The research directions of comparative literature and world literature include the relationship between Chinese and foreign literature, comparative literature and literary theory, world Chinese literature research, foreign literature and translation research, comparative literature theory, western literature and Chinese and western comparative literature, oriental literature and oriental comparative literature, comparative poetics, European and American literature, and overseas China studies.
Literature and art is a science that studies literature and its laws. It has three main components: literary theory, literary history and literary criticism. Literary theory focuses on the logical study of literature, such as what literature is and its research methodology. The history of literature focuses on the historical study of literature, such as the history of world literature and the history of European literature; China literature history and American literature history; The history of ancient Chinese literature, the history of contemporary China literature, etc. Literary criticism focuses on the realistic study of literature (literary criticism here refers to literary criticism in a narrow sense).
Literature should be called literariness, just because it doesn't conform to the language habits of China people, and it has been used for many years, and it has been used until now.
The research directions of literature and art include literary theory, literary aesthetics, literary criticism, culture and poetics, western literary theory, comparative poetics between China and the West, classical poetics in China, and the history of literary criticism in China.
note:
1. According to the discipline classification of the Ministry of Education, China's language and literature mainly includes linguistics and applied linguistics, Chinese philology, literature and art, China's classical philology, China's ancient literature, China's modern and contemporary literature, China's minority languages and literature, comparative literature and world literature.
2. There are two kinds of literary criticism: literary criticism in a broad sense belongs to the category of literary theoretical research, with a wide range of contents, including works criticism and theoretical research, which is almost synonymous with literary research in the west; Literary criticism in a narrow sense belongs to the category of literature and art, which is a scientific interpretation activity based on literary appreciation and guided by literary theory to analyze, study, understand and evaluate writers' works (including literary creation and literary acceptance). ) and literary phenomena (including literary movements, literary trends and literary schools, etc. ).
Are you going to study for the history of foreign literature? If so, you must look up relevant reference books provided by colleges and universities and read them. More importantly, read more works, write more thoughts, and don't skim them. Of course, it is best to borrow some periodicals of foreign literature. If the level of Chinese department in your school is average, there is no need to attend classes. Every teacher has his own set of theories, which may be easily misled (especially in humanities).
The first question in the examination questions of foreign literature history (please summarize it yourself because you are reviewing these days)
The basic characteristics of realism: 1. It is strongly revealing and critical to ask writers to describe and reflect real life according to its true colors. 2. The ideological core is bourgeois humanism and individualism. 3. Typical characters in a typical environment are described by "typicalization" in Article 4. The exploration of historical laws and the thinking of human nature are inherited, and human nature is dissected.
The artistic features of red and black: 1. Typical characters in a typical environment II. Detailed psychological description III. Tight and complete plot structure 4. Simple and accurate language expression.
The third question (what are we going to take in this exam)
( 1)
1 is a woman who pursues the liberation of bourgeois personality and is the image of an outstanding woman in the upper class.
In the first eight years of her marriage to karenin, she tried to maintain her marriage, although she had rich inner feelings.
When the social atmosphere is changing rapidly, she issued an appeal of "I want love, I want life", instead of pursuing freedom and happiness, she acted bravely.
In the dark and decadent society at that time, Anna didn't want to go with the flow, demanding the dissolution of the old marriage relationship, free love, and raising anger and injustice against the sinful society.
Falling in love with W Lenski also illustrates Anna's limitations. In fact, he doesn't understand Anna's feelings.
Generally speaking, Tolstoy sympathized with Anna, and Anna's tragedy was caused by herself.
(2)
It is the inevitable result of the sharp contradiction between personality and social environment, and her resistance itself determines the tragedy of fate.
First of all, from the perspective of marriage, as a wife, she betrayed her husband. As a mother, she abandoned her son. Society condemns those who dare to break the established order and moral norms from being protected by law, and society refuses to accept such "bad women". The strong condemnation of public opinion severely criticized the harsh demands on her, which made her in a severe situation and lost her right to dominate herself. The intensification of inner contradictions is the internal reason for her schizophrenia to go to destruction.
Secondly, Anna is rich, frank and brave, and has a strong resistance to the mediocre and lifeless real environment. However, W Lenski's harshness and exclusion made her lose everything, unable to survive in a hypocritical and cold environment, and she had to fight to the death to protest and accuse the evil society with her life.
Fundamentally speaking, tragedy is caused by that evil society.
Because the content of this exam only contains these two questions, I can only answer these two questions. Time is really limited. Sorry, I hope it works for you! (Tired of playing, hehe)
Hello, foreign literature history information, this is a review material, I hope it will help you.
Greek mythology consists of two parts: the story of god and the legend of hero, which is characterized by the similarity between man and god.
The ancient Greek gods of Olympus: Zeus, the god of thunder and lightning, Apollo, the goddess of wisdom, Athena, themis, Ares, Aphrodite, Vulcan/craftsman and Hermes.
Tragedy originated from Dionysian ode.
The drama product of Hellenistic period is new comedy, represented by Minand. Athens comedies in the classical period are called old comedies, with aristophanes as the representative writer and Engles as "poets with strong inclination", and Ahanai as the representative work.
Greek mythology can be divided into two categories: 1) stories of gods: including the opening of heaven and earth, the appearance of gods, the genealogy of gods, the activities of gods, and the origin of human beings. 2) the legend of heroes. The legend of heroes originated from ancestor worship. The most famous hero in ancient Greece was Hercules. 6. The historical stage of ancient Roman literature: 1)*** Roman literature in the Republic of China, from the third century BC to the second century BC. Representative writer Plautus, whose works include The Golden Altar and Twin Brother Terrence. 2) Roman literature in the late Republic of China and Augustus period. BC 1 century-AD 1 century. Virgil, the representative writer, is the most important poet in Rome, whose work Aeneas; Horace: He is the most important literary theorist in Rome, whose work The Art of Poetry; Ovid: the transformation and art of love. (3) Roman literature in the imperial period. 1 century-mid-5th century. The representative writer is Seneca.
The creation of three tragic poets reflects the three different periods of slavery development in Athens, and also marks the three different stages of Greek tragedy. (1) Aeschylus "father of tragedy". Prometheus, the masterpiece, is characterized by advocating democracy and patriotism through serious violence and lofty heroes. This is a contradiction in religious point of view. On the one hand, it regards fate as a concrete god, and mortals are dominated by it and irresistible. On the other hand, it emphasizes people's freedom of will, and people are responsible for their own actions. Contribution: He used a second actor in a tragic performance for the first time, making dialogue the main factor of the script. For the first time, he used high-heeled boots, scenery and colorful clothes in a Greek drama performance, and adopted the "triple play?" The form of. Style: solemn and vigorous, tragic and powerful, and the works are philosophical and lyrical. Sophocles in Homer in the Theater is a tragic writer, whose tragedy embodies the contradiction between the individual's will to live and his destiny. His masterpiece King Oedipus is characterized by supporting the democratic system, advocating the spirit of democracy and opposing autocratic rule. Contribution: The Greek tragic art has reached a perfect level, giving up the traditional "trilogy" form, so that each drama can independently and completely express the plot. Contradictions and conflicts are concentrated and sharp, and the plot is complex and rigorous. The third actor was adopted in the tragic performance for the first time, which made the dialogue occupy a more important position in the play. The importance of the choir has diminished. He is good at shaping characters and portraying their personalities. The characters in his works are all ideal heroes. (3) euripides, a philosopher on the stage, whose masterpiece Medea is good at describing women and psychology.
Aristophanes, the "father of comedy", was called "a poet with strong inclination" by Engels. His masterpieces include Ahanai Man and Birds. 9. Early medieval European literature: 1) Church literature: The main forms are biblical stories, biographies of saints, prayers, hymns and religious narrative poems. 2) Epic of People's Heroes: Ida and Sakya in Iceland, Ka Laivaara in Finland, Beowulf in Britain.
European literature in the middle Middle Ages: 1) Heroic epics and folk songs: France's Song of Roland (the most famous), Spain's poema de mio cid, Germany's Song of Nippelonggen, and Russia's Igor Expedition. 2) Knight literature: it is the product of knight system and knight lyric. It was first born in Provence in the south of France. The creed is loyalty to the monarch and protection of religion and chivalry. They regard honor above their own lives and are loyal to their beloved lady. The main content is about the adventure and love between knights and ladies. The main genres are knight lyric poems and knight narrative poems. Knight narrative poems are usually about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table. 3) Urban literature: The masterpiece of satirical narrative poetry is the long poem "The Legend of Lena Fox" which allegorizes reality with animal stories.
Dante's Divine Comedy is divided into three parts: hell, purgatory and heaven, with hell as the highest achievement.
Questions and answers:
First, analyze the artistic achievements of Homer's epic? The epic era is still the childhood of mankind, but this Homer epic has reached the amazing level that can be achieved under the historical conditions at that time. ①? Clever and complete structure. The Iliad begins by saying, "The anger of Achilles is my theme". The whole article organizes materials around the plot clues of his anger and appeasement, forms a complete whole, and selects the wonderful war part to describe, which is conducive to highlighting the heroic thoughts worthy of praise in the epic and shaping the heroic image. The main plot is like the backbone of an epic. In this brace, the epic also contains many episodes. It accounts for about 2/3 of the whole poem, and the combination of trunk and episode makes the whole poem like a big tree, with distinct trunk and lush foliage, which is more magnificent and full. ② Epic has also made great achievements in characterization. The main way to create a character image is to put the character in a certain situation, describe the character's language and movements in detail, and express the character with exaggerated techniques and gorgeous poems. The epic poem is beautiful and beautiful, adopts a short six-step verse style, has no rhyme, has a strong sense of rhythm, and is in harmony with the content to be expressed in the epic. Some skills are closely related to the art of recitation, which has become a model in the history of European literature. Epic has rich and magnificent imagination and wonderful metaphor. Therefore, the whole poem is full of life and colorful. Second, the ideological content of Dante's Divine Comedy: ① Divine Comedy is an allegorical summary of Dante's exploration of Italian national politics and morality. The Divine Comedy reflects the real life of Italy in the late Middle Ages in terms of religious concepts, showing a strong patriotic spirit and anti-church tendency. ③ It is the summary of medieval culture and the initial sprout of humanism.
What about the history of foreign literature? On the whole, this book is at least a little better than that of Nankai Publishing House. It's really better. However, the teacher didn't use this textbook at all when teaching. Although the old man's speech is boring, this personal preference (or ......
Is it difficult to study foreign literature history 00540 by yourself? Chapter I Ancient Literature
Section 1 Overview
Western ancient literature includes ancient Greek, Roman literature and early Christian literature.
Ancient Greek literature (one of the sources of European literature)
(1) Main achievements: myth, epic and drama, as well as fable, lyric poetry and literary theory.
(2) The characteristics and values of ancient Greek literature: 1. Ancient Greek literature has distinct humanistic color and destiny view. 2. Realism and romanticism coexist. Many chapters in ancient Greek literature reflect the social life at that time from different aspects, providing first-hand information for future generations; There are also many works full of magical imagination, grotesque exaggeration and beautiful lyricism, showing a strong romantic color. 3, a wide variety, groundbreaking. There are many kinds of ancient Greek literature, and there are almost all literary styles in later generations. Besides myths and epics, there are tragedies, comedies, fables, stories, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, lyric poems, essays, novels and so on.
Value: Major achievements: myth, epic and drama, as well as fable, lyric poetry and literary theory.
(3) Three periods of the development of ancient Greek literature:
1, the first period (BC12nd century-the 8th century before) (the transition period from clan society to slave society) is called "Homer era" (heroic era);
Main achievements: myth, Homer's epic.
Representative writer: hesiod
Masterpiece: (1) Oracle Bone Inscriptions's poem "Work and Time" (also translated as "Heavenly Farming"): This is the earliest real-life poem handed down from ancient Greece. (2) The narrative poem "Divine Spectrum": the earliest work systematically describing the origin of the universe and the genealogy of the gods is an important historical material for studying ancient Greek mythology.
2. The second period (8th century BC-the middle of 4th century BC) (from the formation of slavery society to its peak).
From the 8th century BC to the 6th century BC, it was called the "Great Immigrant Era" (the slave city-states gradually formed);
Main Achievements: Qin Song has made great achievements in lyric poetry and allegorical lyric poetry.
Sappho: The most famous poetess in ancient Greece. Plato called her "the tenth goddess of literature and art".
Piano solo represents the poet Anacreon: creating "Anacreon style".
The chorus Qin Song represents the poet Pinda and his masterpiece Ode to Victory. /kloc-classicism in the 0/7th century regarded his poetry as a model of "sublime poetry".
Fable: Aesop's fable (prose style): It mainly reflects the thoughts and feelings of working people in slavery society and summarizes their life lessons and struggle experiences (farmers and snakes, turtles and rabbits, etc.). ).
Aesop's Fables: It is said that it was written by Aesop, a slave in the 6th century BC, so it is called Aesop's Fables. Aesop's Fables, which is now circulating, was compiled by later generations and collected more than 300 books. Most of them are folk oral creations in ancient Greece, and some stories may come from Africa and Asia. Aesop's Fables mainly reflects the thoughts and feelings of working people in slave society, and is a summary of the life lessons and struggle experience of working people.
In art, he makes good use of personification or comparison, with vivid images and appropriate metaphors, which has a strong folk literature color. It had a great influence on later writers such as La Fontaine, Lessing and krylov.
The 5th century BC to the early 4th century BC was called the "classical period" (the heyday of slavery).
Main achievements: comedy, prose and literary theory.
"Father of History": Herodotus' History of the Greek-Persian War
Debaters: Socrates and Demosthenes.
Literary theorist: Plato (the ancestor of western objective idealism) opposed democracy and founded "idealism" and "inspiration" (fanaticism)
Aristotle: a masterpiece of poetics
3. The third period (the decline and fall of slavery) is called "Hellenistic period":
Main achievements: new comedy, pastoral poetry
New comedy: don't talk about politics, but mainly describe love stories and family relationships. Also known as "world comedy". The most famous new comedy writer: Minand (Athenian)
Pastoral Poetry: Main Writer: Theo Cretors
Ancient Roman literature (bridge between ancient Greek literature and modern European literature)
Engels said that "without the foundation laid by Greek culture and Roman Empire, there would be no modern Europe".
The development of ancient Roman literature: (divided into three periods) prosperity period, golden period and decline period.
From the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century BC, Roman literature flourished: drama flourished first.
Representative writer Plautus: Greek stories are the main themes (representative works Twin Sons and An Altar of Gold).
Terrence: Mother-in-law.
From the end of the 2nd century BC to the golden age of 1 century: great achievements in prose and poetry.
Cicero: 58 speeches, a model of later speakers.
Lucretius: a materialist philosopher with a unique viewpoint in the late Roman Republic, was called "a bold poet full of vigor and vitality" by Marx, and the philosophical poem "On Nature" was the only work handed down.
After Octavian came to power, it was called the Augustus era. * * * support, Roman literature to the peak, poetry and literary theory achievements, representative writers-Virgil, Horace, Audeville.
Virgil: the greatest poet in ancient Rome. The main works, Pastoral Poetry and Farming Poetry, and the representative work, Aeneas, are the beginning of European literati epic and the first literati epic in world literature.
Horace: an outstanding satirist and lyric poet. The Collection of Songs is his masterpiece and a model of Roman lyric poetry. His paper on literature is called "Poetic Art", which puts forward "entertaining through education", emphasizing that literary and artistic creation should conform to "reason" and emphasize the perfection of form.
Ovid: The Last Poet in the Age of Augustus. There are more than 250 stories about the love poem "Love Sutra" and the myth poem "Metamorphosis", all of which come from ancient Greece.
A compilation of horse myths and the legend of heroes. The story is set and the characters tell stories.
(3) Roman slavery and literature declined from 65438 to the 5th century. Achievements-tragedy, satire, novel.
The ideological content and artistic features of Aeneas.
Ideological content: The epic proves that the Romans are descendants of God through the hero's experience, and praises the sanctity of the empire and the hardships of Wang Jianguo. Through his visit to hell, he praised the achievements of Caesar and Wu Dawei, affirmed the mission of the Roman Empire to rule the world, and had a distinct political tendency.
Artistic features: 1. As the first epic of literati, Egypt is very similar to Homer's epic in some aspects, such as the imitation of the overall layout and structural arrangement, the use of a lot of metaphors, repetition and contrast. 2. In essence, Egypt is more like a national epic, with mature thoughts and a heavier sense of history. 3. The epic created a beautiful image of Aeneas, a national hero and an ideal king. 4. Epic has an optimistic, brave, serious and sad artistic style, precise melody and concise language, especially the delicate portrayal of characters' psychology, and has unique artistic achievements.
Early Christian literature (another source of European literature)
(It is a new literature produced by the intersection of Greek literature and Hebrew literature, which was produced from the middle of 1 century to the end of the 2nd century. )
The New Testament is the highest achievement of early Christian literature and the canon of Christianity. Written in Greek, there are 27 volumes, which are divided into four categories: Gospels, Ambassadors' Letters, Letters and Revelations. The gospels include Matthew, Kyle, Luke and John.
Christianity calls Hebrew Jewish classics the Old Testament and inherits them all, and synthesizes the Old Testament and the New Testament into the Bible.
Seek information on the history of foreign literature ~ ~