Late homo sapiens
Except for some primitive characters, the symbols of late Homo sapiens are basically close to modern humans. Late Homo sapiens fossils are not only widely distributed in Asia, Africa and Europe, but also found in Australia and America. The late stage of Homo sapiens (about 50,000 years ago to 6,543.8+0,000 years ago) is the formation period of the four major races (yellow, white, black and brown) in the world today. The earliest fossils of late Homo sapiens in the world were found in the French village of Kroma. Homo sapiens is usually called the late Homo sapiens in Europe. Farmers in Kroma are considered to be the direct ancestors of white people (Europa). Homo sapiens lives by fishing and hunting. He can make a fire by friction, make exquisite stone tools and bones, and engage in painting and artistic activities. Many places in the world have a large number of human cultural remains in this period. Archaeologically, it belongs to the late Paleolithic period. Late Homo sapiens fossils from China were only found in Zhoukoudian Cave in Beijing and Dagouwan in Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia, before 1949. After the founding of New China, more than 30 late Homo sapiens fossils were unearthed. Among the late Homo sapiens fossils found in China, Liujiang in Guangxi and the caverns in Zhoukoudian in Beijing are the most representative. Liujiang fossils include a relatively complete skull (missing mandible) and some bodies. Compared with modern humans, the skull is more primitive and has the basic characteristics of primitive yellow people (Mongolian people), such as flat face, low and wide nasal bone, shovel-shaped upper teeth and tongue. Liujiang people lived about 67000 years ago. Liujiang people are the earliest late Homo sapiens discovered in China and even in East Asia, and they are probably the ancestors of modern yellow people. As for Hetao people, a fossil of children's incisors was found for the first time at the Salawusu River in Wushen Banner, Inner Mongolia 1922, and the fossils of parietal bone and femur were found at the same place 1956. Hetao people are undoubtedly late Homo sapiens, because their characteristics are close to those of modern people, but they retain some original characteristics. According to the characteristics of human fossils and the nature of associated mammals, Hetao people are later than Dali people and Dingcun people, but earlier than cavemen. The fossil of Ziyang people in Sichuan is a mature female skull and a complete bony hard palate, dating from 39,000 to 36,000 years ago. There are three different individuals between men and women, including three relatively complete skulls. Sadly, the previously discovered Neanderthal fossils, together with Beijingers, were lost from Americans. There are only some models made before the loss. The symbols of Neanderthals are very similar to those of modern China, American Indians and Arctic Eskimos. Therefore, cavemen are not only the ancestors of northerners in modern China, but also the distant ancestors of Indians and Eskimos. Neanderthals lived about 2-/kloc-0,000,000 years ago. The human fossil pierced in Puding, Guizhou Province is a relatively complete girl's brain. The skull characteristics of the people who pierced the hole are close to those of Ziyang people, but more similar to those of modern southerners. If the person who pierced the hole is indeed a late Homo sapiens, it is the most progressive representative of ancient humans in China. In addition, fossil materials of late Homo sapiens have also been found in Laibin, Lipu, Tubo, Lijiang, Xichou, Mengzi, Shaanxi Huanglong, Xintai, Shandong Zhifu, Shaanxi Sihong, Jiangsu Jianping, Liaoning Yushu, Jilin and Taiwan Province Zuo Zhen.
2. Please refer to the following:
The origin of modern people
Modern people, that is, the latest stage in the history of human evolution-late Homo sapiens. The origin of late Homo sapiens has been controversial in academic circles, and it can't be said that this problem has been solved until today. If we compare the skulls of typical Neanderthals in western Europe with those of farmers in Kroma, or the skulls of Dali people with those of Neanderthals, we will find that the differences between them are very obvious. The typical Nepalese head is long and low, with protruding sides. The occipital bone at the back of the head is like an overhanging bulge, and the frontal bone leans backward, which looks very flat, and the brow ridge bone is very thick. But a farmer in Kroma has a high head, a round occipital bone behind his chest, vertical sides of his skull and vertical forehead, which looks very high. There is no thick brow ridge on the orbit. The difference in face shape is also obvious. Nepal's face protrudes forward, its nose is big, its chin is big, and it has no chin. Farmers in Kroma have flat faces, narrow noses and prominent chins, just like us modern people.
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, most human evolutionary scholars did not regard Neanderthals as the direct ancestors of modern people, because the physical characteristics of Neanderthals were too similar to "apes". At that time, the view was that other fossil humans other than farmers in Kroma, such as Chinese ape-man, Javanese ape-man and Neanderthal, were regarded as the sideline of extinction. But in the 1920s, the academic circles basically recognized Nigerians as the direct ancestors of modern people.
Catastrophe theory
In 1930s, the skull of Borhan discovered in 1932 and the skull of Swanscombe discovered in 1935 made some scholars think that late Homo sapiens appeared before Neanderthals, so Neanderthals should be a branch of evolution. These two skulls show a round skull and a high skull top. Although today we all admit that the characteristics of Homo erectus on these two skulls are still obvious, at that time, a theory called "Anthropocene" was formed, which believed that the late Homo sapiens represented by these two skulls had appeared about 200,000 years ago. However, it was suppressed by Nigerians, because Nigerians were more physically adapted to the harsh ice age climate, while the later Homo sapiens, who were more physically advanced, only lived in some warmer regions of Asia and gradually developed more advanced technology and culture. About 37,000 years ago, they returned to Europe to replace and destroy Nigerians.
Single-line evolution theory
The "catastrophe theory" was very popular from the mid-1930s to the 1950s. In 1950s, with the perfection of absolute age determination technology in academic circles, fossil specimens from Tabang, Shihur and Kafz in Israel were originally thought to be at about the same time, which can be traced back to the transition from Nigerians to Homo sapiens. On the other hand, Franois Boulder, a French archaeologist, pointed out that he found that at least four different Nepalese tribal groups existed in southwest France at the same time, and their distribution was somewhat similar to that of later nationalities. The late type of French Moster culture is very similar to Chadel's Peron culture in the late Paleolithic period. Therefore, even if there is no transition type from Neanderthals to late Homo sapiens in Europe, everyone agrees that the typical Neanderthals in Europe evolved locally to late Homo sapiens. American paleoanthropologist Wolff even pointed out that modern Europeans still retain the characteristics left by Nigerians, such as prominent nasal bones and obvious brow ridges. Therefore, the single-line evolution theory outweighs the catastrophe theory.
The New Foundation of Catastrophe Theory
In the 1980s, based on the following points, the theory of catastrophic substitution rose again:
(1) Archaeologists may have misunderstood more progressive aspects of Nepalese behavior, such as "flowers buried with the grave" and "cave bear sacrifice". Apart from the simplest burial custom of Nigerians, there is actually no etiquette. Nigerian technology is very simple and conservative, lacking evidence of flexible thinking. Neanderthals were not clever hunters, but only took meat from wild animals at best, so the behavioral differences between Neanderthals and late Homo sapiens showed that their genetic relationship was weak.
But this view is somewhat biased in the face of new discoveries. In the mid-1980s, when we excavated some sites of Moster culture in Western Europe, we found evidence that Nigerians specialized in hunting some large animals. These evidences show that some scholars believe that Nigerians are mentally retarded and unable to hunt large animals, which is not entirely correct.
(2) According to the evidence of human mitochondrial DNA, Allen Wilson, an American physical anthropologist and University of California, Berkeley, thinks that all modern people have a female distant ancestor who lived about 300,000 ~ 654.38+0.5 million years ago. If the molecular biology calculation is correct, this great-grandmother should go to South Africa. Her descendants spread gradually and then spread all over the world.
(3) The new dating technology not only failed to solve the problem of the origin of modern people, but made the problem more complicated. For example, a complete Nepalese skeleton was unearthed at the site of St. Cesar in western France. The skull shows the characteristics of typical Nepalese people, and the fossil dating is 35,000 ~ 33,000 years ago. However, many late Homo sapiens fossils dating back to 30,000 years have been found in other places in western France. In terms of the speed of evolution, it is impossible for human beings to complete the evolution from Neanderthals to modern humans in just two or three thousand years.
Where is the answer to the question of the origin of modern people? There is no conclusion yet. 70,000 ~ 80,000 years ago, there really appeared a completely modern human being in Africa. It seems that they spread through gene exchange rather than population migration.
Moreover, there is no alternative evolutionary evidence for the origin of modern people in East Asia, whether it is fossil records or cultural characteristics. The continuous evolution of the region seems more convincing. In other words, in East Asia and China, modern humans evolved from local Homo erectus to late Homo sapiens.
Recently, the relationship between Nigerians and modern people has made new progress. The test of Nepalese bones by American scholars with DNA method proves that Nepalis and late Homo sapiens did not evolve in a straight line, but were replaced by inlays.
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