I. Basic information of the course
Name: College Physics
Teaching objects: civil engineering, inorganic nonmetallic materials engineering, water supply and drainage engineering, engineering mechanics, environmental engineering, polymer materials and engineering, safety engineering, environmental science, geographic information system, computer science and technology, electronic information engineering, electronic information science and technology, electrical engineering and automation, traffic engineering, surveying and mapping engineering, building environment and equipment engineering.
Evaluation method: examination
Prerequisite: Advanced Mathematics
Subsequent courses: mechanics
Teaching and Research Section: Physics Teaching and Research Section
Two. Teaching objectives of the course
1. Tasks and Status
College physics course is an important compulsory basic course for students in higher industrial colleges. Its basic theory permeates many fields of natural science and is applied to various departments of production technology. It is the foundation of many natural science and engineering technology fields. It contains the preliminary knowledge of classical physics, modern physics and the application of physics in science and technology, which is necessary for a senior engineer and technician.
2. Knowledge requirements
Through classroom explanation and discussion, proper homework arrangement after class, and the auxiliary role of college physics experiment class, students have a comprehensive and systematic understanding and correct understanding of the basic concepts, theories and methods in the course, and initially have the ability to analyze and solve physical problems.
3. Capability requirements
Through the study of college physics, on the one hand, students can systematically master the necessary physical foundation; On the other hand, make students learn scientific thinking methods and research methods. All these play a role in broadening their horizons, stimulating the spirit of exploration and innovation, and enhancing their adaptability, laying a good foundation for them to study basic courses of related majors in the future. Learning college physics well is not only very important for students to study at school, but also has a far-reaching impact on their work after graduation, further learning new theories, new knowledge and new technologies, and constantly updating their knowledge.
Three. Basic requirements of teaching content and class time allocation
1. Teaching contents and requirements
(1) Basic requirements for mechanical parts:
① Understand the concepts of particle, rigid body and inertial system; Understand the significance of introducing these concepts and models into scientific research methods.
Master the concepts and calculation methods of position vector, displacement, speed and acceleration; According to the motion equation of a given particle in a plane represented by rectangular coordinates, the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the particle at any time can be calculated flexibly and skillfully. For some mechanical problems involving simple integrals, the equations of velocity and motion can also be solved according to the given acceleration and initial conditions. According to the motion equation of a given particle moving in a rectangular coordinate system, the angular velocity, angular acceleration, tangential acceleration, normal acceleration and acceleration of the moving particle can be calculated flexibly and skillfully. Understand the concepts and solutions of tangential acceleration and normal acceleration of arbitrary plane curve motion.
③ Master Newton's three laws and their applicable conditions, and understand Newton's second law written in vector (including projection form) and differential equation form. Understand the physical meaning of dimensions and introduce dimensions.
(4) Master the concept of work and skillfully calculate the work of variable force acting on particles; If we master the characteristics of conservative work and the concepts of potential energy and potential energy difference, we can calculate the potential energy of gravity.
⑤ Grasp the kinetic energy theorem and momentum theorem of particles, and use them to analyze and solve the mechanical problems of particle motion in the plane. By mastering the laws of conservation of mechanical energy and momentum and their applicable conditions, we can use the laws of conservation of mechanical energy and momentum to analyze the mechanical problems of a system composed of a few particles moving in a plane. Understand the universal law of energy conversion and conservation.
⑥ Understand the concept of moment of inertia; Master the rotation law of rigid body around fixed axis (referred to as rotation law); When the moment of inertia is known, I can skillfully apply the law of rotation to analyze and calculate related problems.
⑦ Understand the concept of momentum (angular momentum); Through the movement of particles in the plane and the rotation of rigid body around a fixed axis, we can learn and understand the law of conservation of momentum and its applicable conditions.
Understand the relativity principle of Newtonian mechanics; After mastering Galileo coordinate and velocity transformation, we can use galilean transformation to calculate the coordinate and velocity transformation of one-dimensional motion of particles in different inertial systems.
(2) The basic requirements of the thermal part:
① Understand the concepts of equilibrium, equilibrium process, reversible process and irreversible process in the macro sense; Master the concepts of internal energy, work, heat and heat capacity.
Master the first law of thermodynamics, skillfully apply this law and the equation of state of ideal gas, and analyze and calculate the changes of work, heat and internal energy in the equivalent process and adiabatic process of ideal gas and the efficiency of circulation process. Understand the refrigeration coefficient.
③ Understand the two narratives of the second law of thermodynamics and their equivalence.
④ Understand the concepts of probability and statistical mean. Understand the concepts of equilibrium state, internal energy, reversible process, irreversible process and so on from the micro-statistical sense. Understand the statistical significance of the second law of thermodynamics. Master the concept of entropy and understand the principle of entropy increase.
⑤ Master the pressure formula and temperature formula of ideal gas, and understand the microscopic statistical significance of gas pressure and temperature; Understanding the macro essence of the system is the statistical expression of micro-motion; Understand the research methods from modeling, statistical averaging to clarifying macro quantity and micro quality.
⑥ Understand Maxwell's law of velocity distribution; Understand the physical meaning of rate distribution function and rate distribution curve; Understand the arithmetic average rate, root mean square rate and most probable rate of thermal motion of gas molecules.
⑦ Understand the theorem of dividing the average energy of gas molecules by degrees of freedom and the internal energy formula of ideal gas. Will calculate the heat capacity of the ideal gas.
Understand the average collision frequency and average free path of gas molecules. Understand the experimental isotherm and van der Waals equation of real gas.
Pet-name ruby know avogadro constant, Boltzmann constant equivalent and unit; Understand the order of magnitude of gas molecular number density, arithmetic average rate, average free path and effective molecular diameter at room temperature and pressure.
⑶ Basic requirements of electromagnetism.
① Master the concepts of electric field intensity, electric potential and magnetic induction intensity. In some simple symmetry cases, the electric field intensity, potential or magnetic induction intensity around or at any point on the symmetry axis can be calculated for the static charge or steady current that is continuously and uniformly distributed. When several simple and typical field source distributions are known, the electric or magnetic field distribution of their combination can be calculated by using the superposition principle.
(2) Grasp the relationship between electric potential and field strength integral, and understand the relationship between field strength and potential gradient.
③ Understand the circulation theorem and Gauss theorem of electrostatic field and their important position in electromagnetism; Master the conditions and methods of calculating field strength by Gauss theorem; He can skillfully apply Gauss theorem to calculate the electric field intensity of any point in the electric field of a uniformly charged body with simple geometry. It can analyze, judge and calculate the field strength, potential and charge distribution of a conductor system composed of simple regular conductors or a few conductors in electrostatic balance.
④ Understand Gauss theorem and Ampere's loop law of steady magnetic field and their important position in electromagnetism; Master the conditions and methods of calculating magnetic induction intensity by ampere loop law; Able to skillfully apply Ampere's loop law to calculate the magnetic induction intensity of any point in the magnetic field of a simple geometric current-carrying conductor.
⑤ Master Ampere's Law and Lorentz Force Formula. Understand the concepts of electric dipole moment and magnetic moment. The moments of electric dipole and current-carrying planar coil in electric and magnetic fields can be calculated. Can analyze and calculate the motion of charge in orthogonal uniform electromagnetic field (including pure electric field and pure magnetic field). Understand the Hall effect and its application.
⑥ Understand the polarization and magnetization phenomena of medium and its microscopic mechanism, and understand the characteristics of ferromagnetic materials. Understand Gauss theorem and Ampere loop law in medium; The electric displacement and magnetic field intensity in the medium are calculated by using Gauss theorem and Ampere's loop law in the medium, and the corresponding electric field intensity and magnetic induction intensity can be obtained from the known electric displacement and magnetic field intensity.
⑦ Understand the concept of electromotive force, master Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, understand the physical meaning of "-"in the law, and understand electromotive force and induced electromotive force.
Understand the definition and physical meaning of capacitance, self-inductance coefficient and mutual inductance coefficient.
Pet-name ruby understand the materiality of electromagnetic field and the concepts of electric energy density and magnetic energy density; In some simple symmetry cases, the field energy stored in space can be calculated.
Attending to understand the concepts of eddy current, displacement current and current density; Understand the physical meaning of Maxwell equations (integral form).
⑷ Basic requirements of wave and optical parts
① Understand the luminous mechanism of ordinary light source and the method of obtaining coherent light.
② By mastering the concept of optical path and the relationship between optical path difference and phase difference, we can analyze the interference conditions and distribution rules in Young's double-slit interference experiment and Newton's ring experiment. Understand the half-wave loss problem of Loe mirror.
③ Understand the working principle of Michelson interferometer and the application of interference phenomenon.
④ Understand huygens-fresnel principle, master the law of analyzing the distribution of single slit Fraunhofer diffraction fringes by half-wave band method, and analyze the influence of slit width and wavelength on the distribution of diffraction fringes. Understand the brightness distribution law of single slit diffraction fringe.
⑤ Mastering the grating diffraction formula will analyze the distribution law of grating diffraction fringes and the influence of grating constant and wavelength on the distribution of grating diffraction fringes, and understand the characteristics of grating diffraction fringes and grating spectrum and their applications in science and technology and production.
⑥ Understand the influence of diffraction phenomenon on the resolution of optical instruments.
⑦ Understand the collection methods and inspection methods of natural light and linearly polarized light.
5] The basic requirements of the modern part
(1) Understand the absolute blackbody radiation, and understand the displacement laws of Steffen-Boltzmann and Wien and their applications.
② Understand Planck's quantum hypothesis and its great historical significance in the development of modern physics.
③ The difficulty of mastering the classical wave theory of light in Compton effect.
④ Understand Einstein's photon hypothesis, the basic basis and idea of Compton scattering frequency shift formula, and the achievements of Einstein's photon theory in the study of photoelectric effect and Compton effect and its position in the development of physics.
⑤ Understand the wave-particle duality of light, and master the relationship between light wave wavelength and photon momentum.
⑥ Understand the wave-particle duality of physical particles, and grasp the relationship between physical quantities (wavelength and frequency) that describe the fluctuation of matter and physical quantities (momentum and energy) that are granular.
⑦ Understand the wave function and its statistical explanation. Understand the uncertainty relation and use it to estimate some physical quantities in the micro-world.
⑧ Understand the one-dimensional stationary Schrodinger equation, understand the solution of the one-dimensional Schrodinger equation in the case of infinite traps, and understand the energy quantization.
2. Time allocation and timetable
(1) particle kinematics and dynamics 14 hours.
⑵ The rigid body rotates on a fixed axis for 8 hours.
(3) 4 hours of special relativity.
(4) 6-hour temperature and gas dynamics theory.
5] Thermodynamic basis 12 hours
[6] electrostatic field 16 hours
Once the magnetic field and electromagnetic induction 16 hours.
Being vibration and fluctuation 10 hours.
(9) Interference, diffraction and polarization of light 14 hours
⑽ Basic concepts of quantum physics 8 class hours
3. Emphasis and difficulty of teaching content.
(1) mechanical part
Key points:
List the equations of motion with calculus; Vector representation of displacement velocity acceleration; Curved motion.
The contents of Newton's three laws; Application of Newton's three laws.
Momentum theorem, kinetic energy theorem, momentum conservation law, energy conservation law.
Understanding of concepts such as moment of inertia, angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy; Law of rotation, angular momentum theorem, rotational kinetic energy theorem.
Difficulties:
List equations of motion with calculus.
The application of Newton's three laws; Understand the inertial system and the principle of mechanical relativity.
Understanding of conservative forces; Application conditions of momentum theorem, kinetic energy theorem, momentum conservation law and energy conservation law.
Derivation of rotation law, angular momentum theorem and kinetic energy theorem; Application of angular momentum theorem.
⑵ Gas dynamics theory and thermodynamics.
Key points:
The first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics; Equation of state of ideal gas under various changes.
Energy equipartition theorem, three statistical velocities and average free path.
Difficulties:
Solving problems by using the equation of state of ideal gas: derivation and understanding of the equation of state of ideal gas under various changes.
Energy equipartition theorem, Maxwell's gas molecular velocity distribution law.
(3) electromagnetic part
Key points:
Understanding and Application of Gauss Theorem: Circuit Theorem of Electrostatic Field.
Application of Gauss Theorem in Electric Field with Dielectric: Energy of Electric Field.
Application of Sabat's Law: Application of Ampere's Loop Theorem: Gauss Theorem in Magnetic Field.
Law of electromagnetic induction; Electromotive force, induced electromotive force, self-induced electromotive force and mutual induction electromotive force; All-current loop theorem; Maxwell equations.
Difficulties:
Understanding of electric field; Application of gauss theorem.
Gauss theorem with intermediary.
Application of Biosavart's Law: Application of Ampere's Loop Theorem.
The difference between electromotive force, induced electromotive force, self-induced electromotive force and mutual inductance electromotive force.
Maxwell equations.
(4) Wave and optical part
Key points:
Motion equation of simple harmonic vibration; Synthesis of simple harmonic motion.
Wave function application of plane harmonics: wave interference.
Young's double-slit interference test: thin film interference; Single slit diffraction; Grating diffraction; Polarization of light.
Difficulties:
Synthesis of simple harmonic motion.
Wave function application of plane harmonics: wave superposition principle.
The difference between several interferometers: the difference between single slit diffraction and grating diffraction; Polarization principle of light.
5] Fundamentals of quantum physics
Key points:
Understand the particle nature and photoelectric effect of light.
Fluctuation of particles, De Broglie hypothesis.
Schrodinger equation.
Difficulties:
Understanding the wave-particle duality of light.
Solving wave function by Schrodinger equation.
4. The connection and division of labor between this course and other courses
College physics course is an important compulsory basic course for students of various majors in higher industrial colleges. As a compulsory course, advanced mathematics enables students to master the knowledge of applied mathematics to solve physical problems, and lays a good foundation for them to apply mathematical methods to solve practical engineering problems in their future study and work. Through the study of physics courses, students can master the methods of analyzing and solving physical problems and prepare for their study of related professional courses (mechanics, etc.). ).
5. It is recommended to use teaching materials and bibliography.
Suggested use of teaching materials:
College Basic Physics, edited by Zhang Sanhui, Tsinghua University Publishing House, August 2003.
Teaching bibliography:
General Physics (4th Edition), edited by Cheng,, People's Education Press,1982,65438+February.
College Physics (1 Edition) edited by Wu Baishi, Xi Jiaotong University Press,199465438+February.
Physics (4th edition) edited by seven engineering colleges including Southeast University, published by Higher Education Press, 1999 1 1.
Four. Outline description
1. In the whole teaching process, teachers' classroom teaching (mainly blackboard teaching, interspersed with projector teaching) and students' self-study after class are adopted. The important principles, laws and calculation methods that need to be mastered should be thoroughly explained, and the contents that need to be understood and understood should be learned through intensive reading and self-study.
2. Exercise classes should be mastered flexibly with the teaching progress; After discussion by all teachers, the amount of homework is distributed to students in chapters, corrected in time and fed back to students in time.
3. This course is an examination course, with an average score of 10% and an examination score of 90%. The examination takes the form of written examination (closed book), the content of the examination paper is as wide as possible, the difficulty is moderate and the examination questions are appropriate.