1 information: refers to the properties of all substances and things that are ubiquitous in nature, human activities and human thinking activities (stored in the form of data on the computer).
Data: Symbolic data stored in a medium for identification (stored in binary form in a computer).
3. File: A set of related information stored in external memory.
Society has three resources-material, energy and information.
5. The world's first computer: ENIAC 1946 University of Pennsylvania decimal system.
6. Von Neumann, the father of computer, put forward the working principle of stored program.
7. Turing Prize-Nobel Prize in Computer Science
The first generation of electron tube machine language and assembly language
8. Computer development, divided into the second generation transistor high-level programming language according to components.
The operating system appeared in the third generation integrated circuit.
Fourth generation VLSI
9. Computer applications
10. computer development trend: giant, miniaturization, grid and intelligence.
1 1. Binary data conversion logic operation: AND (∧), or (∨), NOT (∨), XOR (+).
12. data unit:1g =1024mb1m =1024kb1kb =1204b1b.
13. The character encoding ASCII uses 8 bits to represent a character, and the highest bit is always 0, so only 7 bits are used, which can represent 128 characters. The ASCII value of the same letter is 32(20H) larger than the capital letter.
Two consecutive bytes of Chinese character interchange code GBK 18030 represent a Chinese character.
The internal code of Chinese character coding machine changes the 2-byte highest bit of Chinese character interchange code to 1.
Font code, lattice code and vector code.
Input codes: phonetic code, shape code, line code and phonetic-shape combination code.
14. Computer structure
15. program: it is an ordered set of instructions designed to solve problems.
Bus: data bus, address bus and control bus.
machine language
16. computer language assembly language assembly machine language
High-level language high-level language compiler machine language
17.CPU parameters: main frequency, word length (binary number that the computer can handle at one time)
trait
Sound mp3 mid wav wma bitmap: bright color, distortion amplification, large amount of data.
18. Multimedia graphics jpg bmp gif vector graphics: the colors are not bright, the amplification is not distorted, and the data volume is small.
draw
Dynamic Image mpeg rm rmvb avi 3gp mp4
65438+
Chapter II Operating System
1. Operating system features:
① Processor management ② Storage management ③ Device management ④ File management ⑤ Network and communication management ⑤ User interface.
2. Operating system classification:
① Batch operating system ② Time-sharing ~ ~ ③ Real-time ~ ~ ④ Embedded ~ ~ ⑤ Personal computer ~ ~⑤Network ~ ~ ⑦ Distributed ~ ~
DOS (Disk Operating System): Single user and single task.
3. General operating system Windows xp: single-user multitasking.
Unix: multi-user time-sharing operating system
Linux:
4. Naming principle of files: the length is no more than 255 characters, and cannot be used. */>； & lt file attributes: hidden, read-only, archived, system.
5. Select multiple consecutive files -Shift Alt+F4.
Select multiple discontinuous files-Control File/Close.
Copy the screen-print the screen to close the file method.
Copy the current window -alt+ print screen alt → f → x
Soft carriage return (forced line feed, no segmentation) -Shift+Enter Task Manager
Chapter III Words
1.word view: normal view, page view (by default, the same as the printed result, showing paging effect), outline view, web layout view and reading layout view.
2. Headers and footers cannot be entered together with the document, but are set separately. Headers and footers can only be seen in page view.
The main cursor moves to the beginning of the current line.
End cursor moves to the end of the current line.
Page forward
PageDown page backward
Ctrl+ ← moves an English word or Chinese character to the left.
3. The shortcut key Ctrl+ → moves an English word or Chinese character to the right.
Ctrl+ Home moves to the beginning of the file.
Ctrl+End moves to the end of the file.
Ctrl+A select all
Ctrl+S save
4word template file extension. point
5.Word function: make tables, mix pictures and texts, format documents, and make web pages.
7. Text shading: Text shading and paragraph shading.
8. Picture wrapping mode: embedding, wrapping, compact, floating above the text, lining below the text, wrapping up and down, and cross wrapping.
9. The clipboard is a temporary storage area in memory.
Menu (Format → Paragraph)
10. Paragraph indents the horizontal ruler (drag the horizontal ruler)
Toolbar (increasing and decreasing indentation)
Chapter iv Excel
1.Excel functions: database management (relational), table making and chart function.
2. Each worksheet has 65536×256 cells. Three worksheets are opened by default after startup, but this number can be set freely (1~255).
3. Three in each row. Excel is called a record and a column is called a field.
4. Cells: At the intersection of rows and columns of the worksheet, the maximum limit of each cell is (2 15- 1). Only 2 10 cells can be displayed, and the edit bar can display them all.
5. Enter the number, and use' number' (that is, enclose the number in single quotation marks); When entering a score, first enter a 0 plus a space, such as 0 2/3; Use/or-as the date separator, and use: as the time separator, such as 2008- 10-2 or 2008/ 10/2 10:20.
Pure number, text type: copy (Ctrl+ drag number to add automatically 1)
6. Fill in (drag fill handle with the mouse) letters and numbers: number plus 1, and the letters remain unchanged, such as A 1→A2 A3 A4 A5.
Date: added 1, 2008/12 → 2008/10/3 (ctrl+drag and copy).
7. Data Clear (press Del after selecting a cell): Clear the cell contents (data, format and remarks).
Data deletion: both data and cells are deleted to delete rows or columns, and the columns to the right of lower rows are automatically moved to fill gaps.
8. Absolute quotation: the quotation does not change with the position of the formula, such as $B$2.
Relative Reference: The reference varies with the recipe position (default), such as B2.
Mixed citation: Absolute citation and relative references, such as $B2 and B$2.
9. The calculation of tables is realized by functions. Commonly used function -Sum: sum average: average count: counting condition count: countif rank: rank maximum max minimum: min.
10.Excel charts are divided into two categories.
Embedded: charts and data are placed in the same worksheet.
Independent: The chart is placed in another worksheet.
The chart can be modified after it is created. When the worksheet data changes, the chart will change dynamically.
In 1 1. Before classifying and summarizing data, sorting operation must be carried out.
12.Excel data table has database function, which can realize data sorting, screening, classification and summary, statistics and query.
13. The cell displays "# #"-the column width is not enough "# value"-the numerical value is wrong.
14. Text connector:, such as computer &; Culture = computer culture
The fifth chapter slides
1.Powerpoint function: making a presentation.
Normal view (slides, outline, notes) main editing view
2.Powerpoint view slide browsing view is mainly used for adding, deleting, moving and adding switching effects between slides.
Slide show view can only be viewed and cannot be modified.
3. Design method: ① Use design template ② Master ③ Color matching.
4. Office alignment
Powerpoint and Word: left alignment, right alignment, center alignment, both ends alignment and scattered alignment.
Excel: left alignment, right alignment and center alignment
5. Hidden slides can also be printed when printing.
6. Hyperlinks can link to: ① the original file or webpage ② the location in this document ③ the new document ④ the e-mail address.
7. Master: used to set the preset format of each slide, including the title, text position and size, bullet style and background pattern of each slide, which can be divided into design master, handout master and note master.
8. Packaged ppt files can be run on computers without Powerpoint installed (select "File/Package", which includes files and Powerpoint players by default).
9. Method of ending filtering: ① Press ESC key ② Right mouse button/End filtering ③ Press Enter key.
Chapter VI Database
1. Basic concepts
① Data: a symbolic record describing things, which is the basic object stored in the database.
② Database: an organized and accessible collection of data stored in a computer.
③ Database management system: system software for scientifically organizing, storing, acquiring and maintaining databases.
④ Database system: including database, database management system, application system, database administrator and users.
2. Keyword (primary key): a field used to uniquely identify each record in the table.
3.Access is the database software in Office developed by Microsoft, and its extension is. mdb。
Tables: storing data. A database contains multiple tables, which are independent and interrelated.
Query: retrieve data through index
Form: a window that is convenient for browsing, entering and changing data.
4.Access 2003 object report: classify, summarize and print data.
Web page: A form of web page that allows you to view and modify data in a database.
Macros: Automatically perform a series of actions
Templates: for programming
5.Access is a relational database with the ability of object-oriented programming.
Chapter VII Computer Network
1. The physical connection of computer network consists of computer system, communication link and network nodes. Logically, computer networks are divided into communication subnets and resource subnets.
2. Computer network functions: ① data communication ② resource sharing ③ distributed processing ④ improving system reliability.
3. Network sector
4.OSI (development system interconnection development model) model: (remember the names of each layer, only understand the functions, not memorize)
Application layer: what to do specifically, like sending an email.
Presentation layer: the high layer of data conversion, compression and encryption.
Session layer: Manage and coordinate data transmission.
Transport layer: establish error-free routing to ensure undifferentiated transmission.
Network layer: Choose the appropriate route.
Data link layer: data validation to ensure that there are no errors.
Physical layer: provides physical connection, such as optical fiber or cable to connect the bottom layer of the network.
(For example, if two companies want to sign a contract, the application layer is the boss who decides the contract content; The presentation layer is the format, language and way for the secretary to write the contract content;
The conversation layer is for the lower level to negotiate when and who will deliver the contract, and the transmission layer is for a certain department of the two companies to establish contact to ensure the safe and smooth delivery of the contract to the other company.
Lost together, repeated; The network layer is to determine the location of the other company and choose which way to transfer files; The data link layer determines how specific each intersection of this road is.
Go; The physical layer decides what means of transportation to use to transfer files, whether it is a car or a train)
5.TCP/IP model: network interface layer, Internet layer, transport layer and application layer (bottom-up).
6. Network equipment
7.
8. Transmission media
9.IP address = network address+host address
A: 1~ 127 b: 128~ 19 1 c: 192~223.
10. Top-level domain name: international domain, ordinary domain name and national domain name.
Common organization domain name: cn (China) com (commercial organization org (other institutions) edu (educational institutions) gov (government departments).
Mil (military department) net (main network support center) int (international organization)
1 1. Firewall Defects: ① Without a firewall, it can't stop attacks; ② It can't stop the spread of infected software or files; ③ It can't stop data-driven attacks.
12. Computer virus
Concept: a group of computers that compile or insert computer programs, destroy computer functions or data, affect the use of computers, and can replicate themselves.
Order or program code
② Features: Executable, destructive, contagious, latent, targeted, derivative and antivirus software.
③ Classification: boot zone virus, file virus, mixed virus and macro virus.
13. Trojans are not viruses, because trojans are not contagious.