1, a mule car, also called a car, is a kind of car with a mule drive shaft. According to Mr. Chen Yucheng, mule carts were the main means of manned transportation in Beijing before the Revolution of 1911. Xiang has the reputation of "Beijing Auto". Mule car consists of four parts: car body, wheels and axles, car shell and kit. The car body consists of four parts: axle, front plate, carriage and rear end. The main body is the carriage. The carriage has a dome-shaped ceiling, doors and windows. The official mule cart has higher wheels and thinner spokes. The hub of the car is convex and the axle is slightly longer. Commonly known as "Shaanxi foot". The wheels of ordinary mule cars are commonly known as "stupid feet", and the wheels of sports cars are particularly heavy to avoid overturning. The axle (bearing) of Beijing mule car is very famous, which will trigger a very crisp and pleasant sound when driving. The car runs fast, which sounds like the drum board of Beijing opera. Only craftsmen in Beijing have the technology to make this kind of axle. Automobile outer shell can be divided into inner shell and outer shell. The periphery is made of blue cloth, which is rolled up about half a foot away from the chassis. The rolled part is changed into variegated satin with black satin edge, which is called arm-in-arm. The inner circumference, with variegated satin and black border at the lower part, is called the sleeping cabin. The upper part and roof are mostly white or light blue. In summer, screens of different sizes are opened on both sides of the periphery. A piece of blue cloth is added on the screen window to shade the sun, and the blackened silk flies under the screen window, which is called a small curtain. There is also a sunshade in front of the car, called the big curtain. When the sun goes down or driving at night, the big curtain is no longer needed, so it is removed. In summer, in order to ventilate the carriage, the inner circumference was removed, leaving only the sleeper carriage and the roof, and curtains were placed around it to prevent sunlight. On rainy days, the car is covered with tarpaulin. In winter, cars are covered with gray or yellow snow tops. The harness includes saddle, splint, halter and reins. Mules are used when driving shafts. The bigger saddle is called the big saddle, which is mostly sat by princes and nobles and Manchu women. Three coachmen, two with shafts and one with mules, are walking. There is also a small saddle car, which has a wide range of uses and everyone can sit on it. In the late Qing Dynasty, some dude boys competed successfully in the production and decoration of saddle cars. Most mules used in mule carts in Beijing are from Shaanxi, and they are called "Xikou", especially mules with long neck, wide chest, thin waist and thin shin. On the other hand, satin black, pheasant red, chrysanthemum green, needle hidden ink and fragrant green are the best colors. Beijing's handlebar technology is superb. In the most prosperous Dashilan, only two cars are allowed to hit the hub on the road, and muleteers in Beijing can avoid people and cars, with few accidents. In the past, mule carts in Beijing were used for personal and commercial purposes. For personal use, needless to say; Business is dedicated to attracting guests. But there is only one stop. The so-called "station entrance" means that mule car operators wait for passengers to sit at a fixed alley entrance during the day. At first, I drove more cars, and when my income increased, I tied another one, so I could hire someone to drive.
2. Mule sedan chair is a kind of sedan chair driven by two mules. This kind of transportation is essentially a sedan chair, but this kind of sedan chair is not carried by two people, four people and eight people, but by mules carrying the sedan chair back and forth, so it is called mule carrying the sedan chair. This kind of car is a little bigger than the ordinary car, and it can seat two people. There are bedding in the car, so you can lie down. It is a means of transportation suitable for long-distance travel. You can usually walk hundreds of miles a day. There are two people driving mules on the road, one is walking and the other is riding a donkey.
3. The donkey cart is pulled by a donkey. In the past, there were many donkey carts in Beijing. Later, mule carts and horse-drawn carriages flourished, while donkey carts decreased day by day. Donkey carts are also divided into personal use and commercial use. Donkey carts for personal use, such as those provided by grain stores, are used for delivery. Farmers in the suburbs have their own donkey carts to pull dung into the city or sell agricultural products such as fruits and vegetables. Donkey carts are used to pull passengers. There are "standing by the mouth" and "running at the door". People who are "on standby" are like business mule cars, waiting to recruit a guest somewhere, or send a ride, or charter a car back and forth. "Running a trip" is also called "running the sea" or "running a car", that is, driving a donkey cart back and forth along a certain route to solicit customers. There used to be buses from Tianqiao to Yongdingmen, Dongsi to Chaoyangmen and Xizhimen to Haidian. There is a price for a train to go from one place to another. Because this kind of car is relatively simple and cheap. Passengers who arrive early grab the front seat, which is more comfortable. The latecomers sitting cross-legged in the carriage are even more miserable. The last person to get on the bus can only sit at the rear of the car, which is in danger of being knocked down. After the Republic of China, this donkey cart gradually disappeared.
4. Oxcart. In the past, ox carts in Beijing were mainly used by charity foundries to pick up baby corpses. There is a big wooden box on the ox cart with a hole in the back. There is a yellow cloth plaque hanging on the hole, which reads "The land is kind to navigation". Every day at dawn, someone drives an ox cart around in the nursery. When they meet the baby's body, they pick it up and put it into the big wooden box on the ox cart from the hole. Some picked-up babies have not expired, but they can still be rescued and adopted in nurseries.
The goat cart is a small and light convertible specially made by several people and driven by a goat. It can be used to drive one or two children out to play.
6. Riding donkeys, donkeys are domestic animals that are easy to raise and have tame endurance. Riding a donkey instead of walking is convenient and easy. Once upon a time, there were many people riding donkeys in Beijing. On the first day of May in the 15th year of Kangxi (1676), a strong wind blew in Beijing. Someone rode a donkey past Zhengyangmen. Tired of the wind, people and donkeys are safe when they fall in Chongwenmen. Some people in Beijing also keep donkeys and ask passengers to ride them. From Xinjiekou to Xizhimen, Jiaokou to Andingmen, Dongsi to Chaoyangmen, there are many such business donkeys. From Xuanwu Gate to Baiyunguan, there are more donkeys for people to go to Baiyunguan Temple Fair, make a pilgrimage or play. Therefore, today, the street around Donghe in Xuanwu Gate used to be called Ganlvcheng. Donkeys here seem to be more spiritual. After the hired guest paid for the ride, the donkey took the initiative to carry the hired guest and ran quickly to Baiyun Temple, waiting for the hired guest to come down. As early as Baiyunguan's partner, the donkey driver pulled the donkey in front of the guests and patted the donkey with his hand. The donkey consciously ran back to the donkey market. This is probably because this kind of donkey travels back and forth between Ganlu City and Baiyun Temple day after day and year after year, gaining experience. Donkeys can not only be ridden by people, but also carry goods.
7. Camels, docile by nature, bear hardships and stand hard work, and carry goods better than mules. There used to be many camel households living on camels in Shijingshan in the western suburbs of Beijing and Nanyuan in the southern suburbs. They raise several camels, or lift their feet, or run businesses to make a living. A backpacker is to deliver goods to others and earn money. Running a business is pulling a camel to transport goods to other places, which is both profitable and profitable. In the past, camel owners in Beijing mainly transported coal from Mentougou, camel ash from Dahui Factory and camel firewood from Xishan. , and shipped or sold in Beijing. Camels are pulled by the handle, with eight more and six less. Usually one person pulls one. In order to help each other on the road, they often go together. However, after the Republic of China, modern transportation developed gradually, and there were new restrictions on camel teams entering Beijing, only three were allowed. If there are six or eight, it will be 6,789 feet long before and after, which will affect the traffic in the city. Camels in Beijing used to be taken from their mouths. According to Mr. Qi Chen, his great-grandfather made a fortune selling camels through his mouth. However, camel pulling is mainly in spring, autumn and winter, especially in winter. In summer, driving camels to eat grass outside their mouths is called "farming" in the jargon. La Xia's camel is one of the few old camels. When rubber wagons and trucks flourished, camel teams were dwarfed and gradually eliminated because of poor competitiveness.
8. Rickshaw, also known as rickshaw or "rubber", was a kind of human-powered passenger car introduced to China from Japan in the late Qing Dynasty. The shape of this car has been seen in movies and TV. Two wheels support a semi-circular or square carriage. There are two long handles in front of the car. A person is sitting in the car, and a driver is pulling the car to run. The first rickshaw appeared in Beijing, named tin rickshaw (the wheels are made of iron, hence the name), which was given to Empress Dowager Cixi by the Japanese (now on display in the Summer Palace). Later, some people copied it in Beijing, so tin cars were more common on the streets of Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty. After the Republic of China, there have been many changes in the shape of cars, with iron sheets rotating into rubber wheels and semi-circular carriages. There are black, brown and yellow ones. At that time, Xifuxing on Hufang Bridge, Dongfuxing on Chongwai, Maoshun on Donghuamen Street, Huaxin on Xisi, Qishun, Shuangheshun and Yuelai were all well-known rickshaw manufacturers. Rich and powerful people and celebrities often buy their own rickshaws and hire special people to pull them. A large number of rickshaws belong to some car factories, and poor drivers rent cars to solicit customers; For example, the "Liu Ma" car factory on Chaoyangmen Street, the "Shengshi" car factory, and the "Five Blessingg Hall" car factory that made headlines outside Chongwai are all large in scale, with 200 cars. Some car factories only have twenty or thirty cars. In old Beijing, rickshaws are the main means of transportation. At intersections and hutongs, there are often three or five or a dozen rickshaws waiting for seats. Especially in theaters, restaurants, bathhouses, Dongan market, Xidan shopping mall, hotels, railway stations, overpasses, parks, eight hutongs (brothels) and other places, there are more rickshaws waiting for guests. The rickshaw puller is divided into day shift and night shift, and there is also a difference between pulling a monthly car and pulling a seat car. The more famous rickshaw pullers also got nicknames such as "Yi Yaner", "Ilima" and "Hua Ku Yao". In the old society, rickshaw drivers in Beijing were extremely hard and miserable. They endure the cruel exploitation of car factory owners and are often blackmailed by some rogue police. Go out early and come back late every day, run all over the street and earn a few dollars to live. After the founding of New China, rickshaws were completely abolished.
9. Tricycles only appeared in the streets of Beijing in the late 1930s. According to Mr. Ren Youde's memory, the first tricycle in Beijing was given to the traitor Jiang Chaozong by the Japanese invaders. Later, tricycles gradually increased and became one of the important means of transportation in Beijing. The tricycle is ridden by the driver, which is more labor-saving than the rickshaw and can pull two people. There are still manned tricycles on the streets of Beijing. The tricycle carrying goods is flat, which is called a flat tricycle.
10, trolley, is a kind of unicycle. The wheels are under the car body and centered. Two handlebars are at the back, and a bow is tied at both ends of the handlebars. When a person pushes a cart, the back of the neck and the shoulder of the car are covered, and the handlebars are held in both hands to push the wheels forward. The axle was originally made of wood, which was heavy and laborious to push. When driving, the axle rubs against the ear and makes a creaking sound. The improved rubber-tyred bearing is labor-saving and noise-free. The trolley has a wide range of functions and can carry people and goods. In the old society, people who sold water, vegetables and dung in Beijing, as well as farmers who transported soil, dung, crops and grain, mostly used trolleys.
1 1, hi sedan, white sedan. In the past, people in Beijing used to ride in sedan chairs. Generally, the sedan chair used for wedding is called Xi sedan chair, and the sedan chair used for funeral is called Bai sedan chair. The wedding sedan chair is used by the bride when she gets married. Usually a red sedan chair, there are four bearers, two in front and two in the back. In some places, in addition to the red sedan chair, there are two green bridges used by the man's wife and the woman's wife to bid farewell. After the 1920s, new-style weddings became popular, and Beijingers gradually used carriages or cars to celebrate their marriage. White sedan chairs were used by wealthy families in the past when they were in mourning. It is a custom in old Beijing for the younger generation attending the funeral to ride in a white sedan chair. If a woman is married, an unmarried woman can't sit in a white sedan chair.
12, shoulder to shoulder. Shoulder pick, commonly known as "Wobo Er", is an industry in old Beijing. People in this line of work mainly move people or give dowry to others. Very few "walpole craftsmen" carry valuable furnishings for the royal family, and such "walpole craftsmen" belong to the rope warehouse of the palace hall. It takes some skill to nest the neck. Ordinary people don't "nest" those long, tall, heavy and fragile objects. Their "nest" method is to put the objects to be transported on a rectangular board with a length of one and a half feet and a width of one and a half feet, and bind them with soft ropes. Then they lifted it and put it on Wobonek's shoulder, with a cotton pad under it. Wobonek people hold this object in one hand, swing back and forth with one hand, look straight ahead and stride forward quickly. After arriving at the destination, it is still necessary for two people to pick up the shoulders. In addition to being able to carry it on your shoulders, a "wobo craftsman" also needs the skills of striding and disassembling all kinds of furniture. Fan Maogui, a famous "Wobo Er" in Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty, took only four days to "nest" a 60-kg bronze lion to the Empress Dowager Cixi mausoleum in Malanyu, Zunhua. Carrying is bad luck, even people carry it. At the end of the Qing dynasty, it rained heavily in Beijing, and the streets were full of water, so it was difficult for ordinary people to pass, so there were people who carried people across the street to earn a few pence. In the old society, those who sold vegetables, fish and shrimp, flowers, coal, ashes and restaurants were mostly responsible. Shoulder-to-shoulder, shoulder-to-shoulder and shoulder-to-shoulder are all modes of transportation based on manpower.
13. Ships are the main means of water transportation. Ancient ships are also varied. Needless to say, in the Ming Dynasty, there were yellow boats (for imperial use), horse boats (for transporting horses from Sichuan and Yunnan, and officials after Yongle moved its capital to Beijing), clippers (for naval warfare), seagoing boats (for western use), supply boats (for royal fishing), Houhu boats (for sightseeing in Nanjing Houhu) and warships. (2) In the Qing Dynasty, there were grain ships (used for water transportation), warships (different from offshore warships and inland warships), water mail ships (used for waterway post stations) and dispatch ships (including sand ships, convenience ships, yellow clippers, tiger-building ships, propaganda ships, river dispatch ships, etc.). , dispatched by the government at any time), lifeboats (specially used for emergency rescue of rivers and rapids) and floating boats. But all you can see in Beijing are yellow boats, grain boats, water mail boats and floating beam ferries. The yellow boat, in the "Royal Transportation" section above, once talked about the dragon boat, which belongs to the yellow boat and so on. "Ming Hui Dian" contains: "At the beginning of the country, yellow boats were built, the size of which was imperial. By the first year of Hongxi (1425), there were 37 animals; Eleven years and twenty-five years of orthodoxy (1446). Among them, 10 is often left under the Shi Jing River to listen. " (4) Yang Jizhai's collection of so-called "Pengdao Dragonfly" left in Taiye Pool, West Park of Beijing Imperial City in the Ming Dynasty is one of the yellow boats left in Shijing Lake in the Ming Dynasty? In the Summer Palace, there is a Zhou Shi carved in the 20th year of Qing Qianlong (1755), which was slightly rebuilt in the 19th year of Guangxu (1893) and renamed as Qing Banquet Boat. Although this stone boat is symbolic and has no practical value, we can imagine the appearance of the yellow boat in the Ming and Qing Dynasties through it. Ships in Nanjing Houhu (Xuanwu Lake) in the early Ming Dynasty may be similar to them.
14. The grain carrier is a ship specially used for water transportation. A grain carrier at sea is called a sheltered boat, and a grain carrier on the river is called a shallow boat or a stripping boat. As the imperial capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing relied entirely on the southeast for food supply and financial resources. Therefore, in a sense, without large-scale grain transportation, there would be no historical position of Beijing as a Millennium imperial city. Because of this, there were many grain carriers in Beijing. At the beginning of Yongle, both ocean-sheltered ships transported by sea and shallow-water ships transported by canal could reach Tongzhou from zhi gu (now Tianjin). Later, only Jizhou's salary was transported by foreign-built ships, and the treasury grain in Beijing and Tongzhou was transported by shallow ships. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, 3.7 million stone rice grain was transported to Beijing and Tongcang by shallow boats, while only 240,000 stone grain was transported to Jizhou by covering the ocean. At the same time, China has *** 12 143 shipbuilding, of which shallow ships account for more than 95%. According to the literature, a shallow boat made of 400 materials has a bottom length of 5 feet 2 feet, a head length of 9 feet 5 inches, a tip length of 9 feet 5 inches, a bottom width of 9 feet 5 inches, a bottom head width of 6 feet, a bottom tip width of 5 feet, a head lion width of 8 feet, a pointed lion width of 7 feet, 65,438+04 beams, a bottom plate thickness of 2 inches and a pallet thickness of 65,438+0. To build such a shallow boat, seven nanmu, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, one short nanmu square, 65,438+. For example, the grain ship built in the early years of Shunzhi was 5 feet 2 inches long at the bottom and 9 feet 5 inches wide in the middle. The width of the longkou beam and the wind beam is only 65,438+0 feet 4 feet, and the width of the cut-off beam is only 9 feet. The hull size is similar to that of shallow boats in Ming Dynasty. In the twenty-second year of Kangxi (1683), the style of grain ships in various provinces was changed to 7 feet long and 65438 feet wide, which was larger than before. After 50 years of Qianlong (1785), it was decided that Beihe officially set up 1500 stripping boats, each with a length of 5 feet and 8 feet, a middle width of 1 foot, a back width of 8 feet 1 inch and nine cabins.
15, Shui Yi ship is a special ship for waterway station. Do not record the style. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a water post in Tongzhou, and there must be a water post boat.
16, the floating beam ferry is a mode of transportation that uses a boat as a bridge to cross the river and wade. According to volume 939 of Qing Zhengdian, in the eighteenth year of Kangxi (1679), "there were 50 bridge boats in Tongzhou, Shuntian, and six river boats in Sanhe County." Since then, there are still 44 bridge boats in Tongzhou. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12), 22 years of ship dismantling of Tongzhou Bridge was the quota. Since then, there have been 22 bridge boats in Tongzhou. In the first year of Yongzheng (1723), "there were 4 ferries on the Luanhe River in Gubeikou, which were handed over to the flood control officer." After five years of Qianlong (1740), the title was approved: "The Gubeikou Ferry in Zhili is rotten, and there is no second crossing, and the bridge boat is added 14." As a floating beam ferry, it needs to be durable and does not need careful decoration, so this kind of boat, like carriages and mules, is simple in style and labor-saving in production.
Regardless of the yellow boat, grain boat, water mail boat and floating beam ferry, the boatman's pulling is the main means besides the hydraulic power when the water is smooth and the wind power when the wind is downwind. In other words, it is still a kind of water transportation based on manpower.
17, riding. In ancient times, horses were an important means of transportation. This paper mainly introduces horses.
In the post stations of past dynasties, there were many horses for people who delivered documents or past officials to ride. The horse runs so fast and far that soldiers can't get out without it. But in Beijing, civil and military ministers, except for a few senior officials, all ride horses. In order to maintain the tradition of martial arts in the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty strictly restricted officials from riding sedan chairs (as discussed in detail above), especially requiring military attaché s to ride horses. Therefore, in some places in the old city of Beijing, you can still see the monument of "the officials and the people are waiting here to get off the horse". In the Qing Dynasty, there was a system of "leading before following", that is, when officials went out, whether they were riding in sedan chairs or horses, there were always a number of servants riding horses, commonly known as "riding horses" and "following mules".
China is one of the countries with the longest history of raising horses in the world, and it is also one of the countries with relatively developed horse culture. As early as 5,000 years ago, people used horses to drive cars. The horse was built in the Yin Dynasty, which is the earliest prototype of the horse in the world. In the Zhou Dynasty, horses were divided into six categories, namely stallion, army horse (military), galloping horse (ceremonial), road horse (post horse), field horse (hunting) and Xu horse (miscellaneous). During the Qin and Han dynasties, a relatively complete horse administration institution was established to manage the horse farm on a large scale. In the Han Dynasty, 300,000 horses were raised in the northwest border area, and in the early Tang Dynasty, more than 700,000 horses were raised in the northwest, and the management was improved. During the heyday of the Han and Tang Dynasties, more than 7,000 improved military horses were introduced from the Western Regions. At that time, the prosperity of horse industry not only played an important role in national defense, but also further communicated the cultures of the Central Plains and the Western Regions. With the development of horse industry, rich experience in raising horses has been accumulated in past dynasties.
Horse science has also made great achievements. As early as the Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Fu, who was good at raising horses and driving carriages, went down in history and was praised by later generations. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many astrologers judged good horses from different angles and formed various schools, which laid the foundation for ancient astrology in China. Fang Jiugao of the State of Zhao, Fang Jiugao of the State of Qin and Sun Yang, a particularly famous army supervisor, are all praised by the world for their superb horse selection skills, and are called Bole. The Classic of Xiangma written by Bole is the earliest work on Xiangma in the world, which has been handed down to this day. Other Xiangma Scriptures were published in the Tang Dynasty.
In the long history of our country, horses have played an important role in human life and production, so that the evaluation of achievements is compared to "great achievements" It can be seen that horses were the most commonly used means of transportation in ancient China. Below, there is a poem by Du Fu as proof:
Fang Bing Cao Huma
Fang Bing's horse is a horse of Dawanguo, and its thin bones are as clear as a blade.
Its ears are as sharp as a piece of bamboo, and it runs like four winds, as if its hoof had not been trampled.
The horse galloped, never in an open way, riding it all very comfortable, dare to roam the battlefield, and even share life and death.
So fast, so fast, it is a good horse that can live up to life. It can commit crimes for the country.
Du Fu had lofty aspirations all his life. He is a scholar, and he lashed out at Fang Qiu. This poem expresses the voice of a friend, Fang Bing Cao Huma, and fully embodies Du Fu's vigorous and enterprising spirit and heroic poetic style. This poem is not a blunt expression of lofty sentiments and aspirations in general object-chanting poems, but shows the poet's feelings and aspirations in singing horses. Du Fu's description of horses can be said to have both form and spirit. In the first sentence, it is pointed out that the horse comes from an extraordinary background (Dawan produces a good horse), and then it is painted upside down, with a "front edge" in front, giving the first impression that this huma bone is solemn and clear; Then poets, especially Bole, who is very kind to horses, pricked up their ears to observe one by one after reading the bones, and pointed ears set off the power of horses. Then he elaborated on the horse's skill and skills. The word "Ru" was full of charm, with the horse's swiftness written on the side and the flying feeling when the horse galloped. After singing about horses, he turned to express his ambition and the last two poems. By writing Huma's character, he expressed his expectation for his friends and even expressed the poet's ambition to make progress and make contributions. Du praised this BMW foal for being able to cross wide and steep obstacles, even enough to entrust his life! The end of the league is not only about horses, but also about people. It encourages Cao's friends to join the army as Cao's soldiers, and he should be ambitious and brave in Wan Li! Although this is to inspire friends, it also reflects the poet's own grand mind!
Of course, Du Fu's poems alone can't explain many problems. There are also famous sentences in the following ancient poems that can prove the status of horses in ancient times:
1, Sasha A?vagho?a, Youyou.
The Book of Songs? Xiaoya? Car attack
2. Take a ride and gallop on my way.
"Chu ci? Lisao
3. Humayi north wind, south branch of Bird's Nest.
Han? Nineteen anonymous ancient poems
4, the old man crouched, aiming for thousands of miles. The martyrs were full of courage in their later years.
Three kingdoms Wei? Cao Cao "step out of Xiamen?" Although the tortoise is very long. "
5, the white horse is decorated with gold, while the northwest Deng.
Three kingdoms Wei? Cao Zhi's White Horse Sketch
6, anger, shake your head.
South Liang Chao? Xiao Gang's Horse Poems
7. The wind is exciting and the rustling is annoying.
Hey? Yu Shiqi's poem "Out of the Fortress"
8, grass withered eagle eye disease, light snow.
Don? Wang Wei's poem Hunting Observation
9, bamboo ears, the wind into the hoof is light.
Don? Du Fu's poem "Fang Bing Cao Hu Ma"
10, the spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease, and you can see Chang 'an flowers all in one day.
Don? Meng Jiao's poem After Graduation
1 1, Ma Si changed grass and punched, carving a dream.
Don? Liu Yuxi's poem The First Smell of Autumn Wind
12, Chang' an ancient road is slow and high willows are chaotic.
Song? Liu Yong's Youth Poems
13, lying in the middle of the night listening to the wind and rain, Tiema Glacier Dream.
Song? Lu You's poem The Storm of the May 4th Movement
14, old vine, faint crow, small bridge flowing water, old thin horse.
Yuan? Ma Zhiyuan's "Clear Sand? "Song Qiusi.
15, horseshoe treading water, drunken sleeves exposed.
Yuan? Liu Yin's poem "Mountain Residence"
16, sunset in Ma Si, geese flying west, white grass new.
Ming? Wang Yue's poem Drinking with Li Buzheng and Feng Jingyang
17, Sishan Banner looks like a sunny day, and Ma Benteng is like a shower.
Qing? Xu's poem "The Great Hunting"
There are many good names: Maxima, Tianma, BMW, Blood Horse, Fine Horse, Old Horse, White Horse and so on. The Six Horses, Eight Horses in Zhou Muwang and Nine Horses in Wendi, which Emperor Taizong used to conquer the world many times, were named Jiuyi, each with its own shape, color and speed. When you read the three-character scripture, you will know that horses, cows, sheep, chickens, dogs and other six animals, horses, cattle and sheep are among the three treasures, and horses are the first of the six animals. A little longer reading "Study in Qionglin" has a "record?" Hua Xiang, the name of a good horse. When we go to the shops of commercial shops, we often see the couplets of "Hua Yi clears the way, the eagle comes out of the dust", hoping for smooth operation and prosperous business.
Ma has many stories in Historical Records and Biography of Huo Zhi? The Biography of Dawan records Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions. In his report to Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, he praised the famous specialty of Dawan, especially saying that Dawan is "a good horse with blood, and its innate girl is also". Later, an angel praised his horse. He also said that the best person is in Dawaner Shicheng, and Emperor Wu is eager to get a good horse. He once sent someone to "invite Wanwang Ershicheng to get a good horse with a golden horse", but it was rejected, so he did not hesitate to send Li Guangli, the general of the Second Division, with tens of thousands of specialized divisions to get a good horse. Give the name "Tianma". This shows the importance of a good horse at that time.
Horses are closely related to human social life and career. They are important means of transportation in ancient daily life, and they are also war tools for making contributions. There are many idioms and proverbs circulating so far. Being busy all day is called "non-stop". If you don't get lost, it's called "the old horse knows the way". If you don't mess, it's just "going with the flow". I wish you success. I don't want to say "success at once." If words are literary. Li Bai recommended himself to Jingzhou Han, saying, "Although every word is exhausted every day, you can rely on my horse." During the Northern Expedition of Jin and Huan Wen, talents were once called (tigers). "I will uncover the cloth and call Yuan to rely on the horse to make it. I will never stop writing, and I will get seven papers, which is very impressive." ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Literature ") Northern Wei Fu Yong, word? During the period, he was dry and brave. "He can hold the saddle bridge in his hand and gallop upside down." It's a pity that he is just a martial artist who can't even answer his friend's letter, but he was refused to ask another friend to answer for him. So he "studied hard, dabbled in classics and history, and was able to write well", and finally became an all-rounder of civil and military affairs, making great achievements, so that Wei Gaozu often exclaimed that "getting on the horse can make a thief, getting off the horse can make a show, but what about Fu?" Stop! Ears! "See Shu Wei and northern history. Fu Yong's contribution, horses accounted for at least half. Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, and the horse's contribution was half. The terracotta warriors and horses are a proof. Bronze chariots and horses can move quickly, and horses can step on swallows to show their swiftness. Equatorial repair is also the immediate drive. Tang Zong fought for years under the leadership of six generals, and the rule of Zhenguan also had some merits. Emperor Taizong not only wrote Liu Mazen himself, but also carved stones in the tomb to show that he could not leave Liu Jun until he died. According to the poem "Painting Horses in Han Gan in the Tang Dynasty" written by the poet Wang Yun in the Yuan Dynasty, there is a sentence: "In the autumn wind of the Six Horses in Zhaoling, we worked hard to write about the achievements of the emperor" to praise the achievements of the Six Horses. As the saying goes, "success comes from a horse", which is deeply rooted in people's hearts. And "taking the lead" is to see the progress of the warriors.
Horses are famous for their speed and became the best choice of ancient means of transportation. Zhou Muwang drove eight horses, traveled everywhere and came to the Kunlun market. Legend has it that because of the speed of the eight horses, the time to meet the Queen Mother of the West has been shortened. Time flies, and people who take the gallop of horses as a metaphor are particularly familiar with it. That is to say, if you are wise, you will know this. Historical records? "Biography of Lisi" notes: "In the second year, I lived in Yan's house, called Gao to find a job, and said,' A wife born in the world is like six horses crossing a gorge.' ""Zhuangzi? Zhi Bei said, "If there is a gap between heaven and earth, it will be sudden!" In the historical biographies of Sean and Wei Bao in the Han Dynasty, there is also a saying that "life is like a blink of an eye". It can be seen that since the Zhou and Qin dynasties, the speed of a good horse has been used as a metaphor for the speed of time.
According to legend, The Book of Hutuluo is the beginning of culture, and the white horse is nourished by foreign culture. Ma Sui is one of the important literary themes, and the painter's colors show the majestic, elegant, free and easy beauty of the horse. The pictures of Eight Horses, Six Horses and Hundred Horses have always been painted by painters, while Cao Ba painted horses in the Tang Dynasty, and the poet Du Fu presented them in the form of poems, which have been passed down to this day. Xu Beihong, a modern painter, is also famous for painting horses at home and abroad, and people strive to imitate them. China's earliest collection of poems, The Book of Songs? Xiaoya's "white pony" contains the sentence "white pony", which expresses the color of a good horse. June praises "four kinds of horses and four horses" to show the strength of a good horse. In the poet's works, the horse is an important writing object. Nineteen ancient poems, "Huma follows the north wind and crosses the south branch of the Bird's Nest", show that people can't forget their roots. Wu Wei used an old Malay metaphor, which is a famous saying. Poets in the Tang and Song Dynasties chanted a lot, and Du Fu's poems were easily searched, so many poems about horses were obtained, among which the description of a good horse with sweat and blood was particularly fascinating. The poem "Fang Bing Cao Xu Ma" says: "Xu Ma has a big name and a skinny front. Its ears are as sharp as a piece of bamboo, and it runs like four winds, as if its hoof had not been trampled. The horse galloped, never in an open way, riding it all very comfortable, dare to roam the battlefield, and even share life and death. If there is such a thing, it will be rampant. "Wang Anshi's poem" Hua Yi "in the Song Dynasty is even more concise and moving. The poem says, "Huayi is also handsome and outstanding in the upper reaches of the earth. Angry and chasing the wind, suddenly across Kyushu. " Zheng Sixiao, the minister of orphans in the Song Dynasty, expressed his grief and indignation that "this place is temporarily occupied by horses, but only for the Song people all his life", and fully expressed his nostalgia for the old feelings in the Song Dynasty. This kind of thing is hard to find.
There are countless stories and poems praising horses. With these odds and ends, we can see Matt's spirit and heroic spirit, majestic, elegant, erratic and swift.
The ancient means of transportation are roughly as described above.
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