Two. Radioisotope; Stable isotope; Clark value; Mineral; Crystal; Routine identification of minerals; Mohs mineral hardness scale.
Three. Classification table of igneous rocks (silica content); Happen; Structure; Structure; Pillow structure; Andesite line; Two eruption modes; Volcanic landform; Volcanoes are distributed in three main zones: Bowen reaction series; Spinifex texture; Speckle structure; Point structure; Assimilation; Mixed dyeing; Xenolith
4. General characteristics of external geological processes: 1) Factors of external geological processes (atmosphere, hydrosphere (Coriolis effect)-biosphere) 2) Energy sources of external geological processes (solar thermal energy, gravitational energy, solar gravitational energy) 3) Types of external geological processes or formation process of sedimentary rocks (weathering-denudation-transportation-sedimentation).
Clastic structure and non-clastic structure; Significance of sedimentary structure (determination of stratigraphic environment, rock roof and diagenetic process); Gradual bedding; Cross bedding; Oblique bedding; Scouring structure; Wave mark; Mud fissure structure; Average mineral composition of sedimentary rocks; Eight main rock-forming minerals; Four types of sedimentary rocks (clastic rocks-chemical rocks-biochemical rocks-clay rocks).
5. Formation factors of metamorphic rocks (temperature, pressure, chemically active fluid); Metamorphic mode (thermal recrystallization, contact metasomatism, regional metamorphism, ductile shear or dynamic metamorphism); Residual structure and metamorphic structure; Gneiss structure
Thermal recrystallization: marble; Contact metasomatism: skarn; Regional metamorphism: slate, phyllite, schist, blueschist, gneiss (feldspar+chronological >); 50%, feldspar >; Timely), granulite, eclogite and migmatite; Mixed rock (matrix+vein); Ductile shear: mylonite. 6-8 metamorphic characteristic minerals; Representative minerals of high pressure and ultra-high pressure: glaucophane, Ke Shi Ying and diamond. The relationship between the formation and evolution of three kinds of rocks.
6. Standard fossils; Law of biological sequence; Stratigraphic sequence law; Relative and absolute ages; Representative of geological year (five generations and thirteen generations); Code of each major; Early and late ancient times; Cenozoic era: ancient, early, gradual, middle, upper, more and complete.
Seven. Determination, division and distribution of magnitude (Chile's magnitude is 8.9); Wave propagation (medium); P wave is the fastest, S wave can't pass through liquid, and surface wave is the most destructive. Three elements of earthquake prediction.
Earth's inner structure and main interfaces: 1) Crust (Si-Al layer and Si-Mg layer)-Upper mantle (Lithosphere-asthenosphere-Upper mantle)-Lower mantle-Outer core-Inner core and its depth; 2) Main physical properties, material state and depth of each layer; 3) Four discontinuous surfaces in the earth (Conrad surface, Moho surface, Gutenberg surface and Lyman surface).
Eight. Two basic ways of tectonic activity; Fold (symmetrical repetition of strata and new and old distribution)+fracture+joint; Folding elements (axial plane, hinge, arc tip); Form (profile form, plane form, surrounding transition, combined form); Monocline Mountain, Monocline Mountain, Zhubeiling.
Six contact relationships: sedimentary unconformity (pseudogranite), intrusion, conformity, pseudoconformity, fault, unconformity (denudation surface, bottom conglomerate, weathering crust, unconformity between old and new strata, metamorphism and deformation),
Fracture element; Identification marks (staggered equivalent layers, repeated loss of strata, scratches, derived structures, hot spring distribution, minerals, breccia, triangle mountain, etc.). ), research contents: age, trend, fault distance, combination characteristics, stress field, etc. Significance of fault research, graben and horst.
Draw six pictures to judge the nature of the fault.
breakdown
Stratigraphic types and fault trends
On the contrary, strata and fault tendency
identical
Stratum > fault stratum
Normal fault deduplication
Reverse fault deletion, deletion and duplication
Nine. Six evidences of seafloor spreading and six stages of Wilson cycle (theoretical essence of plate tectonics)
1. Evidence of submarine expansion: 1) Terrain conformity; 2) Geology (Mid-ocean Ridge; Paleontology; Structure; Glacier; Pingdingshan; Symmetry of rock age changes on both sides of the mid-ocean ridge); 3) Geophysics (the positive and negative magnetic anomaly zones of seabed rocks are symmetrically distributed; Geothermal and gravity; Shallow, moderate and deep earthquakes are concentrated in the marginal zone around the Pacific Ocean); 4) Deep-sea drilling (including submersible) confirmed the exact topography of the ocean floor, the high heat flux in the mid-ocean ridge and the existence of pillow lava. 5) The discovery of ophiolite suite perfects the profile of ocean crust. 6) The discovery of marine transform fault.
2. Wilson cycle: (1) definition, (2) six stages: germination stage (East African Rift Valley)-juvenile stage (Red Sea)-mature stage (Atlantic Ocean)-contraction stage (Pacific Ocean)-terminal stage (Mediterranean Sea)-collision stage (Himalayas), (3) stress in each stage, (4)
Conversion failure; Ophiolite suite (ocean crust profile); Topographic structure.
Three plate boundaries (pressure: trench, orogenic belt; Zhang: ocean ridge; Cut: Transformation failure).
Active continental margin (Pacific Ocean: trench-arc-basin; Trench arc); Passive continental margin (Atlantic: shelf slope ocean basin, no trench). Three theoretical pillars of plate tectonics (rotation of rigid body around spherical surface or mantle convection, submarine magnetic anomaly and transform fault); Global plate division.
X. chemical weathering; Physical weathering; Hydration; Hydrolysis; Spherical weathering; Terrain inversion.
Xi。 Morphological elements of river valley cross section; Erosion mode (dissolution, water impact, abrasion); Erosion direction (erosion: it depends on river velocity, sediment content in water, riverbed rock properties and geological structure, etc. ); Side erosion; Plastic source); The products of three kinds of erosion; V-shaped valley; Erosion datum; Transverse circulation; Straight cut and straight bend; Attack and occupation of rivers; Handling methods (hauling, hanging and dissolving); Deposition; Schematic diagram of the third-class river terrace; Planation plane (the fundamental reason is tectonic action).
Sedimentary characteristics and formation conditions of river delta: 1) Definition of river delta: at the estuary, due to the decrease of velocity and kinetic energy, the large sedimentary body formed is triangular in plane, which is called. Further development will form a delta plain. 2) the shape of the delta: a. beak (the river flows into the sea, such as the Yangtze River); B. Bird's feet (people who have several rivers into the sea, such as the Mississippi River); C. Fan shape (many rivers flow into the sea, such as the Yellow River). 3) Formation conditions of delta: 1. Adequate sediment sources; 2. The slope at the estuary is small and easy to deposit (it cannot be formed in eastern Japan); 3. The hydrodynamic force is small, and the sediment is easy to preserve.
Twelve. Continental glaciers and alpine glaciers; Glacier denudation (planing erosion); Handling (pushing, lifting); Sedimentation (eight characteristics); Valley glacier landform (U-shaped valley, sheep back stone); Glacier structure (ice cracks, nail scratches); Three major ice ages.
Thirteen types of groundwater (vadose zone water, phreatic water, confined water; Interstitial water, fissure water, karst water); Influencing factors of water quality; Enrichment and migration of water; Formation conditions of hot springs and underground hot water (structural, geothermal and hydrogeological conditions); Karst development conditions, blind valleys and sinkholes
Fourteen Seawater movement; Wave datum, wave cutting platform, wave making platform, ocean erosion balance profile; Tide; Coastal (outer, front and back coasts) sedimentary characteristics, shallow-sea sedimentary characteristics and deep-sea sedimentary characteristics; Turbidite, turbidite deposit and Ma Bao sequence (i.e. massive mudstone containing pelagic fossils (uplift environment)); D horizontal layered shale, containing biological fossils (continental slope); C siltstone with hilly ripple layer and progradation bedding (oblique bedding) (continental slope); B parallel granular layered sandstone with grain order (continental slope); A. Coarse-grained layer: conglomerate-sandstone, scouring surface and imprint developed) (slope).
; Equal depth flow; Coral reef sediments.
15. There are 10 genetic types of lakes; Standards for freshwater lakes, saltwater lakes and salt lakes;
Four stages of lake extinction in arid climate region and their sedimentary laws (vertical profile and horizontal distribution);
1) Four stages of the extinction of the Great Lakes in arid areas: the lakes are shrinking and salinization, and the sediments with low solubility are carbonate deposits (calcite+dolomite: salt lake) → sulfate deposits (gypsum+mirabilite: bitter lake) → chloride deposits such as sodium chloride (salt lake, brine, >: 25‰, containing K, Mg and B minerals) → salt lake dries up. 2) Lake rock zoning (vertical profile and horizontal distribution): 1) For shallow lakes, clastic facies zoning (conglomerate-coarse sandstone-sandstone-fine sandstone-siltstone-shale), and for deep-water lakes, clastic facies → chemical facies zoning (clastic rocks → chemical rocks, that is, conglomerate-coarse sandstone-sandstone-fine sandstone).
16. Wind erosion, migration and deposition; Wind erosion landform; Wind-edge stone (a kind of stone with strange edges and corners, polished roundly, and finally rubbed and collided with gravel from many directions by the wind, changing the wind direction and rolling gravel); Characteristics of loess (1. Definition: The sand and dust in the desert are transported to the edge of the desert by the wind and piled up. 2) Mineral composition: The main minerals are chronological, feldspar and carbonate minerals. 3) Chemical composition: 50-60% of silica, 39- 12% of alumina, 7- 10% of calcium oxide, 34-5% of magnesia, and 2% of K2O. 4) Color: yellow to brownish yellow; Time: Quaternary; Joints are vertical, with uniform texture and no bedding; Easy to peel off when it meets water; There is calcareous tuberculosis. 5). Loess distribution: Mid-latitude warm climate zone. 6) The genesis of loess: the transportation and deposition of desert materials by the wind in the primary loess system. Secondary loess is the product of river transportation and deposition. ); Desertification; Distribution of modern deserts (from past to present)
17. Conditions of block movement (gravity, slope and water are the direct factors of movement; Earthquake and blasting are the triggering factors); Debris flow and creep mechanism; Five places prone to landslide.
18. Planetary motion patterns and characteristics; Composition and density; Classification of meteorite components; Impact structure: meteorites, impact structures and their identification marks.