Current location - Education and Training Encyclopedia - University rankings - What are the major events related to agriculture in economic history?
What are the major events related to agriculture in economic history?
I quoted other people's articles. Look, I think it is enlightening to the inheritance of agricultural culture and the sustainable development of agriculture: take fish farming in rice fields as an example. 1. Environmental problems have a long history. With the development of western industrialization in the 20th century, agricultural industrialization has also become the main theme. Since 1970s, the developed countries have rapidly developed modern agriculture armed with oil and characterized by mechanization, chemicalization and energy utilization. Great benefits were quickly achieved. Although the extensive use of machinery, fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides has improved land productivity and labor productivity and met the demand for food brought about by the rapid population expansion, a series of adverse consequences are shocking, such as environmental pollution, soil erosion, ecological destruction, simplification of animal and plant varieties and loss of germplasm resources. Increasing the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will not only pollute the soil environment and crops, but also enrich the human body. Affect people's health. Excessive dependence on synthetic substances produced by modern technology makes it difficult for the earth to purify itself and the soil to digest, especially exceeding the self-repair threshold of water in rivers, making pollution everywhere. Genetic engineering introduces foreign genes into corn, soybean, cotton, rice and other crops to make them resistant to pests and weeds, which seems to solve the problem of pesticide pollution once and for all, but what negative effects will be brought about after long-term large-scale promotion is unpredictable. The harm of DDT residue was discovered after decades of widespread use. Today, after decades of stopping production and use, the problem still exists. Therefore, developed countries have taken actions to seek a way out for sustainable development. As a big agricultural country, China's population growth, environmental deterioration, resource shortage and other issues are becoming increasingly serious. The issue of sustainability needs people's attention in particular. In fact, as early as 1962, American Carson stated a terrible reality that Silent Spring came out. Although the phenomenon pointed out by Carson is not entirely caused by agriculture, agriculture should occupy its main component. Subsequently, the "Human Environment Conference" held in 1972 adopted the "Declaration on Human Environment" and put forward the famous assertion that "there is only one earth". Earlier, in the United States, at the beginning of 19 century, the serious decline of soil fertility prompted the American government to find a solution. From the beginning of18th century, the British cultivated land and cut down forests in America. After independence, the United States inherited the characteristics of extensive agricultural management in medieval Europe, which was aggravated by the contradiction between the lack of labor and the infinite richness of land. Farmers blindly cultivate and harvest, thinking that the arable land is endless. Don't care about how to maintain soil fertility. As Thomas Jefferson said, "People don't want to fertilize because it is cheaper to buy a new acre of land than to fertilize it" [1]. Because of the low population base at that time, the contradiction between agriculture, especially land resources, resource utilization and environmental protection was not prominent. However, in the early 20th century, less than 100 years after the independence of the United States, serious soil erosion caused by vegetation destruction and soil fertility decline caused by improper land use and farming appeared. The American government has to look for solutions to this problem everywhere. They worry that the population density in China is much higher than that in the United States. The problem of sustainability is not that serious. So in 1909, the federal government sent soil scientist Franklin hiram King to China to find the valuable experience of traditional agriculture. With the keen eye of an agricultural soil scientist, the agriculture and rural areas in China were investigated in detail. After returning to China, he wrote Farmers in the Fortieth Century or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, introducing China's long-standing agricultural achievements in the past 4,000 years. The unique ideas of intensive cultivation, crop rotation and soil and water conservation, Chinese traditional agriculture is dominated by leguminous plants, rational crop rotation, application of manure and compost, etc. What is worth learning for American farmers is that they have put forward their unique views on organic agriculture [2]. Under the background that countries all over the world, especially western countries, don't fully understand oriental agriculture, this book has attracted great attention from American agricultural circles and agricultural circles. And had a far-reaching impact, especially on later scholars engaged in organic agriculture, including Howard in Britain and Rodale in the United States [3]. However, the publication of this book has not solved the existing environmental problems. By 1933, at least 50 million acres of land in the United States have become barren. Soil erosion has been reduced by1250,000 acres. 1934 a disastrous black storm swept away 300 million tons of soil and reduced the yield of winter wheat/kloc-0.02 billion Jin [4]. 1938+0935 sandstorm came back, followed by drought for three consecutive years. The situation in America in the 20th century was really bad. As early as the pre-Qin period, similar environmental problems appeared. Mencius pointed out a long time ago that the reason why Niu Shan in the southeast of Qi is "a mountain full of children's mountains" is because of excessive logging and grazing. Mencius explained with the relationship between "raising" and "using": "If you get it, it will not last long; If you lose nutrition, there is nothing. " The method of balanced use and nourishment is "if you don't put too many nets in the pool, fish and turtles can't win food;" It conforms to the principle of ecological balance and can realize the sustainable development of agriculture. Guanzi, Xunzi and Huainanzi all have more detailed discussions and viewpoints than Mencius, which is a profound lesson drawn after natural revenge of deforestation, overfishing and overfishing in some areas. Among them, Xunzi said, "When the vegetation is lush. "Catfish, catfish, soft-shelled turtle, loach and silkworm, when they are pregnant, if the poison of Wang Yi (too dense fishing net) doesn't enter the river, they won't die and never stop growing ... it's time to defile ponds and swamps, so fish and soft-shelled turtles are excellent, and the people are more useful. So it's time to cut them down and raise them. At the same time, it is also manifested in the economic center of Jiangnan. Because of the emergence of "the ground is exhausted and the mountains are exhausted", a large number of mountainous areas in the southwest have been reclaimed, and terraces have also appeared in the southeast, and soil erosion is inevitable. In order to alleviate the population pressure, various forms such as cabinet field, paddy field, sand field and coated field appeared in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, all of which used various possibilities to increase the grain planting area and feed more people. Due to the continuous expansion of polder fields in Song and Yuan Dynasties, the result of competing with water for fields was to destroy the water system, cause floods and frequent disasters. In the Song Dynasty, farmers kept calling for "encircling lakes" and "abandoning fields". Song Xiaozong once said: "West Zhejiang has its own farmland, that is, there is a flood. "In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was repeatedly ordered to ban reclamation, but it could not be done because of the obstruction of powerful people. In the Qing Dynasty, Wei Yuan wrote in Hu Guang Water Conservancy Records. The history of "the Yellow River has rivers but the Yangtze River has none" ended, and the Yangtze River began to suffer disasters. A more direct description can be seen from folk proverbs, and the visibility and scope are not small. At the same time that the above-mentioned "the lake is wide and ripe, and the world is full" is popular, there is also a proverb that "the sand lake is Mianyang Week, and it will be harvested in ten years." Plain areas. It is often "nothing after ten years." "Because a large number of wetlands have been reclaimed, once the flood comes and there is nowhere to flood, there will be no harvest. There was a severe famine in the history of China. Since the Song Dynasty, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many relief works. However, it should be pointed out that the development of rice planting, compared with wheat planting and millet planting in dry land, has relatively little damage to the environment and generally does not cause soil erosion. It is mainly caused by dry farming in mountainous areas, especially the destruction of the environment in southwestern mountainous areas after the introduction of high-yield crops in the United States. Most areas where rice can be planted are low wetlands, with sufficient water resources and strong ecological restoration ability. Therefore, rice farming supported the civilization and progress in the late feudal society of China, which has continued to this day. Its high yield has fed the dense population in the southeast and created a splendid culture. Inami's civilization supported the development of the late civilization of the Chinese Empire. In the south, the embodiment of ecological fragility is completely different from that in the north, mainly in two aspects. One is the soil erosion caused by dry farming instead of rice planting in mountainous areas, mainly in southwest China; Secondly, the reclamation of wetlands in the lake area caused the flood to be unable to be discharged, which led to disasters, mainly in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. So, if the ancient people didn't invent rice cultivation, what would be the history of ecological environment change in China? Environmental destruction is the mainstream of agricultural history, but there are some twists and turns outside the main theme of human destruction, which delays the degree of mainstream destruction, that is, some positive responses have appeared from the ecological point of view. From the point of view of saving land and protecting ecology, many measures have been invented and applied, among which the famous ones are intercropping in the north, "fish farming in rice fields" and "mulberry fish ponds" in the south. These are some measures in the process of technological progress, which have solved the contradiction of insufficient land and eased the crisis of ecological environment deterioration. (2) The practice of land protection and sustainable utilization is mainly manifested in the following aspects: 1, the single planting structure of "intercropping" and "interplanting" since the Han Dynasty, and some areas are overpopulated, so it is inevitable to save land and make full use of it. Rotation and multiple cropping have appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There are "four kinds of five harvests" in Guanzi Governing the Country, and "you can get it again at one year old" in Xunzi Guo Fu, which is regarded as a pioneering work to improve the land utilization rate in the agricultural history of China. In the Western Han Dynasty, rice and wheat were harvested twice a year, and intercropping began to sprout. [14] During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, intercropping began to prevail, which was different from that in the southeast during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The relationship between man and land is very tense. At that time, there were interplanting of rice and beans, wheat and beans, cotton and wheat, grain and fertilizer, grain and grass, and forest, grain, beans, vegetables and grass. In Xingping, Shaanxi, there are ways to harvest thirteen kinds of crops in one year and two years. Only seek development opportunities from space [15]. 2. Raising ducks to control locusts in the Ming Dynasty was similar to raising fish in rice fields, which was first seen in the Ming Dynasty. In Notes on Controlling Locusts in Ming Dynasty, Chen Jinglun recorded in detail the process of his invention of raising ducks to control insects. Chen Jinglun once introduced sweet potatoes from Luzon Island to Fujian for trial planting, and later he and his descendants. Sweet potato has become the food of the general public, to a great extent, thanks to Chen Jinglun and his family. Because of its wide adaptability, it has alleviated the crisis of food shortage in southeast China and even in many parts of the country. According to scholars' research, raising ducks to control locusts was invented by Chen Jinglun in the process of popularizing sweet potato cultivation. Later, this method really became one of the important methods to control locusts in Jiangnan area. Many books on locust control have also mentioned this method. 3. The earliest documents of "Mulberry Fish Pond" and "Mulberry Fish Pond" in Qing Dynasty were recorded in Xinyu, Guangdong Province, which is a unique local agricultural production form in the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province. Mulberry fields rely on fish ponds for fertilizer and mud, sericulture depends on mulberry leaves, and fish ponds rely on silkworm excrement and silkworm excrement. The sericulture areas in the Pearl River Delta are full of interdependent forms. This mode of production has continued to this day. According to Gaoming County Records (1894), "Digging deep into the depression, with mud as the foundation on all sides, a pond in the middle, and six ponds with foundations, in which mulberry, livestock and fish are fed, mulberry leaves and silkworm excrement are fed to fish, which is not only beneficial, but also ten times as many crops". That is to say, "Mulberry Fish Pond" organically combines mulberry planting, sericulture and fish culture, forming a virtuous circle in which mulberry, silkworm, fish and mud depend on each other and promote each other, thus avoiding floods in lowlands, receiving economic benefits of "doubling crops" and creating an ideal ecological environment. The waste of the former link becomes the nutrient of the latter link (for example, feeding fish with silkworm excrement), realizing comprehensive utilization and reducing environmental pollution. The above measures can not only be invented, but also be a continuation of China's world-leading experience and science since the Song Dynasty, and also an effective response to environmental deterioration. 4. "Rice, rice and fish in soup" in the Western Han Dynasty and "fish farming in paddy fields" and "fish farming in paddy fields" in the Eastern Han Dynasty are "interplanting" of planting techniques and aquaculture techniques, namely rice and fish. The relationship between people and land in Jiangnan is tense, and saving land is also a new invention. Fish farming in paddy fields can be traced back to the tradition of "rice soup fish" in Chu Yue State mentioned by Sima Qian in Historical Records of Han Dynasty, which questioned An Qiang's view that some scholars believed that "fish farming in paddy fields" began in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a time of 0/0/000, based on the archaeological findings of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Wu's book "Four Seasons Food System" .50000.0000000000005 Mr. You pointed out: "The old farmer in Yongjia mountain area of Zhejiang said that our ancestors began to raise fish in rice fields when Sun Quan of the Three Kingdoms ruled the whole country. This oral history is in line with historical facts. " In Guizhou, Dong and Miao people also have the habit of "raising fish in rice fields". As you Lingxiu said, in ancient times, the flowing water and natural rainfall in the mountains could be guaranteed, but the fish food was limited to a small amount of fish in the mountain stream, which really could not meet the needs. Therefore, people want to breed them in rice fields. After repeated trial planting and domestication, a kind of "Tian Yu" suitable for rice field breeding was finally screened out from carp, which eventually became today's famous "Oujiang colored carp [17]". The existence of "fish farming in rice fields" still needs to be done. That is, good folk customs. If the fish raised in rice fields are stolen before the owner harvests, then this tradition cannot be maintained. "Fish culture in paddy field" can be said to be the response and innovation of Shanyue to "rice, rice and soup fish", and it is a three-dimensional "interplanting" in space. It is another form of intercropping besides intercropping between crops due to the tension between man and land since Ming and Qing Dynasties, but it only changes one crop of the former into fish farming. The combination of planting and breeding makes use of space, saves land, and reduces the labor input required for intertillage, which can be described as a multi-purpose machine. For a long time, the ethnic groups mainly engaged in farming mainly obtained some plant-based foods, with a single food structure and poor quality. However, "fish farming in paddy fields" has acquired protein, an animal, while harvesting rice. It makes up for the shortage of animal protein in the food of farming ethnic groups. "Fish farming in paddy field" organically combines rice planting with fish farming, which has many ecological benefits. Fish stir the water in the field and soil when they feed, which provides oxygen for the growth of rice roots and promotes the growth of rice. Fish eat weeds in rice fields, such as hairy weeds, sticking out their tongues, leafhoppers and other pests, which saves the use of pesticides and herbicides. Fish excreta is equivalent to applying organic fertilizer to rice fields. In the end, people got fish and rice, and the protein of animals and plants was complete, which achieved good economic benefits [18]. Perhaps for cultural or other reasons, rice has never attracted western consumers in Europe, and it is only a multifunctional and cheap substitute or supplement for daily food. It is mainly used to feed homeless groups-soldiers, orphans, sailors, prisoners, the poor and so on. Make up for the deficiency or replace the more palatable food. Rice has other uses. It is often used to feed animals and has many industrial uses, but rice has never been regarded as an article for survival [19]. But in China, rice is regarded as flour and rice, at least its status is not lower than that of wheat. Since it was domesticated and planted about 10,000 years ago, it has been the main food in the eastern world, not only feeding a large number of people, but in a sense, it subverts the law that agriculture is bound to destroy the environment, because planting rice does not necessarily cause soil erosion. Therefore, it supported the dense population in the south and the sustainable development of feudal society, economy and culture after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is precisely because of rice, the only high-yield aquatic food crop, and the use of low wetlands that Chinese civilization will continue in the era after Sui and Tang Dynasties, unlike some civilizations that were interrupted for ecological reasons. Imagine if China in the East didn't. Wheat can only be planted in dry land, and the yield of millet is far less than that of rice. They couldn't feed so many ancient Americans. Corn, potatoes and potatoes were introduced from China in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but they can't replace rice. Only rice, with high yield, can maintain soil and water, and the hero who supported the later development of Chinese civilization is mainly rice. Therefore, we should thank God for giving rice to China people, and the high-yield rice feeds a huge population. Relieving the tense relationship between man and land has become the whole life of many people. The utilization of rice is a great contribution to the development of Chinese civilization, and fish farming in rice fields forms a rice-fish system, which pushes rice civilization to a higher level. At the same time, it also harvested high-quality animal protein, which made up for the vegetarian structure defects formed by single planting structure since Qin and Han dynasties in China. Thirdly, it is a three-dimensional "interplanting" form, which saves land and relieves the tension between man and land for a long time in history; Fourthly, because of the birth of rice and fish, the dependence on pesticides is reduced, the existence of biodiversity is maintained, and the value of weeds living in aquatic environment is enhanced. Biodiversity is a scarce product of our time, which can restrain the negative effects brought by chemistry and petroleum agriculture. It can help us achieve the goal of harmonious coexistence between man and nature. 6. "Fish farming in paddy field" and "Duck farming in paddy field" and their modern significance Although from the perspective of soil and water conservation, rice planting has not aggravated the role, but rice planting, even terraced fields, will not cause soil erosion. Reclaiming paddy fields in the south only occupies geometric space when floods come, so it is impossible to discharge floods, resulting in floods. When chemical fertilizers and pesticides are not used in large quantities, it will not cause water pollution. However, today, due to the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the rice field ecosystem has been destroyed, and the harmful substances in the soil in arid areas only stay in it for a long time. In the aquatic environment of rice fields, a large amount of seepage flows into rivers, which causes great pollution and destruction to the whole environment. Scholars have done a lot of research on the ecological effects of raising fish and ducks in rice fields. The control function and mechanism of multi-species in rice field, which caused 9.9% of the world rice yield loss. Cucumber scab is one of the important diseases of rice. Studies have shown that increasing rice species diversity can obviously control the occurrence of rice sheath blight. Xiao et al. reported that fish eat the nuclei and hyphae of Rhizoctonia solani in rice field fish farming system, thus reducing the source of infection. At the same time, sheath blight mostly starts from the basal leaf sheath of rice, and fish compete for the perishable diseased leaf sheath, which can clear the source of the disease in time and delay the expansion of the disease; The fish scurrying in the field can not only improve the ventilation in the field, but also increase the dissolved oxygen in the water, promote the growth of rice roots and increase the disease resistance. The disease index of sheath blight in fish farms is 65438 0.87 lower than that in non-fish farms. Duck farming system in rice field also has good control effect on sheath blight. Liu Xiaoyan et al. reported that the rice-duck compound system also had a good control effect on sheath blight. Ducks can peck at some bacteria. The running and pecking of ducks can damage most of the germinated hyphae, thus losing the ability to dip; For infected plants, ducks can also peck at the diseased leaves in the lower part of rice seedlings, which hinders the spread of diseases. In addition, ducks also have the functions of weeding, cleaning diseased leaves and reducing ineffective tillering, which increases the ventilation and light transmission in the field and reduces the humidity in the field, so that sheath blight can not grow normally, thus reducing the occurrence and harm of sheath blight. Compared with the experimental area without ducks, in the middle and late rice fields, the diseased plant rate in the duck-releasing area decreased by 27.29% (middle rice) and 8.2 1% (late rice) respectively. The research of Wang Chengbao, Yang Zhiping and Zhang Jiaen also showed that raising ducks in rice fields can delay the development of rice sheath blight, better control the disease and reduce the incidence of sheath blight by about 50.0%. Of course, there are differences. The prevention and control of rice sheath blight by raising ducks in rice fields mainly lies in the tillering stage and full heading stage, and the incidence of sheath blight in rice-duck experimental area is 67. 1% and 52.5% lower than that in non-feeding area, respectively. On the other hand, ducks may also become carriers of hyphae, taking them to different places. Increase the incidence of rice ear [20]. Remarks: [1] David Grieg: the transformation of western agriculture. Blackwell. 1992p40. [2] F.H.King, Farmers in the Fortieth Century: or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Liu Xiaoxia, 19 1 1. [3]. Research on the Development of Organic Agriculture in the United States, Master's Thesis of China Agricultural University, 2006. [4] Li Fangzheng, Li Youxia: Overview and development trend of organic agriculture abroad, Science and Technology Standards Department of State Environmental Protection Bureau, 199 1. [5] Xu: From Intercropping and Intercropping to Raising Fish and Ducks in Paddy Fields —— Two ecological responses without cost in the evolution of China's environmental history, agricultural archaeology. Research on Chinese Economic History,No. 1, 2006. [7] Wang Jiange: Small farmers and the environment-the historical process of traditional agricultural production from the perspective of ecosystem, "China Agricultural History" No.3, 1995. [8] Qian Linqing: Climate of Loess Plateau, Beijing, Meteorological Press, 199 1. [9] He Bingdi: "Population Studies in China", translated by Ge, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1989. [10] History of Food Goods in Song Dynasty. Review of economic and social history. [12] Xie fengzhai: Chinese and western farming in song and yuan dynasties, agricultural history of China, No.3, 200 1. [13] Pan: Circular economy, traditional agriculture and sustainable development, economic history and social history review. China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 1988, 104. [15] Guo Wentao: A Brief History of Agricultural Science and Technology Development in China, China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, pp. 1988, 390~393. [16] Xiang anqiang. No.4, 1996 Swimming: fish farming in rice fields: one of the typical examples of the sustainable development of traditional agriculture. See China Economic History Forum [18] Tour: Fish farming in rice fields: one of the typical examples of the sustainable development of traditional agriculture. See China Economic History Forum [19][ America] Peter Kaoklai Nice: The Globalization of Agriculture: A Warning of Rice Trade, translated by Chen Yi, Research on Historical Theory,No. 1, 200 1. [20] Wang Han, Xie Jian,: