachable and unteachable; Although some people think it is important, they just use practical writing as a tool and dogmatize it, which leads to a lot of effort, but little effect. Students often appear "can be mistaken at a glance" and barely cope with an exam. Once they step into their jobs, they give their colleagues and leaders a headache, and even ask, "Did you go to college? Did you learn Chinese?"
To change this embarrassing situation, we must work hard from the following points. First, attach importance to the teaching of practical writing ideologically and get rid of the "uselessness theory". Practical writing is a style with a fixed or customary format that people use when dealing with public and private affairs in their daily work, study and life.
It is widely used and practical. From the perspective of teaching, practical writing is the unity of instrumentality and humanity. What college Chinese needs to improve is the humanistic quality of students. If you can't even master the basic communication tools, how can you talk about humanistic quality? From the application point of view, practical and direct papers, such as academic year papers and graduation papers, all need practical writing, and they can't be used in a hurry every time.
Besides, after graduation, I have to step into the society and have all kinds of contacts. Practical writing is an indispensable tool in interpersonal communication, and practical writing is an indispensable basic ability.
It does not mean that only secretaries and clerks can use them, and students will not be used in productive and technical positions in the future. Even in the production position, there are plans and summaries to write. Educators should start from the attitude of being responsible for students, not only to reverse the wrong idea that practical writing is dispensable, but also to guide students to realize the importance of learning practical writing.
To overcome the ideological fear of difficulties, we should not give up our due efforts because "teachers are not good at teaching and students are not good at learning". "What's going on in the world is difficult? For it, it's easy and difficult.
If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. "If you don't do it, you will never do it.
If you do it, you can do it well by gradually exploring and reflecting in the process of doing it. Besides, if you have to learn something, you should use it sooner or later. It is better to learn and use it early.
As Mr. Ye Shengtao said, "College graduates may not write novels and poems, but they will certainly write practical articles in their work and study, and they must be fluent and solid." As an educator, what we should teach is: the teaching theory of college Chinese practical writing. On the teaching of practical writing in college Chinese. Author: Zhang Li Source: Speed Reading Period, 20 16 Abstract: Paying attention to and strengthening the teaching of practical writing is of great significance to promoting the reform of higher education and achieving the educational goals of higher education, but the reality is not optimistic. How to change this situation, this paper is based on ideas and.
Keywords: College Chinese; Practical writing; Writing; College Chinese is one of the basic subjects of higher education, and it is the unity of instrumentality and humanity. It plays an irreplaceable role in language bearing function and social communication function, and is of great significance to improve students' humanistic quality and cultivate all-round talents needed by society. Practical writing plays an important role in college Chinese teaching.
It has strong practicability and operability in realizing social needs. However, the reality is not optimistic. In the teaching process, some educators think that practical writing is "difficult for teachers to teach and difficult for students to learn;" Teaching is invalid and learning is useless, which makes practical writing in a marginal state of being separable, teachable and unteachable; Although some people think it is important, they just use practical writing as a tool and dogmatize it, which leads to a lot of effort, but little effect. Students often appear "can be mistaken at a glance" and barely cope with an exam. Once they step into their jobs, they give their colleagues and leaders a headache, and even ask, "Did you go to college? Did you learn Chinese?"
To change this embarrassing situation, we must work hard from the following points. First, attach importance to the teaching of practical writing ideologically and get rid of the "uselessness theory". Practical writing is a style with a fixed or customary format that people use when dealing with public and private affairs in their daily work, study and life.
It is widely used and practical. From the perspective of teaching, practical writing is the unity of instrumentality and humanity. What college Chinese needs to improve is the humanistic quality of students. If you can't even master the basic communication tools, how can you talk about humanistic quality? From the application point of view, practical and direct articles, such as academic year papers and graduation papers, all need to be applied, and you can't rush to learn and use them every time.
Besides, after graduation, I have to step into the society and have all kinds of contacts. Practical writing is an indispensable tool in interpersonal communication, and practical writing is an indispensable basic ability.
It does not mean that only secretaries and clerks can use them, and students will not be used in productive and technical positions in the future. Even in the production position, there are plans and summaries to write. Educators should start from the attitude of being responsible for students, not only to reverse the wrong idea that practical writing is dispensable, but also to guide students to realize the importance of learning practical writing.
To overcome the ideological fear of difficulties, we should not give up our due efforts because "teachers are not good at teaching and students are not good at learning". "What's going on in the world is difficult? For it, it's easy and difficult.
If you don't do it, it's hard for easy people. "If you don't do it, you will never do it.
You can only do it if you do it.
3. The understanding of "practical writing" is about 500 words, please provide some materials ~ practical writing: 2. (1) The writing of an application is a special letter used by an individual or unit to put forward certain requirements or apply for solving a certain problem to relevant departments, organizations and groups. It includes four parts: title, sending unit, text and signature. The reason for adding the title. Example "XXX application" (note: this application is not a legal document). (2) The writing of letters of introduction is an applied style for introducing contacts and contact matters. It has the dual functions of introduction and proof. There are two main forms of letters of introduction, namely, ordinary letters of introduction and special letters of introduction. Contents include: title, text, ending, signature and date. And write down the effective date. (3) the writing method of asking for instructions. Instructions are generally composed of four parts: title, main sending organ, text and signature. 1, title. The title of request for instructions generally consists of three parts: issuing unit, reason and language. Who is the issuing authority asking for instructions? The reason is "asking for instructions" and the language is "asking for instructions". For example, only by reason and language, the signature should indicate the issuing authority. 2. The main sending organ, that is, the receiving organ, uses the full name or standardized abbreviation (the same below), such as "Ship Camp Education Bureau" and "District Education Bureau". In general, written work requests should be sent to relevant departments or organizations, which will submit them to relevant leaders. It is not appropriate to give it to a leading individual. Except in special circumstances. 3. Text. Generally speaking, there are three essentials to master when writing a request text. First, the text should come straight to the point, state the situation concisely, explain the reasons and basis of the request, and clearly write out why the request is made, thus attracting the attention of the examination and approval authorities. Second, put forward opinions and requests, which is the purpose of the request. Opinions and requirements should be written clearly and specifically. It is convenient for the leading organs to seriously consider and deliberate. Third, according to the purpose of asking for instructions, write the words "if not, please indicate", "if not, please indicate" and "please review" at the end. 4. Sign the name of the issuing authority, indicate the issuing time, and affix the official seal. The name of the issuing authority shall use the full name or standardized abbreviation. If the name of the issuing authority is written on the title, the signature may be omitted at the signing place. Here is the practical writing. If you can find the website of practical writing everywhere, please tell me. It is difficult to find practical writing. I really need practical writing now. If anyone can find practical writing, please tell me the website of practical writing. Thank you for telling me the website of practical writing. It is not easy to find practical writing. There are practical words here. I still can't find the practical writing. If you can find the website of practical writing everywhere, please tell me. Practical writing is hard to find. I really need practical writing now. If anyone can find practical writing, please tell me the website of practical writing. Thank you for telling me the practical writing. It is not easy to find practical writing.
4. Give a reference to the application. Change the specific content by yourself:
Example: Critical Notification
General Office of the State Council on * * Province * * City * * County
Notice on organizing primary and secondary school students to participate in farewell activities without authorization
On February 5th, 1999, 1999, * * expressway opening ceremony was held in * * county, * * province. * * The main leaders of the county decided to suspend classes in some primary and secondary schools in the county to attend the opening ceremony without authorization. Nearly a thousand primary and middle school students stayed in the snowstorm for two hours, which caused some primary and middle school students to get sick. Parents and students were extremely indignant and sent a letter to the Central Committee demanding firmness.
Primary and secondary schools have established a strict education and teaching order in accordance with state regulations, ensuring the quality of education and teaching, and no unit or individual may arbitrarily destroy it. At present, individual leaders in some places use their power to convene primary and secondary school students for welcoming or ceremonial activities for various meetings, inspections, visits and even business ceremonies. As a result, major safety accidents have occurred in some places, resulting in extremely bad social impact. The problem in * * county is not just general formalism, but bureaucracy, which is seriously divorced from the masses. This unhealthy trend must be resolutely stopped. All localities, departments and leading cadres at all levels should attach great importance to this issue, draw profound lessons from it, earnestly enhance the concept of the masses, and prevent such incidents from happening again.
Primary and secondary school students are the future of the motherland, so arranging their studies and activities should be conducive to their study and physical and mental health. In the future, all regions and departments must strictly implement the relevant laws and regulations of the state, and shall not suspend classes or organize primary and secondary school students to participate in various welcome or etiquette activities without authorization. If it is really necessary to organize, it must be reported to the provincial education administrative department for approval.
General Office of the State Council (Seal)
December 20, 1999
Notice on the problem of late return of O-level 3 students in X-X Department of X-X University
On the evening of May 8, after the evening self-study, the students of Grade 3 of x x Department spontaneously gathered on the playground and lawn, and went back to the dormitory to sleep after turning off the lights for one hour. Among them, four students x x x, x x x and x x x sleep at 23: 50, four students x X X, X X x and Xxx sleep at 0: 00 the next day, and two students Xxx and Xxx sleep at 0: 20. These eleven students violated the dormitory management regulations and related rules and regulations, which seriously affected the rest of other students in the dormitory. Through research, the above-mentioned 1 1 students were found to be late in violation of regulations, and informed criticism was raised.
I hope all the students in the school will take a warning and consciously abide by the rules and regulations of the school.
Xx University Student Affairs Office
May 9(th), 2004
5. Practical writing 1. The question about the title of the plan and summary is whether to add "about" to the title of the plan and summary.
The prepositional structure "about" is not allowed in general textbooks, but some textbooks say that it can be added, such as Contemporary Enterprise Management Application Writing published by Oriental Culture Publishing House and edited by Yu Liyuan. The planning part includes Energy Management Planning, Liu's Practical Writing, the Arrangement of the Provincial Department of Finance on the Training of Financial Cadres, and the book "Practical Writing in Institutions", one of the practical writing textbooks of China Logical Language Correspondence University, edited by Min Gengyao, which was published by Archives Publishing House and reported by * * * College 1982. As for the topic of summary, most textbooks think that it should be the same as planned except for the short text and the positive and negative. The title of the abstract can also be added with the prepositional structure "about ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
For example, the above topics can be changed to: energy management plan, financial cadre training arrangement of the provincial finance department, twelve document study plans of the financial school, and summary of university teaching work. Such a title also has the advantage of conciseness. 2. The distinction between summary and investigation report seems to be no problem, but it is often ignored in some textbooks, which is extremely unfavorable to the teaching and learning of applied writing.
For example, Min Gengyao regards the political work of cooperatives and Liu's practical essays as concluding essays, and the experience of organizing agricultural specialized production in Shanghai counties and villages is contracted by professional division of labor. In fact, these two articles should belong to the empirical investigation report.
The summary should be the summary of the experience of the relevant departments or units on their own work, not by other units or journalists. The summary is called by the first person, and the article should be an empirical investigation report, not a summary. The difference between this empirical summary and the empirical investigation report is mainly people. As long as the person is changed from the first person to the third person, it is the investigation report. If the third person is changed to the first person, it is the summary.
3. As an applied style, the planning of "arranging opinions" includes planning, ideas, points, arrangements, plans, schemes and opinions. Arrangement, like plan and scheme, refers to a plan with short term, small scope and specific content.
The main point refers to a concise and focused plan. Therefore, not only can arrangements and opinions be used together, but also arrangements and plans and schemes can not be used together.
However, in Yu Liyuan's "Contemporary Enterprise Management Application Writing", there is such a plan title: "Arrangements for Further Rectifying and Strengthening Site Management". Arrangement is arrangement, and opinion is opinion. The two cannot be used at the same time.
4. On the issue of "official title" of non-official documents, many textbooks are used to using "official title" to refer to the title of non-official documents, such as * * Municipal Labor Bureau 1999 Work Plan, 1998 Confidential Work Summary, and Zhengzhou Two-way Agricultural Contract Survey. I think it is best to call these appellations generic or other appellations, not only to distinguish them from official documents, but also because they are different from official documents after all. It can't be said that "Zhengzhou City" in "Investigation on Two-way Agricultural Contracting in Zhengzhou City" is the name of the issuing authority in this article.
However, in Min Gengyao's "Writing Practical Writing for Organs", taking the investigation report of Jilin Provincial Department of Finance, Education Department and Jilin Provincial Committee of China Education Union on the welfare use of primary school teachers in Jilin Province as an example, it shows that there are official titles in the investigation report. In fact, there is no such so-called official title, and even if there is, it is an irregular and wrong title.
Because official documents are used by state administrative organs and represent administrative organs. However, the investigation report does not represent the administrative organ. It's just a written material written by an individual or a group of several people to a local organ, and its signature is not an administrative organ but an individual or an investigation team.
Even if the three administrative organs act together to form an investigation team, the investigation report will only be signed by the investigation team, not by the three organs. The official document is signed by the administrative organ or the person in charge of the organ, and the investigation report can only be signed by the individual or group of investigators, not by the organ.
Unless it is an official document, it is best not to write the title of the official document. 5. With regard to the requirements and characteristics of official document practical writing, this question is how to grasp the requirements and characteristics of official document practical writing from both macro and micro aspects, and to what extent.
It is not good to be macro or micro, and it is not good to be micro or macro. We should combine the macro with the micro. Not too macro, not too micro.
Too macro, such as talking about the main part of an official document or practical writing, only passing by in a few words, so that readers can not get a specific impression, which is equivalent to not talking about it; But if it is too microscopic, readers will often think that an official document or practical article can only be written in this way, and there can be no difference. In this respect, many existing writing textbooks, such as official documents and practical writing, are inadequate.
Therefore, the author must pay attention to the requirements and characteristics of practical writing of official documents from both macro and micro perspectives. If the macro is a general law and the micro is a concrete fact, then the general law must be a summary of many concrete facts, while some textbooks have made the mistake of blind people touching the elephant.
For example, some textbooks explain the writing requirements and characteristics of the briefing, saying that this briefing should first describe the cause and process of the incident in detail; Secondly, we should write the attitude of the relevant units and the handling opinions of the incident at the end. Another example is the writing method of the preface of the investigation report, which can be found in different teaching materials.
For example, some people should focus on the brief description of the investigation itself, that is, the reason, purpose, time, place, problem, object, scope, process and method of the investigation, so that readers can understand the process and general situation of the investigation report first; Some say that we should briefly introduce the situation and problems related to understanding the full text and summarize the main contents of the full text, which is similar to news guidance.